January 25, 2021

Dalit Writers/Journalists


Anvita Abbi
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Anvita Abbi

Abbi at Indian Institute of Technology Madras.
Born 9 January 1949
Agra, United Provinces, Dominion of India
Occupation Scholar and linguist
Awards Padma Shri
Rashtriya Lok Bhasha Sammaan
All India Institute of Advanced Study Fellowship
Gold Medal - Delhi University
SOAS Leverhume Professor
Max Planck Institute Visiting Scientist/> Kenneth Hale Award - Linguistic Society of America (2015)
Website www.andamanese.net

Professor Anvita Abbi (born 9 January 1949) is an Indian linguist and scholar of minority languages, known for her studies on tribal languages and other minority languages of South Asia. The Government of India honoured her, in 2013, by awarding her the Padma Shri, the fourth highest civilian award, for her contributions to the field of linguistics.

Biography


Anvita Abbi was born on 9 January 1949, in Agra, the land of Taj Mahal, in family that had produced a number of Hindi writers. After schooling at local institutions, Anvita graduated in economics (BA Hons) from the University of Delhi in 1968. Subsequently, she secured a master's degree (MA) in linguistics from the same university with first division and first rank in 1970 and continued her studies to obtain a PhD from the Cornell University, Ithaca, USA, in 1975, her major for the doctoral studies being General Linguistics and the minor in South Asian Linguistics. she worked as professor of linguistics at Centre for Linguistics, School of Language, Literature and Culture Studies. Abbi lives in New Delhi, at the Dakshinapuram campus of JNU.

Legacy

Great Andamanese couple - an 1876 photograph


Anvita Abbi is credited with extensive research on the six language families in Indi and the languages and culture of the Great Andamanese which she did as a part of the Endangered Languages Documentation Project (ELDP) project on Vanishing Voices of the Great Andamanese (VOGA), SOAS, University of London. Her studies of 2003-2004 have helped in identifying the distinct characteristics of two Great Andamanese languages, Jarawa and Onge which promoted the concept of a sixth language family of India.Later researches on Andamanese people by other scholars have reported to have confirmed Abbi's findings by discovering two distinct haplogroups of the region, viz. M31 and M32.

She resumed her research on the topic in 2006, concentrating on the morpho-syntax and lexicon of three dying languages of Andaman Islands and is reported to have unearthed the evidences proving that Great Andamenese belongs to a linguistically different language family. She has brought also out an English-Great Andamanese-Hindi Dictionary. Her current project covers the grammar and the evolution of Great Andamanese languages and its people.

A teacher at the JNU, Abbi has assisted 20 PhD and 29 MPhil students in their researches.

Positions

Abbi has held many positions of importance, both at administrative and academic levels. Current position: Director, Center of Oral and Tribal Literature Sahtiya Akademi, New Delhi India. Adjunct Professor, Simon Fraser University, British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada and the President of the Linguistic society of India. She has served as an advisor to institutions such as UNESCO (since 2002) and Sahitya Akademi. She is also a life member of the Linguistic Society of India at their Dravidian Linguistics Association wing and has also sat on the editorial board of two journals, Indian Linguistics (1991–95) and the International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics (1992–96).

The list of academic and organizational responsibilities Professor Anvita Abbi has carried out may be listed as:

Chairperson, Centre of Linguistics and English, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi - 1995-97 and since 2007
Proctor - Jawaharlal Nehru University
Member of the University Grants Commission (UGC) Review Committee- 1996
Member - Advisory Committee - Central Institute of Indian Languages, Mysore - Ministry of Human Resource Development, India - 1996 & 1999
Member - Advisory Board - Sahitya Akademi for Bhasha Samman awards in Tribal and Lesser known languages - since 2002
Advisor - Linguapax Institute, UNESCO, since 2000
Member - Board of Directors - Terralingua, Washington DC, USA - 1998, 2001-2004 and 2004-2006.
Member - Review Committee - Dravidian University, Kuppam, Andhra Pradesh - 2006
External member - Centre of German Studies - Jawaharlal Nehru University - 1990-2002
External member - Centre of East Asian Studies - Jawaharlal Nehru University - 1990-2002
External member - Centre of French studies - Jawaharlal Nehru University - 1990-2002
Member - Governing body - Daulat Ram College - 1995-2001
Member - Advisory Board - International University of Hindi, Wardha - 1998-2000
External Member - Faculty of Arts, University of Delhi, Delhi - 1995-2000
Member - Bifurcation Committee - Centre of Afro-Asian Studies
Member - Academic Council - Jawaharlal Nehru University - 1995-1997
Member - Telecommunication Committee - Jawaharlal Nehru University - 1995-1996
Member - Equivalence Committee - Jawaharlal Nehru University - 1986-1988
President - Music Society - Jawaharlal Nehru University - 1982-1986
Advisor - Konkani Survey - Konkani Academy, Goa - 1991-1992
Advisor - Post Graduate Hindi Linguistics Courses - University of Delhi - 1991-1992
Director - South Asia Media Centre - Kansas State University, Kansas - 1975-76
Member - Advisory Board - Sahitya Akademi for (Classical Language selection)

Awards and recognitions

Anvita Abbi has been honoured by several institutions and establishments. She has held the position of the Visiting Scientist at the Max Planck Institute of Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany for three years, 200, 2003 and 2010. She was a Leverhume Professor at the SOAS, University of London in 201 and a fellow of Humanities and Social Sciences at the Cornell University, New York, USA in 1990 and a visiting fellow of the La Trobe University, Melbourne in 2003. Abbi was a visiting professor at the Cairns Institute, James Cook University, Australia during 2010-2011. Some of the other honours she has received are:
Kenneth Hale Award by the Linguistic Society of America. ‘For outstanding lifetime contributions to the documentation and description of languages of India, with particular note of her extraordinary contributions to the documentation of the Great Andamanese language, a moribund language that is a key isolate in understanding the peopling of Asia and Oceania.’ 2015.

Rashtriya Lok Bhasha Sammaan - Gandhi Hindustani Sahitya Sabha - 2003
Fellowship - All India Institute of Advanced Study, Shimla - 2001
Gold Medal - Delhi University - 1970

In 2013, the Government of India honoured Anvita Abbi by awarding her the civilian award of Padma Shri.
Amiya Bhushan Majumdar
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Amita Bhusan Majumdar
Majumdar at his home
Born 22 March 1918
Died 8 July 2001 (aged 83)
Occupation Writer, novelist, essayist, playwright
Awards Sahitya Academy Award (1986)

Amiya Bhushan Majumdar (Bengali: অমিয় ভূষণ মজুমদার) (22 March 1918 – 8 July 2001) was an Indian novelist, short-story writer, essayist and playwright. In a writing career spanning over four decades, Majumdar wrote numerous novels, short stories, plays and essays in Bengali. Known as the ‘Writer’s Writer’, Majumdar is considered one of the most noteworthy authors of modern Bengali prose. His works received significant critical acclaim and recognition – including the Sahitya Academi Award for his novel Rajnagar in 1986 

Early life

He was born to Babu Ananta Bhushan Majumdar (actual surname Bagchi) a Bengali Brahmin zamindar in Pakshi, Pabna, (now in Bangladesh) and Jyotirindu Devi. Though Jyotirindu Devi was also from a Barendra Brahmin family, she was highly influenced by the Brahmo Samaj and had close friends in the Coochbehar royal family. Amiya Bhushan was the eldest among the five sons of Ananta Bhushan and Jyotirindu Devi and had two elder sisters. He spent most of his life in the North Bengal district of Coochbehar.

Education

Though he was an honours graduate in English, his command over Mathematics, History, Geography, Philosophy, Sanskrit and Law was enviable. This erudition has always reflected in the narratives he created. In 1937 he was enrolled in B. A. English honours class at the Scottish Church College, under the University of Calcutta. Owing to serious illness, he went back to Cooch Behar after a few months and got admitted to Victoria College (now Acharya Brojendra Nath Seal College). After earning his degree in 1939, he was compelled by circumstances to take up a job as a Graduate Clerk in the Coochbehar Head Post Office to support his family, drawing a full stop to what could have become a brilliant academic career.

Literary career

Majumdar was an outstanding fiction writer in Bengali literature and a role model for many writers and creative artists, who avoided patronizing any quarter of the society. Although he lived in a district town at the northernmost part of the state, he produced literary masterpieces like, ‘Garh Shrikhanda’, ‘Mahishkurar Upakatha’, ‘Rajnagar’, ‘Madhu Sadhukhan’ ‘Friday Island’ and many more which were first published in little magazines with very limited circulation.

A website on his life and works has been launched on his 100th birthday : http://amiyabhushan.com/

Awards and recognition

In 1972, he was awarded the Tribritta Puraskar.
In 1984, he received the Uttarbanga Sambad Sahitya Purashkar
In 1986, the Government of West Bengal awarded him the Bankim Puraskar 1986 for fiction writing for his novel Rajnagar.
In 1986, the Sahitya Akademi, India's national academy of letters awarded him the Sahitya Akademi Award for his novel Rajnagar.
In 1997, he was awarded the Sarat Memorial Medal by the University of Calcutta.
In 2000, he was awarded the Kanchenjunga Puraskar by Siliguri Press Club.
In 2001, he was awarded an honorary D.Litt. by the University of Kalyani.
In 2001, he was posthumously awarded an honorary D.Litt. by the University of North Bengal for his literary contributions.

Poet Jay Goswami wrote: "As a (classical) singer moves from note to note, Amiya Bhushan moved from sentence to sentence. It takes time for the reader to overcome the spell it creates and to adjust himself with the movement. It becomes a lesson to new writers" and "Amiya Bhushan was an inventor of new lands and has taught how to appreciate achievements with a highly sophisticated self restrain."

In 2006-2007 Central Institute of Indian Languages produced a 30 mins documentary film on him under the project named Bhasha Mandakini. The name of the film is: Makers of Bangla Literature:Amiya Bhusan Majumdar, Directed by Indranil Sen.

Works

Amiyabhushan Rachana Samagra, Volumes 1 to 11 (Collected Works of Amiya Bhushan Majumdar, Volumes 1 to 11)

Major novels

Garh Shrikhanda (গড় শ্রীখন্ড)
Mahishkurar Upakatha (মহিষকুড়ার উপকথা)
Rajnagar (রাজনগর)
Madhu Sadhukhan (মধু সাধুখাঁ)
Friday Island Othoba Noromangsho Bhokkhon Ebong Tahar Por
Chandbene
Tashilar Mayor
Bishwa Mittirer Prithhibi
Nirbaas
Bilash Binoy Bandana
New Calcutta

Other interests

Majumdar loved what he called "playing with colours and brush" and this 'play' has given birth to many a thought provoking oil painting. He deeply loved Indian Classical Music and was a great fan of Pundit Omkarnath Thakur and Ustad Vinayakrao Patavardhan.
Amiri Baraka
American writer
BY The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica | Last Updated: Oct 3, 2021

Amiri Baraka

Born: October 7, 1934 Newark New Jersey (Birthday tomorrow)Died: January 9, 2014 (aged 79) Newark New JerseyFounder: Black Arts Repertory TheatreNotable Works: “Dutchman” “Preface to a Twenty Volume Suicide Note” “The Slave”Movement / Style: Black Arts movement
See all facts and data →

Amiri Baraka, also called Imamu Amiri Baraka, original name Everett Leroy Jones, called Leroy Jones, Leroy later changed to LeRoi, (born October 7, 1934, Newark, New Jersey, U.S.—died January 9, 2014, Newark), American poet and playwright who published provocative works that assiduously presented the experiences and suppressed anger of Black Americans in a white-dominated society.

After graduating from Howard University (B.A., 1953), Jones served in the U.S. Air Force but was dishonourably discharged after three years because he was suspected (wrongly at that time) of having communist affiliations. He attended graduate school at Columbia University, New York City, and founded (1958) the poetry magazine Yugen, which published the work of Beat writers such as Allen Ginsberg and Jack Kerouac; he edited the publication with his wife, Hettie Cohen. He began writing under the name LeRoi Jones in the late 1950s and produced his first major collection of poetry, Preface to a Twenty Volume Suicide Note, in 1961. His first significant play, Dutchman (1964; film 1967), which recounted an explosive confrontation on a train between a Black intellectual and a white woman who murders him, won the 1964 Obie Award for best Off-Broadway American play.


Following the assassination of Malcolm X in 1965, Jones became increasingly focused on Black nationalism, That year he left his white Jewish wife and moved to Harlem. There he founded the Black Arts Repertory Theatre, which staged many of his works prior to its closure in the late 1960s. In 1968 he adopted the name Amiri Baraka, and his writings became more divisive, prompting some to applaud his courage and others to deplore sentiments that could foster hate. In the mid-1970s he became a Marxist, though his goals remained similar. “I [still] see art as a weapon and a weapon of revolution,” he said. “It’s just now that I define revolution in Marxist terms.” His work from this period was seen by some as becoming increasingly homophobic and anti-Semitic. His position as poet laureate of New Jersey was abolished after he published the searing 2001 poem “Somebody Blew Up America,” which suggested that Israel had prior knowledge of the September 11 attacks in the United States.


Among Baraka’s other works are Blues People: Negro Music in White America (1963), Black Magic: Collected Poetry 1961–1967 (1969), The Autobiography of LeRoi Jones/Amiri Baraka (1984), and the piercing Tales of the Out & Gone (2006), a fictional social commentary. Baraka taught at Columbia, Yale University, and, from 1979, at the State University of New York at Stony Brook, where at the time of his death he was emeritus professor of Africana studies. S O S: Poems 1961–2013 (2015) was a posthumous collection containing a wide selection from his oeuvre, including some previously unpublished verse.


Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content.Subscribe NowThe Editors of Encyclopaedia BritannicaThis article was most recently revised and updated by Adam Augustyn, Managing Editor, Reference Content.

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Amiri-Baraka
Andre Beteille
From Wikipedia
Padma Bhushan

Andre Beteille
FBA

Beteille (left) receives the Padma Bhushan from the President of India A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, c. 2005.
Born 30 September 1934
Nationality Indian
Awards


Padma Bhushan
Fellow of the British Academy


Academic background
Alma mater University of Calcutta
Influences G. S. Ghurye
Academic work
Discipline Sociology
Institutions


University of Oxford
University of Cambridge
University of Chicago
London School of Economics
Delhi School of Economics
Ashoka University


Andre Beteille,(born 30 September 1934) is a noted Indian sociologist, writer and academician. He is best known for his studies of the caste system in South India.[1] He has served with many reputed institutions in India such as Delhi School of Economics, North Eastern Hill University (in Shillong), and Ashoka University.


Early life



He was born on 30 September 1934.


He received his undergraduate and graduate degrees in anthropology from the University of Calcutta. Thereafter he received his doctorate from the University of Delhi. After a brief stint at the Indian Statistical Institute as a research fellow, he joined the faculty of sociology at the DSE.

Career


He has past taught at distinguished universities throughout the world like Oxford University, Cambridge University, the University of Chicago, and the London School of Economics. In addition to this, He has also served as the Chairman of the Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta and of the Indian Council of Social Science Research.


He was a Professor of Sociology at the Delhi School of Economics at the University of Delhi where, since 2003, he remains Professor Emeritus of Sociology. He was appointed National Research Professor by the Government of India in 2007.


Awards and recognition



He is a recipient of the third highest civilian honour of India, the Padma Bhushan, and was also made a Fellow of the British Academy (FBA). He also served on the Social Sciences jury for the Infosys Prize in 2010.


Presently, he is the Chancellor of North Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya and prior to that he served as the Chancellor of Ashoka University.


Bibliography



Sociology: Essays on Approach and Method, Oxford University Press, 2002.
Antinomies of Society: Essays on Ideologies and Institutions, Oxford University Press, 2000.
Chronicles of Our Time, Penguin Books, 2000.
The Backward Classes in Contemporary India, Oxford University Press, 1992.
Social and Cultural Reproduction of Caste, Kinship and Occupation in India, 1991.
Society and Politics in India: Essays in a Comparative Perspective, Athlone Press, 1991 (L.S.E. Monographs in Social Anthropology, no. 63).
The Idea of Natural Inequality and Other Essays, Oxford University Press, 1983 (new, enlarged edition, Oxford University Press, 1987).
Inequality Among Men, Basil Blackwell, 1977 (Italian edition published as La diseguaglianza fra gli uomini, Il Mulino, 1981).
Studies in Agrarian Social Structure, Oxford University Press, 1974.
Six Essays in Comparative Sociology, Oxford University Press, 1974 (enlarged edition published as Essays in Comparative Sociology, Oxford University Press, 1987).
Inequality and Social Change, Oxford University Press, 1972.
Castes: Old and New, Essays in Social Structure and Social Stratification, Asia Publishing House, 1969.
Caste, Class and Power: Changing Patterns of Stratification in a Tanjore Village, University of California Press, 1965.


Essays


Secularism Re-examined
Race & Caste
Teaching & Research
Teaching and Research, Andre Beteille
Government & NGOs
Ayyappa Paniker
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
K. Ayyappa Paniker

Born 12 September 1930


Kavalam, Kerala, India
Died 23 August 2006 (aged 75)


Thiruvananthapuram
Other names Ayyappa Panicker
Alma mater University of Kerala, Indiana University
Occupation poet, literary critic, academic, scholar, reader
Known for Malayalam poetry


Notable work Kurukshethram,
Ayyappapanikkarude Krithikal,
Chintha


Dr. K. Ayyappa Paniker, sometimes spelt "Ayyappa Panicker" (12 September 1930 – 23 August 2006), was an influential Malayalam poet, literary critic, and an academic and a scholar in modern and post-modern literary theories as well as ancient Indian aesthetics and literary traditions. He was one of the pioneers of modernism in Malayalam poetry, where his seminal works like Kurukshethram (1960), considered a turning point in Malayalam poetry, Ayyappapanikkarude Krithikal and Chintha and several essays were an important influence on the playwrights of his generation.


In an academic career which ran in consonance with his literary one, and spanned four decades, he taught in various colleges and universities before retiring as the Director, Institute of English, University of Kerala. He published over 25 works, translated several important work to Malayalam, including Guru Granth Sahib and a book in French; as a scholarly editor he produced numerous anthologies on Indian literature, he was the chief editor of the Sahitya Akademi's Indian Literary Encyclopaedia. Another important work by him Indian Narratology, published by IGNCA, was the first of its kind to study various forms of the art of narration, in Indian literature, starting with Vedic and oral literature to Buddhist and contemporary literature.


Early life and education


Paniker (his preferred spelling) was born in Kavalam near Alappuzha to E. Naryanan of Periyamana Illam, and M. Meenakshiamma. Fourth of the eight children, six of them girls, he grew up without any paternal affection, while his mother died when he was 12 years old, this early anguish and solitude deeply reflected in his poetry, which he started writing when he was in high school.


The Kavalam village, was also home to people like, K. M. Panikkar, historian and administrator, and playwright and poet, Kavalam Narayana Panicker, his cousin. He published his first poem at the age of 16, published in the Mathrubhoomi Weekly. He did his Intermediate at Malabar Christian College, Kozhikode, and BA Honours in English Literature at the University College, Thiruvananthapuram in 1951, thereafter he received his master's degree from the University of Kerala.


Paniker took his doctorate from Indiana University with a doctoral dissertation on the poetry of Robert Lowell, supervised by Prof. Robert E. Gross, subsequently he did post-doctoral research in Yale and Harvard University (1981–82).


Career


Leaders, selfish and opportunistic,
tell us that life is for doing good,
that good is nothing but social good.
If we are clever in spreading the net,
we can have a good haul.


-Ayyappa Paniker


Paniker joined CMS College, Kottayam as a lecturer of English in 1951, after working there for a year, he joined the Mahatma Gandhi College, Thiruvananthapuram. He started teaching at the University College, in Thiruvananthapuram in 1952, and did so till 1965. At this point, he became a Professor at the Institute of English and Head of the department in University of Kerala (1965–74). In 1974, he became Reader in English, at the Institute of English under University of Kerala, a post he held till 1980, when he became Dean of Faculty of Arts in the University of Kerala, he retired in 1990.

Through his long career he lectured in many national and international universities, including around 25 universities in US, where came across poets James Dickey, John Hollander, Czeslaw Milosz and Allen Ginsberg.

Awards and recognition

Paniker was a recipient of a number of honours including the Padma Shri, Kerala Sahitya Akademi award for poetry and criticism, Kendriya Sahitya Akademi Award for poetry, 2005 Saraswati Samman for his collection of writings Ayyappa Panikerude Krithikal, Distinguished Teacher award, Mahakavi Ulloor award for poetry, Kabir Samman, International Man of the Year (IBC, Cambridge, UK), Indira Gandhi Memorial Fellowship with lead to the book, Indian Narratology published by IGNCA, Gangadhar Meher National Award for poetry, Asan Prize and Jana Sanskriti Award (Abu Dhabi), Vayalar Award, Pandalam Keralavarma award and Vallathol Award.2015 was conducted in memory of him.


Personal life


He died in Thiruvananthapuram (Trivandrum) on 23 August 2006 at the age of 76 and was survived by his wife and two children. He was cremated the following day in his native village, Kavalam, in a plot he had set apart twelve years ago for the purpose, on the western side of his traditional family house, Olickal tharavad. The house finds reference in several of his works, especially in his poem 'Kavalam' in the anthology Pathumanippookkal.

Legacy

Ayyapa Foundation was formed in 2006 in Thiruvananthapuram, to promote his work and Malayalam poetry. The January 2007 issue of journal Samyukta, was dedicated entirely to him, it contained 10 critical essays on him and his work, besides three collections of his verse in English translation, one of which, Poetry at Midnight published for the first time. It also contained a 36-page bibliography of his oeuvre. In September 2009, Dr Sitakant Mahapatra delivered the "Ayyappa Paniker commemorative speech 2009" at Thiruvananthapuram. The popular poetry journal Poetry Chain was established by Gopi Kottoor in memory of Ayyappa Paniker.
ANIL CHAMADIA
Meaning of being a Dalit in media
Being a Dalit in the media should mean never losing sight of the social, economic and political concerns of the community. What is generally seen is that the establishment uses the Dalit representatives only to expand and strengthen its base
BY ANIL CHAMADIA अनिल चमड़िया

Whenever the issue of Dalits in the media crops up, it is always said that the representation of Dalits in the media is next to nothing. The question that arises here is, will things change if, for argument’s sake, like in Parliamentary institutions, representation of Dalits is ensured in the media, too? Another vital question is whether the Dalits who have secured a place in other institutions, including Parliament, really care about security and other concerns of the common Dalits? There is no doubt about the need for the presence of Dalits in media organisations to break the stranglehold of the caste system – a great challenge for Indian society – but it should be remembered that a mere increase in representation will not solve the problem. We need to look beyond.
Being a Dalit in the media should mean never losing sight of the social, economic and political concerns of the community. What is generally seen is that the establishment uses the Dalit representatives only to expand and strengthen its base. In many major newspapers and big media organisations, women often talk the language of male chauvinism. Ditto with Dalits.

Dalits have not only been victims of casteist discrimination but have also suffered economic and political exploitation. The reasons behind their political and economic subjugation are obvious, all around us. Dalits form a majority of the labour force in agriculture – the biggest source of livelihood and employment in our country. But if the depiction of the condition of the Dalits is analyzed, it would seem that the media is stuck with the mindset of 1947.

Merely reporting incidents of atrocities against Dalits is not enough. It is clear that the media is not ready to aid the struggle against exploitation of and atrocities against Dalits. Every year, data on crimes against Dalits under IPC and other statutes is tabled in Parliament. If the figures are obtained for the last 50 years, it would be clear that murders and rapes of Dalits far outnumber similar crimes even during the deadliest of wars. But things are never presented this way. There is never the talk of an ideological struggle against the repression of Dalits. No attempt is made to bring Dalits on one platform – to unite them – for this purpose.

Here, I would like to present two examples, which would show how concerned the media really is about the situation of the Dalits. A particular journalist in the English media has come to be recognized as the most ardent advocate of the interests of the depressed classes, especially Dalits. He gave great importance to the news of sanitary employees of a municipal administration in Haryana thrashing their superiors. The fact is that there is nothing new about such incidents. Such incidents keep on happening in small towns and municipalities and they cannot and should not be linked to the rise in Dalit awareness. In fact, they have been reported from the time municipal bodies came into existence. If the employees are not paid their salaries on time or when they need it, they use their brooms against their supervising officials. But this journalist seems to have been so insulated from the goings-on that he saw the incident as the first of its kind in the last 50 years!
The second example is from my own experience. I wrote an article arguing that Dalits should be given firearms for self-defence. I referred to the frequent massacres of Dalits and recalled the decision of the Karpoori Thakur government in Bihar to give guns to Dalits and also to train them in their use. I also cited the fact that during the regimes of Jagannath Mishra and Bindeshwari Dubey in Bihar, government officials went door to door giving gun licences to landlords and organised camps to teach them how to use the guns. But no English daily published my article. In another of my articles, I said that firing by police does not have any place in a democratic society. This article was also turned down by English newspapers: why anyone in their right mind would deprive policemen of their right to open fire, they asked. The counterargument in the case of the article pleading for guns for Dalits was that it would encourage violence. This is an instance of how arguments are crafted to defend the state’s right to commit violence and to question the right of the oppressed communities to self-defence.

Then, I sent the article about arming Dalits to some periodicals that are known to be ‘progressive’ and ‘revolutionary’ and have a niche readership. One of them was the Economic and Political Weekly. I talked to its then editor in Mumbai, who asked me to resend it and I duly obliged. But the article was never published. Then, I sent it for publication in the ‘Dalit special number’ of Seminar. A week later, I was told that it was too long and needed to be shortened. I shortened it, and soon the issue was in the stands but the article was not in it. I asked the editor about my piece and I was told that it was not used as ‘it talked of guns’.

Thus, it is presumed that giving guns to Dalits would exacerbate violence. But when the same guns are slung across the shoulders of landlords and upper castes or are hanging on the walls of their homes, they become instruments of self-defence! The reality, though, is that these weapons are mainly used against Dalits. The Dalits who are killed by the police and landlords are described by the media and the government as naxalites and their killing justified. At the same time, the feudal landlords are referred to as farmers and the need for protecting and patronizing them is repeated ad nauseam. Dalits remain dalits only when atrocities are committed against them. When they fight against their repression, they become criminals, naxalites and Maoists.

The fact of the matter is that the media does not want the Dalits to take any independent initiative. It wants Dalits to continue to be objects of sympathy as it plays the role of their saviour. This is the key to understanding the media’s reporting on Dalit issues. The media wants to project only those Dalits who do not strike hard at atrocities against their brethren.
An English newspaper recently carried a report on how Girija Devi, a representative of the Musahar caste, which eats rats, was going to speak in the US. Musahars are a community imbued with revolutionary consciousness. But it was only referred to as a rat-eating community. Why? Because that not only brings some novelty and attraction to the story but also it can be used to prove how globalisation had given a representative of an utterly impoverished community an opportunity of travelling to the US. It is in this perspective that the issues of Dalits in media, Dalit representation and Dalit concerns should be seen.
Published in the January 2014 issue of the Forward Press magazine
Ashok Das
From Wikipedia

Ashok Das
Born March 23, 1953

Nationality U.S. 
Non linear Integrable systems
Awards William H. Riker University Award for Excellence in Graduate Teaching (2006)
Fulbright Fellowship (1997, 2006)
Department of Energy Outstanding Junior Investigator (1983-1989)
Edward Peck Curtis Award (1991)
Scientific career

Ashok Das (born March 23, 1953) is an Indian American theoretical physicist, an author and award-winning teacher of Physics. He is professor of physics at University of Rochester and Adjunct professor of Physics at Saha Institute of Nuclear PhysicsKolkataIndia and Institute of Physics, Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, India.

Das was born in PuriOdisha. He received his BS (honours) in 1972 and MS in 1974 in physics from University of Delhi. He did his graduate studies in supersymmetry and supergravity at State University of New York at Stony Brook. He received his PhD (Spin 3/2 Fields and Supergravity Theories) in 1977.

He was a research associate at the City College of New York, the University of Maryland and at Rutgers University before joining the University of Rochester in 1982. He was promoted to professor in 1993 and is still there. He is also the adjunct professor of physics at Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics in India.

Das' research is in the area of theoretical high energy physics. He works on supersymmetry and supergravity. In recent years, he has worked extensively on non-linear integrable systems, which are systems which in spite of their complicated appearance can be exactly solved. He has also been working on finite temperature field theories, generalization of the Standard Model to incorporate CP violation, and problems in quantum field theory and string theory.

Although he has published widely with physicists around the world, his particularly strong collaboration with Latin American physicists is well known. In fact, he has coauthored over 100 published research papers with Brazilian physicists alone. In 2006 he was awarded a Fulbright scholarship to teach physics in Brazil. He is known for his teaching and has received university and department awards for his teaching including the Department Award for Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester four times (1987, 1990, 1997 and 2006), the Edward Peck Curtis Award for Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching (1991), and the 2006 William H. Riker University Award for Excellence in Graduate teaching.

He has written numerous books and monographs on various disciplines of theoretical physics in advanced and undergraduate and graduate level, like A Path Integral Approach (World Scientific publishers), Finite Temperature Field Theory (World Scientific publishers), Integrable Models (World Scientific Lecture Notes in Physics), Lectures on Gravitation (World Scientific publishers), and Lectures on Electromagnetism: second edition (World Scientific publishers) etc.

In 2002 Das was made a fellow of the American Physical Society "For contributions in the areas of supergravity, integrable models and finite temperature field theory".
Aravind Malagatti
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Aravinda Malagatti
Born 1 May 1956
Bijapur,
Bijapur District,
Mysore State,
(now in Karnataka,
India).
Occupation Professor,
Writer
Genre Dalit writer, thinker

Aravind Malagatti (1 May 1956) is a prominent Indian Dalit poet and writer writing in Kannada. He is the author of more than forty books which include poetry collections, short fiction collections, a novel, essay-collections, critical works and folklore studies. He is the recipient of the prestigious Ambedkar Fellowship Award from the Government of Karnataka. His Government Brahamana, the first Dalit autobiography in Kannada, has won the Karnataka Sahitya Academy Award. Apart from these, the Honorary Award of Karnataka Sahitya Academy was conferred on him for his total contribution to Kannada literature. He is appointed as Chairman for Kannada Sahitya Academy.
Malagatti is known for being a provocative and thoughtful orator. He has founded a number of Dalit organizations and has played an active role in the Dalit movement. As of 2015 Malagatti is serving as professor of Kannada in the Kuvempu Institute of Kannada Studies, Mysore University. He has also served as the Director of the Institute and as the Director of Prasaranga, the publication wing of Mysore University, prior to this. He is also served as the Hon. Director of Jayalakshmi Vilas Palace Museum, Mysore University.
Don't portray Dalits as group of castes, says Aravind Malagatti Mangaluru, August 29, 2016, DHNS:, AUG 28 2016, 23:19PM IST UPDATED: AUG 28 2016, 23:19PM IST The works of certain group of writers should not be branded as Dalit literature, writer ...

Anupama Rao
From bombay to Baltimore And Back Again: Spatial Inequality and Urban Revolutions

Professor Rao will discuss the unexpected connections between the urban histories of America and India. She'll focus on the factors that shaped urban space in both countries—spatial segregation, social housing, gender politics, and even influences from blues and jazz culture—and how these forces helped structure possibilities for resistance.

Anupama Rao

Associate Professor of History, Barnard College

Anupama Rao, Professor of History at Barnard College, specializes in the history of anti-colonialism, caste and race, and non-Western histories of gender and sexuality. She is the author of The Caste Question: Dalits and the Politics of Modern India, and is currently working on a book on caste and equality that focuses on B. R. Ambedkar (who studied at Columbia University 1913-1916); as well as a project on colonial and postcolonial Bombay. She received her BA from the University of Chicago, and her Ph.D. from the interdepartmental program in anthropology and history at the University of Michigan. Rao has served as president of the Society for the Advancement of the History of South Asia. Her work has been supported by grants from the ACLS; the American Institute for Indian Studies; the Mellon Foundation; the National Endowment for the Humanities, and the SSRC. She has held residential fellowships at the National Humanities Center, the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences (Stanford), and REWOK (Humboldt University, Berlin). (https://www.rtbevent.com/anupama-rao)
Anupama Rao
TOW Associate Professor of History, Barnard and MESAAS (Columbia)

Department
History, Human Rights, Women's, Gender and Sexuality Studies

Office
815 Milstein Center / Office Hours: Wednesdays 3:00-5:00 PM

Contact

212-854-8547
arao@barnard.edu

Anupama Rao has research and teaching interests in gender and sexuality studies; caste and race; historical anthropology; social theory; comparative urbanism; and colonial genealogies of human rights and humanitarianism.

She is Senior Editor, Comparative Studies in South Asia, Africa, and the Middle East; Associate Director, Institute for Comparative Literature and Society; and organizer of the Ambedkar Initiative, which is supported by the Provost’s Office (Barnard), the Deans of Humanities and Social Sciences (Columbia), the Office of the EVP (Columbia), Columbia University Press, and the Columbia Libraries.

Rao received her BA, with honors, from the University of Chicago, and her Ph.D. from the Interdepartmental Program in Anthropology and History at the University of Michigan. Her work has been supported by grants from the ACLS; the American Institute for Indian Studies; the Mellon Foundation; the National Endowment for the Humanities, and the SSRC. She was a Fellow-in-Residence at the National Humanities Center from 2008-09, and a Fellow of the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford during 2010-11. She was a Fellow at REWORK (Humboldt University, Berlin) in 2014-2015.

Rao co-directs the project, “Geographies of Injustice,” hosted by Columbia’s Center for the Study of Social Difference. (An earlier iteration of this project, “Subaltern Urbanism,” ran with the support of the Heyman Center for the Humanities, and the Center for the Study of Social Difference.) She was co-convenor of the project on Asian Spatialities supported by the Mellon Foundation and the International Institute of Asian Studies (Leiden) from 2014-2015.

Rao has served as president of the Society for the Advancement of the History of South Asia (SAHSA) of the American Historical Association (2010), and as a member of the South Asia Council of the Association for Asian Studies, 2010-12.

Rao has written widely on the themes of colonialism and humanitarianism, and on non-Western histories of gender and sexuality. Her book, The Caste Question (University of California Press, 2009) theorized caste subalternity, with specific focus on the role of anti-caste thought (and its thinkers) in producing alternative genealogies of political subject-formation.

She is currently working on a book on the political thought of B. R. Ambedkar; and a project titled Dalit Bombay, which explores the relationship between caste, political culture, and everyday life in colonial and postcolonial Bombay. Recent publications include the edited volume Gender, Caste, and the Imagination of Equality (Women Unlimited, 2017) and The Many Worlds of R. B. More: Memoir of Dalit Communist (Leftword, 2019).
Adam Gondvi
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Adam Gondvi (born Ram Nath Singh ( 22 October 1947 – 18 December 2011) was an Indian poet from Aata Paraspur, GondaUttar Pradesh. He wrote poetry in Hindi, highlighting the plight of marginalized castes, Dalits, impoverished people. Born in a poor farmer family, Gondvi's poetry was known for social commentary, scathing view of corrupt politicians and revolutionary in nature.

In 1998, Madhya Pradesh government awarded him with Dushyant Kumar Prize.
Gondvi died on 18 December 2011 in SGPGILucknow due to stomach ailments.
His poetry collections Dharti Ki Satah Par (Surface of the earth) and Samay Se Muthbhed (Encounter with time) are quite popular.

Some of his well-known poems are -

Tumhari filon mein gaaon ka mausam gulaabi hai
Main chamaaro ki gali tak le chaloonga aapko, aaiye mehsoos kijiye
Kaju bhuni plate mein, whiskey bhari gilaas mein

अदम गोंडवी ( Hindi)
(22.10.1947--18.12.2011)

वंचितों की आवाज
वास्तविक नाम : रामनाथ सिंह
जन्मस्थान : आटा ग्राम, परसपुर, गोंडा, उत्तर प्रदेश

कुछ प्रमुख कृतियाँ : धरती की सतह पर, समय से मुठभेड़ (कविता संग्रह)
प्रस्तुत है आदम गोंडवी जी की दो कविताएं

1.वेद में जिनका हवाला हाशिए पर भी नहीं
वेद में जिनका हवाला हाशिए पर भी नहीं
वे अभागे आस्‍था विश्‍वास ले कर क्‍या करें।
लोकरंजन हो जहाँ शंबूक-वध की आड़ में
उस व्‍यवस्‍था का घृणित इतिहास लेकर क्‍या करें।
कितना प्रगतिमान रहा भोगे हुए क्षण का इतिहास
त्रासदी, कुंठा, घुटन, संत्रास ले कर क्‍या करें।
गर्म रोटी की महक पागल बना देती मुझे
पारलौकिक प्‍यार का मधुमास ले कर क्‍या करें।

2.मैं चमारों की गली में ले चलूँगा आपको
आइए महसूस करिए जिंदगी के ताप को
मैं चमारों की गली तक ले चलूँगा आपको
जिस गली में भुखमरी की यातना से ऊब कर
मर गई फुलिया बिचारी इक कुएँ में डूब कर
है सधी सिर पर बिनौली कंडियों की टोकरी
आ रही है सामने से हरखुआ की छोकरी
चल रही है छंद के आयाम को देती दिशा
मैं इसे कहता हूँ सरजू पार की मोनालिसा
कैसी यह भयभीत है हिरनी-सी घबराई हुई
लग रही जैसे कली बेला की कुम्हलाई हुई
कल को यह वाचाल थी पर आज कैसी मौन है
जानते हो इसकी ख़ामोशी का कारण कौन है
थे यही सावन के दिन हरखू गया था हाट को
सो रही बूढ़ी ओसारे में बिछाए खाट को
डूबती सूरज की किरनें खेलती थीं रेत से
घास का गट्ठर लिए वह आ रही थी खेत से
आ रही थी वह चली खोई हुई जज्बात में
क्या पता उसको कि कोई भेड़िया है घात में
होनी से बेख़बर कृष्ना बेख़बर राहों में थी
मोड़ पर घूमी तो देखा अजनबी बाँहों में थी
चीख़ निकली भी तो होठों में ही घुट कर रह गई
छटपटाई पहले, फिर ढीली पड़ी, फिर ढह गई
दिन तो सरजू के कछारों में था कब का ढल गया
वासना की आग में कौमार्य उसका जल गया
और उस दिन ये हवेली हँस रही थी मौज में
होश में आई तो कृष्ना थी पिता की गोद में
जुड़ गई थी भीड़ जिसमें ज़ोर था सैलाब था
जो भी था अपनी सुनाने के लिए बेताब था
बढ़ के मंगल ने कहा, 'काका, तू कैसे मौन है
पूछ तो बेटी से आख़िर वो दरिंदा कौन है
कोई हो संघर्ष से हम पाँव मोड़ेंगे नहीं
कच्चा खा जाएँगे ज़िंदा उनको छोडेंगे नहीं
कैसे हो सकता है होनी कह के हम टाला करें
और ये दुश्मन बहू-बेटी से मुँह काला करें'
बोला कृष्ना से - 'बहन, सो जा मेरे अनुरोध से
बच नहीं सकता है वो पापी मेरे प्रतिशोध से'
पड़ गई इसकी भनक थी ठाकुरों के कान में
वे इकट्ठे हो गए सरपंच के दालान में
दृष्टि जिसकी है जमी भाले की लंबी नोक पर
देखिए सुखराज सिंह बोले हैं खैनी ठोंक कर
'क्या कहें सरपंच भाई! क्या ज़माना आ गया
कल तलक जो पाँव के नीचे था रुतबा पा गया
कहती है सरकार कि आपस में मिलजुल कर रहो
सुअर के बच्चों को अब कोरी नहीं हरिजन कहो
देखिए ना यह जो कृष्ना है चमारों के यहाँ
पड़ गया है सीप का मोती गँवारों के यहाँ
जैसे बरसाती नदी अल्हड़ नशे में चूर है
न पुट्ठे पे हाथ रखने देती है, मगरूर है
भेजता भी है नहीं ससुराल इसको हरखुआ
फिर कोई बाँहों में इसको भींच ले तो क्या हुआ
आज सरजू पार अपने श्याम से टकरा गई
जाने-अनजाने वो लज्जत ज़िंदगी की पा गई
वो तो मंगल देखता था बात आगे बढ़ गई
वरना वह मरदूद इन बातों को कहने से रही
जानते हैं आप मंगल एक ही मक्कार है
हरखू उसकी शह पे थाने जाने को तैयार है
कल सुबह गरदन अगर नपती है बेटे-बाप की
गाँव की गलियों में क्या इज्जत रहेगी आपकी'
बात का लहजा था ऐसा ताव सबको आ गया
हाथ मूँछों पर गए माहौल भी सन्ना गया

क्षणिक आवेश जिसमें हर युवा तैमूर था
हाँ, मगर होनी को तो कुछ और ही मंज़ूर था
रात जो आया न अब तूफ़ान वह पुरज़ोर था
भोर होते ही वहाँ का दृश्य बिलकुल और था
सिर पे टोपी बेंत की लाठी सँभाले हाथ में
एक दर्जन थे सिपाही ठाकुरों के साथ में
घेर कर बस्ती कहा हलके के थानेदार ने -
'जिसका मंगल नाम हो वह व्यक्ति आए सामने'
निकला मंगल झोपड़ी का पल्ला थोड़ा खोल कर
इक सिपाही ने तभी लाठी चलाई दौड़ कर
गिर पड़ा मंगल तो माथा बूट से टकरा गया
सुन पड़ा फिर, 'माल वो चोरी का तूने क्या किया?'
'कैसी चोरी माल कैसा?' उसने जैसे ही कहा
एक लाठी फिर पड़ी बस, होश फिर जाता रहा
होश खो कर वह पड़ा था झोपड़ी के द्वार पर
ठाकुरों से फिर दरोगा ने कहा ललकार कर -
"मेरा मुँह क्या देखते हो! इसके मुँह में थूक दो
आग लाओ और इसकी झोपड़ी भी फूँक दो"
और फिर प्रतिशोध की आँधी वहाँ चलने लगी
बेसहारा निर्बलों की झोपड़ी जलने लगी
दुधमुँहा बच्चा व बुड्ढा जो वहाँ खेड़े में था
वह अभागा दीन हिंसक भीड़ के घेरे में था
घर को जलते देख कर वे होश को खोने लगे
कुछ तो मन ही मन मगर कुछ ज़ोर से रोने लगे
'कह दो इन कुत्तों के पिल्लों से कि इतराएँ नहीं
हुक्म जब तक मैं न दूँ कोई कहीं जाए नहीं'
यह दरोगा जी थे मुँह से शब्द झरते फूल-से
आ रहे थे ठेलते लोगों को अपने रूल से
फिर दहाड़े, 'इनको डंडों से सुधारा जाएगा
ठाकुरों से जो भी टकराया वो मारा जाएगा'
इक सिपाही ने कहा, 'साइकिल किधर को मोड़ दें
होश में आया नहीं मंगल कहो तो छोड़ दें'
बोला थानेदार, 'मुर्गे की तरह मत बाँग दो
होश में आया नहीं तो लाठियों पर टाँग लो
ये समझते हैं कि ठाकुर से उलझना खेल है
ऐसे पाजी का ठिकाना घर नहीं है जेल है'
पूछते रहते हैं मुझसे लोग अकसर यह सवाल
'कैसा है कहिए न सरजू पार की कृष्ना का हाल'
उनकी उत्सुकता को शहरी नग्नता के ज्वार को
सड़ रहे जनतंत्र के मक्कार पैरोकार को
धर्म, संस्कृति और नैतिकता के ठेकेदार को
प्रांत के मंत्रीगणों को केंद्र की सरकार को
मैं निमंत्रण दे रहा हूँ आएँ मेरे गाँव में
तट पे नदियों के घनी अमराइयों की छाँव में
गाँव जिसमें आज पांचाली उघाड़ी जा रही
या अहिंसा की जहाँ पर नथ उतारी जा रही
हैं तरसते कितने ही मंगल लँगोटी के लिए
बेचती हैं जिस्म कितनी कृष्ना रोटी के लिए।

साभार : बिगुल
https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=2018859895071328&id=1703045756652745
Abha Dawesar
An Indian writer based out of New York city, Dawesar is author of books like “Miniplanner”, “Family Values”, and “Madison Square Park”. She also won the Lambda Literary Award for Lesbian fiction and the Stonewall Book Award for fiction for “Babyji”, a novel that recounted the coming of age stories as well as sexual adventures and fantasies of a 16-year-old school girl.

Aaidan (The Weave of My Life: A Dalit Woman s Memoirs)

Aaidan her autobiography written in Marathi has been translated into English and titled as The Weave of My Life: A Dalit Woman s Memoirs. In her foreword to the English translation, Wandana Sonalkar writes that the title of the book The Weave is a metaphor of the writing technique employed by Pawar, "the lives of different members of her family, her husband's family, her neighbours and classmates, are woven together in a narrative that gradually reveals different aspects of the everyday life of Dalits, the manifold ways in which caste asserts itself and grinds them down"
Adwaita Mallabarman
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Adwaita Mallabarman

Native name
অদ্বৈত মল্লবর্মণ
Born January 1, 1914

Brahmanbaria DistrictBengal PresidencyBritish India
Died April 16, 1951 (aged 37)
Alma mater Comilla Victoria College
Occupation Literary editor, writer

Works Titash Ekti Nadir Naam (1956)

Adwaita Mallabarman (alternative spelling Advaita Mallabarmana; 1 January 1914 – 16 April 1951) was a Bengali Indian writer. He is mostly known for his novel Titash Ekti Nadir Naam (A River Called Titash) published in the monthly Mohammadi five years after his death.

Early life and education

Book cover of the English version of Titash Ekti Nadir NaamMallabarman was born in a Malo family in Gokarnoghat village beside the Titash River, near Brahmanbaria town in, Comilla District of undivided Bengal. He was the second of four children and lost his parents when he was a child. His two brothers died shortly after, and his sister (widowed soon after marriage) died before he went to Calcutta at the age of 20. As a boy and a teenager, until he left for college, he lived in the village with his uncle. He was the first child from the Mallo community of the village and nearby area to finish school. Members of the Malo community collected subscriptions to support his school expenses (mainly books, since his school fees were either waived or covered by scholarships he received). He attended the town's elementary school and Annada High School. He matriculated from the school in 1933 and went on to Comilla Victoria College. In part because of financial difficulty, he left college in 1934 and went to Calcutta to work as a literary editor.

Career

Throughout his teen years he wrote prodigiously, mostly poetry, and published in student magazines. Those early writings were highly acclaimed, so much so that peers who aspired to be writers sought his opinion on their work before sending it to a publisher.

Mallabarman's first job in Calcutta was as assistant editor of a literary and news magazine, Navashakti. After three years with the magazine, he worked as an editorial assistant for a literary monthly, Mohammadi, in which he also published a number of his poems and parts of what was evidently the first draft of Titash Ekti Nadir Naam ( It is also filmed by Ritwik Ghatak); he continued to work for Mohammadi until its Muslim publisher closed the monthly and migrated. During this period he also worked for the newspaper Azad. In 1945, he joined the literary weekly Desh and the daily Ananda Bazar Patrika. From 1945 through 1950 a number of his poems, stories, essays, and translations were published in Desh and other magazines.

Death

In 1950, Mallabarman was diagnosed with tuberculosis. he had felt increasingly unwell for two years. Entrusting the just-finalized manuscript of Titash Ekti Nadir Naam to friends, he went for hospital treatment. Soon after his release he suffered a relapse and was readmitted. Before the second phase of his treatment was over, however, he walked out of the hospital. Two months later, on 16 April 1951, he died
Arundhati Roy
Arundhati Roy speaking at Harvard University in April 2010.
Born 24 November 1961
Shillong, Meghalaya, India
Occupation Novelist, essayist, activist
Nationality Indian
Period 1997 – present
Notable work(s) The God of Small Things
Notable award(s) Man Booker Prize (1997)
Sydney Peace Prize (2004)


Signature 

Arundhati Roy (born 24 November 1961) is an Indian author and political activist who was best known for the 1998 Man Booker Prize for Fiction winning novel The God of Small Things (1997) and for her involvement in environmental and human rights causes. Roy’s novel became the biggest-selling book by a nonexpatriate Indian author.

Early life and background

Arundhati Roy was born in Shillong, Meghalaya, India to Ranjit Roy, a Bengali Hindu tea planter and Mary Roy, a Malayali Syrian Christian women's rights activist.

She spent her childhood in Aymanam in Kerala, and went to school at Corpus Christi, Kottayam, followed by the Lawrence School, Lovedale, in Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu. She then studied architecture at the School of Planning and Architecture, Delhi, where she met her first husband, architect Gerard da Cunha.

Roy met her second husband, filmmaker Pradip Krishen, in 1984, and played a village girl in his award-winning movie Massey Sahib. Until made financially secure by the success of her novel The God of Small Things, she worked various jobs, including running aerobics classes at five-star hotels in New Delhi. Roy is a cousin of prominent media personality Prannoy Roy, the head of the leading Indian TV media group NDTV. She lives in New Delhi.

Early career: screenplays

Early in her career, Roy worked for television and movies. She wrote the screenplays for In Which Annie Gives It Those Ones (1989), a movie based on her experiences as a student of architecture, which she also appeared as a performer, and Electric Moon (1992), both directed by her current husband Pradip Krishen. Roy attracted attention in 1994, when she criticised Shekhar Kapur's film Bandit Queen, based on the life of Phoolan Devi. In her film review entitled, "The Great Indian Rape Trick", she questioned the right to "restage the rape of a living woman without her permission," and charged Kapur with exploiting Devi and misrepresenting both her life and its meaning.

The God of Small Things

Roy began writing her first novel, The God of Small Things, in 1992, completing it in 1996. The book is semi-autobiographical and a major part captures her childhood experiences in Aymanam.

The publication of The God of Small Things catapulted Roy to instant international fame. It received the 1997 Booker Prize for Fiction and was listed as one of the New York Times Notable Books of the Year for 1997. It reached fourth position on the New York Times Bestsellers list for Independent Fiction. From the beginning, the book was also a commercial success: Roy received half a million pounds as an advance; It was published in May, and the book had been sold to eighteen countries by the end of June.

The God of Small Things received stellar reviews in major American newspapers such as The New York Times (a "dazzling first novel," "extraordinary," "at once so morally strenuous and so imaginatively supple". and the Los Angeles Times ("a novel of poignancy and considerable sweep".), and in Canadian publications such as the Toronto Star ("a lush, magical novel"). By the end of the year, it had become one of the five best books of 1997 by TIME. Critical response in the United Kingdom was less positive, and that the novel was awarded the Booker Prize caused controversy; Carmen Callil, a 1996 Booker Prize judge, called the novel "execrable," and The Guardian called the contest "profoundly depressing." In India, the book was criticised especially for its unrestrained description of sexuality by E. K. Nayanar, then Chief Minister of Roy's homestate Kerala, where she had to answer charges of obscenity.

Later career

Since the success of her novel, Roy has been working as a screenplay writer again, writing a television serial, The Banyan Tree, and the documentary DAM/AGE: A Film with Arundhati Roy(2002).

In early 2007, Roy announced that she would begin work on a second novel.

Arundhati Roy was one of the contributors on the book We Are One: A Celebration of Tribal Peoples, released in October 2009.The book explores the culture of peoples around the world, portraying their diversity and the threats to their existence. The royalties from the sale of this book go to the indigenous rights organisation Survival International

.Advocacy and controversy

Since The God of Small Things Roy has devoted herself mainly to nonfiction and politics, publishing two more collections of essays, as well as working for social causes. She is a spokesperson of the anti-globalization/alter-globalization movement and a vehement critic of neo-imperialism and of the global policies of the United States. She also criticises India's nuclear weapons policies and the approach to industrialisation and rapid development as currently being practised in India, including the Narmada Dam project and the power company Enron's activities in India.

Support for Kashmiri separatism

In an interview with the Times of India published in August 2008, Arundhati Roy expressed her support for the independence of Kashmir from India after massive demonstrations in favour of independence took place—some 500,000 separatists rallied in Srinagar in the Kashmir part of Jammu and Kashmirstate of India for independence on 18 August 2008, following the Amarnath land transfer controversy. According to her, the rallies were a sign that Kashmiris desire secession from India, and not union with India She was criticised by Indian National Congress (INC) and Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) for her remarks.

AICC member and senior Congress party leader Satya Prakash Malaviya asked Roy to withdraw her irresponsible statement saying it was 'contrary to historical facts'.

"She must withdraw her statement which is contrary to historical facts and could mislead the nation as well as the international community,"

"It would do better to brush up her knowledge of history and know that the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir had acceded to the Union of India after its erstwhile rulerMaharaja Hari Singh duly signed the Instrument of Accession on October 26, 1947. And the state, consequently has become as much an integral part of India as all the other erstwhile princely states have."

Sardar Sarovar Project

Roy has campaigned along with activist Medha Patkar against the Narmada dam project, saying that the dam will displace half a million people, with little or no compensation, and will not provide the projected irrigation, drinking water and other benefits. Roy donated her Booker prize money as well as royalties from her books on the project to the Narmada Bachao Andolan. Roy also appears in Franny Armstrong's Drowned Out, a 2002 documentary about the project. Roy's opposition to the Narmada Dam project was criticised as "maligning Gujarat" by Congress and BJP leaders in Gujarat.

In 2002, Roy responded to a contempt notice issued against her by the Indian Supreme Court with an affidavit saying the court's decision to initiate the contempt proceedings based on an unsubstantiated and flawed petition, while refusing to inquire into allegations of corruption in military contracting dealspleading an overload of cases, indicated a "disquieting inclination" by the court to silence criticism and dissent using the power of contempt. The court found Roy's statement, which she refused to disavow or apologise for, constituted criminal contempt and sentenced her to a "symbolic" one day's imprisonment and fined Roy Rs. 2500. Roy served the jail sentence for a single day and opted to pay the fine rather than serve an additional three months' imprisonment for default.

Environmental historian Ramachandra Guha has been critical of Roy's Narmada dam activism. While acknowledging her "courage and commitment" to the cause, Guha writes that her advocacy is hyperbolic and self-indulgent, "Ms. Roy's tendency to exaggerate and simplify, her Manichean view of the world, and her shrill hectoring tone, have given a bad name to environmental analysis". He faults Roy's criticism of Supreme Court judges who were hearing a petition brought by the Narmada Bachao Andolan as careless and irresponsible.

Roy counters that her writing is intentional in its passionate, hysterical tone: "I am hysterical. I'm screaming from the bloody rooftops. And he and his smug little club are going 'Shhhh... you'll wake the neighbours!' I want to wake the neighbours, that's my whole point. I want everybody to open their eyes".

Gail Omvedt and Roy have had fierce discussions, in open letters, on Roy's strategy for the Narmada Dam movement. Though the activists disagree on whether to demand stopping the dam building altogether (Roy) or searching for intermediate alternatives (Omvedt), the exchange has mostly been, though critical, constructive.

Roy sees American-style capitalism as the culprit: "In America, the arms industry, the oil industry, the major media networks, and, indeed, US foreign policy, are all controlled by the same business combines." She puts the attacks on the World Trade Center and on

Afghanistan on the same moral level, that of terrorism, and mourns the impossibility of imagining beauty after 2001: "Will it be possible ever again to watch the slow, amazed blink of a newborn gecko in the sun, or whisper back to the marmot who has just whispered in your ear – without thinking of the World Trade Centre and Afghanistan?"

In May 2003 she delivered a speech entitled "Instant-Mix Imperial Democracy (Buy One, Get One Free)" at the Riverside Church in New York City. In it she described the United States as a global empire that reserves the right to bomb any of its subjects at any time, deriving its legitimacy directly from God. The speech was an indictment of the U.S. actions relating to the Iraq War. In June 2005 she took part in the World Tribunal on Iraq. In March 2006, Roy criticised US President George W. Bush's visit to India, calling him a "war criminal"

India's nuclear weaponisation

In response to India's testing of nuclear weapons in Pokhran, Rajasthan, Roy wrote The End of Imagination (1998), a critique of the Indian government's nuclear policies. It was published in her collection The Cost of Living (1999), in which she also crusaded against India's massive hydroelectric dam projects in the central and western states of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat.

Criticism of Israel

In August 2006, Roy, along with Noam Chomsky, Howard Zinn, and others, signed a letter in The Guardian called the 2006 Lebanon War a "war crime" and accused Israel of "state terror." In 2007, Roy was one of more than 100 artists and writers who signed an open letter initiated by Queers Undermining Israeli Terrorism and the South West Asian, North African Bay Area Queers and calling on the San Francisco International LGBT Film Festival "to honor calls for an international boycott of Israeli political and cultural institutions, by discontinuing Israeli consulate sponsorship of the LGBT film festival and not cosponsoring events with the Israeli consulate."

2001 Indian Parliament attack

Roy has raised questions about the investigation into the 2001 Indian Parliament attack and the trial of the accused. She has called for the death sentence of Mohammad Afzal to be stayed while a parliamentary enquiry into these questions are conducted and denounced press coverage of the trial. The Bharatiya Janata Party spokesperson Prakash Javadekar criticised Roy for calling convicted terrorist Mohammad Afzal a 'prisoner-of-war' and called Arundhati a 'prisoner of her own dogma'.

He further said,

"No country has ever witnessed such kind of defense of a terrorist. They have gone beyond an academic discussion on capital punishment"

The Muthanga incident

In 2003, the Adivasi Gothra Maha Sabha, a social movement for adivasi land rights in Kerala, organised a major land occupation of a piece of land of a former Eucalyptus plantation in theMuthanga Wildlife Reserve, on the border of Kerala and Karnataka. After 48 days, a police force was sent into the area to evict the occupants—one participant of the movement and a policeman were killed, and the leaders of the movement were arrested. Arundhati Roy travelled to the area, visited the movement's leaders in jail, and wrote an open letter to the then Chief Minister of Kerala, A.K. Antonynow India's Defence Minister, saying "You have blood on your hands."

Comments on 2008 Mumbai attacks

In an opinion piece for The Guardian (13 December 2008), Roy argued that the November 2008 Mumbai attacks cannot be seen in isolation, but must be understood in the context of wider issues in the region's history and society such as widespread poverty, the Partition of India (which Roy calls "Britain's final, parting kick to us"), the atrocities committed during the 2002 Gujarat violence, and the ongoing conflict in Kashmir. Despite this call for context, Roy states clearly in the article that she believes "nothing can justify terrorism" and calls terrorism "a heartless ideology." Roy warns against war with Pakistan, arguing that it is hard to "pin down the provenance of a terrorist strike and isolate it within the borders of a single nation state", and that war could lead to the "descent of the whole region into chaos" Her remarks were strongly criticised by Salman Rushdie and others, who condemned her for linking the Mumbai attacks with Kashmir and economic injustice against Muslims in India;Rushdie specifically criticised Roy for attacking the iconic status of the Taj Mahal Palace & Tower Indian writer Tavleen Singh called Roy's comments "the latest of her series of hysterical diatribes against India and all things Indian."

Criticism of Sri Lanka

In an opinion piece, once again in The Guardian (1 April 2009), Roy made a plea for international attention to what she called a possible government-sponsored genocide of Tamils in Sri Lanka. She cited reports of camps into which Tamils were being herded as part of what she described as "a brazen, openly racist war." She also mentioned that the "Government of Sri Lanka is on the verge of committing what could end up being genocide" and described the Sri Lankan IDP camps where Tamil civilians are being held as concentration camps. Ruvani Freeman, a Sri Lankan writer called Roy's remarks "ill-informed and hypocritical" and criticised her for "whitewashing the atrocities of theLTTE." Roy has said of such accusations: "I cannot admire those whose vision can only accommodate justice for their own and not for everybody. However I do believe that the LTTE and its fetish for violence was cultured in the crucible of monstrous, racist, injustice that the Sri Lankan government and to a great extent Sinhala society visited on the Tamil people for decades."

Views on the Naxalites

Roy has criticised Government's armed actions against the Naxalite-Maoist insurgents in India, calling it "war on the poorest people in the country". According to her, the Government has "abdicated its responsibility to the people"] and launched the offensive against Naxals to aid the corporations with whom it has signed Memorandums of Understanding. While she has received support from various quarters for her views Roy's description of the Maoists as "Gandhians" raised a controversy In other statements, she has described Naxalites as "patriot of a kind" who are "fighting to implement the Constitution, (while) the government is vandalising it". Many commentators have hypothesized that Roy does not hold sympathy for the victims of Maoist terrorism and have called her a "Maoist sympathiser."

You cannot equate violence of the resistance with the structural violence of the Indian state which is resulting in 250,000 farmers killing themselves, 80% of the population living in poverty. You really can’t equate the two. And that’s what many people do.

— Arundhati Roy

Criticism of Anna Hazare

On 21 August 2011, at the height of Anna Hazare's anti-corruption campaign, Arundhati Roy severely criticised Hazare and his movement in an opinion-piece published in The Hindu. In the course of the article, she questions Hazare's secular credentials, points out the campaign's corporate backing, its suspicious timing, Hazare's silence on private-sector corruption and on other critical issues of the day, expressing her fear that the Lokpal will only end up creating "two oligarchies, instead of just one." She states that while "his means maybe Gandhian, his demands are certainly not", and alleges that by "demonising only the Government they" are preparing to call for "more privatisation, more access topublic infrastructure and India's natural resources", satirically adding that it "may not be long before Corporate Corruption is made legal and renamed a Lobbying Fee." Roy also accuses the electronic media of blowing the campaign out of proportion. Roy's comparison of the Jan Lokpal Bill with the Maoists: claiming both sought "the overthrow of the Indian State" met with resentment from members of Team Anna; Medha Patkar reacted sharply calling Roy's comments "highly misplaced" and chose to emphasise the "peaceful, non-violent" nature of the movement.

Sedition charges

In November 2010, Roy (along with Syed Ali Shah Geelani and five others) was brought up on charges of sedition by the Delhi Police. The filing of the FIR came following a directive from a local court on a petition filed by Sushil Pandit who alleged that Geelani and Roy made anti-India speeches at a conference on "Azadi-the Only Way" on 21 October 2010. In the words of Arundhati Roy "Kashmir has never been an integral part of India. It is an a historical fact. Even the Indian government has accepted this". A Delhi city court directed the police to respond to the demand for a criminal case after the central government declined to charge Roy, saying that the charges were inappropriate.

Awards

Arundhati Roy was awarded the 1997 Booker Prize for her novel The God of Small Things. The award carried a prize of about US $30,000 and a citation that noted, "The book keeps all the promises that it makes." Prior to this, she won the National Film Award for Best Screenplay in 1989, for the screenplay of In Which Annie Gives It Those Ones, in which she captured the anguish among the students prevailing in professional institutions.

In 2002, she won the Lannan Foundation's Cultural Freedom Award for her work "about civil societies that are adversely affected by the world’s most powerful governments and corporations," in order "to celebrate her life and her ongoing work in the struggle for freedom, justice and cultural diversity."

In 2003, she was awarded 'special recognition' as a Woman of Peace at the Global Exchange Human Rights Awards in San Francisco with Bianca Jagger, Barbara Lee and Kathy Kelly.

Roy was awarded the Sydney Peace Prize in May 2004 for her work in social campaigns and her advocacy of non-violence.

In January 2006, she was awarded the Sahitya Akademi Award, a national award from India's Academy of Letters, for her collection of essays on contemporary issues, The Algebra of Infinite Justice, but she declined to accept it "in protest against the Indian Government toeing the US line by 'violently and ruthlessly pursuing policies of brutalisation of industrial workers, increasing militarisation and economic neo-liberalisation.'"

In November 2011, she was awarded the Norman Mailer Prize for Distinguished Writing.

Books

The God of Small Things. Flamingo, 1997.
The End of Imagination. Kottayam: D.C. Books, 1998.
The Cost of Living. Flamingo, 1999.. Contains the essays "The Greater Common Good" and "The End of Imagination."
The Greater Common Good. Bombay: India Book Distributor, 1999.
The Algebra of Infinite Justice. Flamingo, 2002. Collection of essays: "The End of Imagination," "The Greater Common Good," "Power Politics", "The Ladies Have Feelings, So...," "The Algebra of Infinite Justice," "War is Peace," "Democracy," "War Talk", and "Come September."
Power Politics. Cambridge: South End Press, 2002.
War Talk. Cambridge: South End Press, 2003.
Foreword to Noam Chomsky, For Reasons of State. 2003.
An Ordinary Person's Guide To Empire. Consortium, 2004.
Public Power in the Age of Empire Seven Stories Press, 2004.
The Checkbook and the Cruise Missile: Conversations with Arundhati Roy. Interviews by David Barsamian. Cambridge: South End Press, 2004.
Introduction to 13 December, a Reader: The Strange Case of the Attack on the Indian Parliament. New Delhi, New York: Penguin, 2006.
The Shape of the Beast: Conversations with Arundhati Roy. New Delhi: Penguin, Viking, 2008
Listening to Grasshoppers: Field Notes on Democracy. New Delhi: Penguin, Hamish Hamilton, 2009
Anuj Lugun
From Wikipedia
Anuj Lugun
Native name
अनुज लुगुन
Born 10 January 1986
Occupation Poet, short-story writer, song composer, novelist, playwright and essayist, National poet of Bangladesh
Language Hindi
Nationality Indian
Alma mater St. Xaviers College
Period 21st century
Genre Poetrymusic, politics, society
Notable awards Bharat Bhushan Agarwal (2011)
Rashtriya Muktibodh Puraskara(2009)

Anuj Lugun (Hindi: अनुज लुगुन ) (born 10 January 1986) is a Jharkhandi Indian poet and writer. Popularly known as Anuj, his poetry espoused indigenous renaissance and intense rebellion against fascism and oppression. Lugun's activism for political and social justice earned him the title of Tribal Poet.

Early life and career

Born into a Jharkhandi Mundari family to Arinus Lugun & Jaymmila Lugun in Jaldega Pahantoli, district SimdegaJharkhand, Anuj is the nephew of William Lugun, a prominent leader of the Jharkhand movement.

Work and service

Lugun is working as Assistant Professor in School of Indian Language at Central University of Bihar (CUB). Currently pursuing research in Mundari songs at Banaras Hindu University. After serving in the Ministry of Human Resource Development (India), Lugun established himself as a Poet in Jharkhand. Lugun's writings explore themes such as love, freedom, and revolution; he opposed all bigotry, including religious and gender. Throughout his career, Lugun wrote short stories, novels, and essays but is best known for his poems.

Awards and recognition

Anuj Lugun- won the prestigious Bharat Bhushan Agarwal Award in 2011 for the best poem in Hindi

Rashtriya Muktibodh Puraskara (Madhya Pradesh Sahitya Akademi) 2009

Anuj Lugun


Main works

Poems published prominently in almost all important literary journals

Respect

Bharat Bhushan Agrawal Poetry Award

contact

Assistant Professor, Hindi Department, Bihar Central University, Gaya, Bihar
phone 08765407843
E-mail
anujlugun@cub.ac.in
Anuja Chauhan
Writer Anuja Chauhan on learning to laugh at the many absurdities of urban India and why her leading ladies can’t help being feisty.
by Amrita Dutta | New Delhi |

 Writer Anuja Chauhan

On summer afternoons in a boarding school in Meerut, left to no devices, not even a television, young Anuja Chauhan sat her friends down and came up with love stories. Each story tailor-made for a friend. The sporty girl got to travel to Dehra Dun for a basketball tournament, meet a bus full of jocks and fall in love. The arty one took it slow, but still found the one. There was no way that a girl who could hold a gang of skittish teens in rapt attention wasn’t going to grow up to be a writer. “I have always been a storyteller. The joke in the family was that: Ye Chauhan maar maar ke kahaani sunaati hain,” says the 45-year-old author over the phone from Bangalore.

But it took Chauhan nearly two decades in advertising and several award-winning campaigns before she started on her first novel. “Advertising is like writing in a very tight box. I had begun to tire of it. The day we bought a Mac Pro, I began writing The Zoya Factor (2008),” she says. That novel was about the “Karol-Bagh-type” Zoya Singh Solanki fighting to fit into the “unabashedly shallow” world of advertising, and the sparks that fly between her and cricketer Nikhil Lodha. It ended up too baggy for her liking, but also a word-of-mouth bestseller. In the seven years since, Chauhan has written two novels (Battle for Bittora and Those Pricey Thakur Girls), and her fifth, The House That BJ Built, is out soon.

In popular Indian English publishing, when the bestseller tag often leads you to earnest mediocre prose (unless you pick up a Chetan Bhagat, where you also find solutions to Great Indian Problems for free), Chauhan occupies an unusual space. Her sentences shine with elegance and wit, and her stories carry a wicked sense of the absurdities of Indian life. The many Englishes of urban India come alive in her language, a skill that comes from being a “compulsive eavesdropper”. And, despite the fact that the critics love her, she sells. Those Pricey Thakur Girls, set in Hailey Road of the 1980s, is that rare thing — a fine Delhi novel. Indeed, a joyous one, where the city’s rough edges are blurred by flaming trees of amaltas and harshingar, and the cackle of laughter from a house full of lively characters. Early on, she bristled at the tag of a chick-lit writer and it is easy to see why. She is a writer of comedy, in an expansive, life-affirming sense of the word, her influences being as much Vikram Seth as Joseph Heller.

But Chauhan is not content to be a bestseller writer for the literary-minded. “I know for a fact that there are many more Amish Tripathi readers than people who read me,” she says, before going on to narrate an anecdote about appearing on a lit-fest panel with Ravinder Singh, the immensely popular writer of lachrymose romances. “All the while on the stage, I thought I was very smart. But the moment it was over, the girls just ran me over to reach him.” That’s one of the reasons she has moved out of HarperCollins after eight long years. Westland had far more ambitious plans for The House That BJ Built. “While her earlier books have sold between 35,000 and 50,000 copies, Westland is looking at a minimum of one lakh copies a year. That they have also offered her an advance, a six-figure amount in US dollars, shows they are betting big on her,” says Anuj Bahri, Chauhan’s literary agent.

With The House That BJ Built, we are back to the sprawling house on Hailey Road, which was home to Justice Laxmi Narayan Thakur and his alphabetically-named daughters in Those Pricey Thakur Girls. But this is an emptier, sadder house, with the judge’s wife dead, the sisters scattered across the world, and Laxmi Narayan Thakur being looked after in his dotage by Bonu Singh, the daughter of B for Binni. Bonu Singh, whose first spoken words as a toddler were “balls”, is a modern desi girl, with a chip on her shoulder and a great ambition to suceed where her parents hadn’t. That she does by running a garment business that specialises in ripping off the latest designs at cut-price so that Hailey Road aunties can wear the “Cavilli Aishwarya wore in Cannes before she became fat”. “I didn’t want this book to be about Dabbu’s daughter. If Binni has raised her daughter to have grudges against her aunt, then it was interesting for me to look at the family through that lens. I like girls like that, I have a thing for the underdog,” says Chauhan.

The Anuja Chauhan leading lady, unlike many others, is not really single in the city. She is embedded in family, in the whole jingbang of aunts and sisters and female friendships. The youngest of four sisters, Chauhan was also a part of a rambunctious household. “My father was in the army and he had people come up to him and say, ‘If only you had a son, he would be in the army.’ But my parents were very unapologetic about their four daughters and they brought us up that way. The need to be independent was always drilled into us,” she says. The women in her novels are also full of spunk. “I like girls to have strength of character, some sort of larger life plan than just finding a man or cooking for their children. I like them to be well grounded, so that even when they’re swooningly in love or maddened with lust or swamped with public adulation, their brains don’t stop working,” she says.

And the city, even the secluded quarter of the Thakur house — in some ways, Chauhan’s two inches of ivory — has moved on from the genteel 1980s. The house is up for sale, according to the judge’s wishes. So, old family grudges, property sharks, forged wills and musclemen come in the way. But this is not a book stewing in in nostalgia. “BJ, the grandfather, being a very wise man, says it’s better to break up the house and keep the family together. That’s what we are seeing in Delhi with so many lovely houses being sold. But that is not such a terrible thing. I do think we need to embrace the change,” she says.

https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/writer-anuja-chauhan-on-learning-to-laugh-at-the-many-absurdities-of-urban-india/
Anita Anand
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Anita Anand
Anita Anand during an outside broadcast in 2011
Born 1972
London, England
Occupation Radio and television presenter, journalist, and author
Spouse(s)

​(m. 2007)​
Children 2

Anita Anand (/ˈɑːnənd/ AH-nand; born 1972) is a British radio and television presenter, journalist, and author.

Early life and education

Anand was born in London, England, to Punjabi Sikh parents who migrated to India shortly after the partition of India and then, later, to the UK. Her family, prior to the partition, originated from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in present-day Pakistan.

Anand was privately educated at Bancroft's School in Woodford Green in Redbridge, east London. Anand then entered King's College, London, in 1990, graduating with a BA in English in 1993.

Broadcasting career

After training as a journalist, Anand became European Head of News and Current Affairs for Zee TV, and one of the youngest TV news editors in Britain at the age of 25. She presented the talk show The Big Debate and was political correspondent for Zee TV presenting the Raj Britannia series – 31 documentaries chronicling the political aspirations of the Asian community in the most marginal constituencies in 1997.

Until October 2007, Anand presented in the 10:00 pm till 1:00 am slot on Monday to Thursdays on BBC Radio 5 Live. She went on to co-present the station's weekday Drive (4:00–7:00 pm) slot with Peter Allen, having replaced Jane Garvey in 2007. Aasmah Mir replaced her when she left for maternity leave.

Anand has presented the BBC Radio 4 show Midweek, and on television she has been a presenter on the Heaven and Earth Show. She has co-presented the Daily Politics on BBC Two with Andrew Neil from September 2008, with a break for maternity leave from January to September 2010.

Anand has also written articles for India Today and The Asian Age newspaper, and used to write a regular column in The Guardian ("Anita Anand's Diary", 2004–2005).

In July 2011 Anand left the Daily Politics to present a new show called Double Take on Radio 5 Live on Sunday mornings. In June 2012, Anand took over from Jonathan Dimbleby as the presenter of Radio 4's Any Answers? Saturday current affairs phone-in programme between 2:00 and 2:30 pm.

Author

Anand's book Sophia: Princess, Suffragette, Revolutionary (about the Indian princess Sophia Duleep Singh, granddaughter of the last Sikh Maharani and Maharaja of Lahore, born in exile in England, who went on to struggle for causes including Indian independence, the welfare of Indian soldiers in the First World War and women's suffrage) was published in 2015. She also presented Sophia, Suffragette Princess, a 30-minute television documentary programme based on the book, which aired first on BBC One in late November 2015.

She is co-author with William Dalrymple of Koh-i-Noor: The History of the World's Most Infamous Diamond. The Patient Assassin: A True Tale of Massacre, Revenge and the Raj appeared in April 2019 and relates to the Amritsar massacre of 1919.

Awards

On 18 November 2005, Anand won the Nazia Hassan Award for 2005 in the category of Upcoming Television Broadcasters. Her book The Patient Assassin won the 2020 Hessell-Tiltman Prize.

Personal life

Anand married science writer Simon Singh in 2007. The couple have two sons and live in south-west London.
Anant Rao Akela
The 56-year-old native of Pahadipur village in Aligarh district studied only until class eight, but has written a dozen books. He sold his first work, an eight-page pamphlet titled “Ram Rajya Ki Nangi Tasveer”, at village fairs and in markets in 1980 on his own.

After he got inspired by Kanshi Ram to join the Bahajun Samaj Party in 1985, he also wrote poems that were recited at public meetings held by BSP leaders. Disillusioned with the party though, he joined the Bahujan Mukti Party in 2016.

A. R. Akela

A.R. Akela
Born 30 September 1960

Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
Occupation Writer
Years active 1980-Current
Anant Rao "A. R." Akela (born 30 September 1960) is an author, poet, folk singer and publisher.

Literary works

Akela's works include Shambook Rishi (Baahmasi), Bheem Gyan-Gitanali, Buddha Gyan-Gitanali, Baspa Ke Bol, Mere Mishanary Geet, Angulimaal Katil Kyo Bana (All song collections) Yug Pravartak Ambedkar (Play) and Baba Saheb Ne Kaha Tha. He edited Kanshiram Press Ke Aaine Mein, Mayawati and Media and Kanshiram Ke Sakshhatkar. Publication

He owns the publishing business Anand Sahitya Sadan.
Anita Bharti
Seelampur, Delh
Education MA.BEd
Occupation Dalit writer,activist & lecturer
Spouse(s) Rajeev.R.Singh
Website
http://chilki.blogspot.in/

A writer and an activist, Bharti is known for her poems and stories. Most recently she contributed to and edited an anthology featuring 65 poets titled “Yathastithi se Takraate Hue Dalit Stree Jeewan se Judi Kavitaayein”. She has also written the biography of the social revolutionary Gabdu Ram Valmiki.

Literacy work
Samajik Krantikari:Gabdu Ram Balmiki(Biography)

Honored
Radhakrishan Shikshak Puraskar
Indira Gandhi Shikshak Samman
Delhi Rajya Shikshak Samman
Birsa Munda Samman
Jhalkari Bai Rashtriya Sewa Samman

Post Held
She is secratary of Dalit Lekhak Sangh (Dalit Writers Association)

Personal life
She had an intercaste marriage with a Rajput person Rajeev.R.Singh.
Ajay Navaria
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Ajay Navaria (born 1972, Delhi) is the author of two collections of short stories, Patkatha aur Anya Kahaniyan (2006) and Yes Sir (2012), and a novel, Udhar ke Log (2009). He has been associated with the premier Hindi literary journal, Hans. Navaria teaches in the Hindi department at Jamia Milia Islamia University, Delhi. Unclaimed Terrain (2013), an anthology of his short stories translated into English, has been critically acclaimed.
Dr. Bharatkumar Raut


Introduction :

Dr. Bharatkumar Raut is 69 years old elected from Maharashtra as Rajyasabha member. He is a member of .

Born: 6 April 1953 , Mumbai

Practising journalist for over three decades
worked in English and Marathi newspapers, Government and private television channels in India and abroad
was Editor, Maharashtra Times
launched ZEE News, India?s first news channel
at present, Editorial Director 'Lokmat Media Group'
President, Mumbai Marathi Patrakar Sangh, 1987-88
was Trustee, Shree Siddhivinayak Temple Trust, 2005 - 2007
Member, (i) Executive Committee, Bombay Union of Journalists and (ii) Telephone Advisory Committee, MTNL, since 2008


Basic Details
Father's Name Shri Bhavanishankar Raut
Mother's Name Shrimati Sheela Raut
Assets More than 3 Crore(s)
Education M.A. (Politics), Ph.D. Educated at University of Bombay, Mumbai and Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth, Pune

Contact Details
Permanent Address 2101, Matoshree Pearl, S. Keer Marg, Mahim, Mumbai - 400016
Telephone : {022} 24372244, Fax: 22731175(O), 24384466(R), Mobile: 09820042332
Communication Address 7, Meena Bagh, Maulana Azad Road, New Delhi - 110011
Telephone : 23062494,Fax: 23062492 Mobile: 9868181332

Books Published
In Marathi, (i) Andharatil Ek Prakash, 1977, (ii) Drishtikon, 2004, (iii) Nayak, 2004, (iv) Shiv Sena: Haar Aani Prahaar, 2005, (v) Asa Drishtikon, 2006, (vi) Ashi Hee Mumbai, 2008, (vii) Manovedh, 2010 and (viii) Geeta: Anand Yatra (2011)

In English: Past Forward, (Internet edition) 2011
Bhagu

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Bhagu was a Bhakti movement poet. She belonged to the Mahar caste. Little is known about her. In the Shrisakalsantgatha she is called "Bhagu Maharin

The Bhakti movement refers to the theistic devotional trend that emerged in medieval Hinduism and later acted as the de facto catalyst to the formation of Sikhism. It originated in eighth-century south India (now Tamil Nadu and Kerala), and spread northwards. It swept over east and north India from the 15th century onwards, reaching its zenith between the 15th and 17th century CE.

The Bhakti movement regionally developed around different gods and goddesses, and some sub-sects were Vaishnavism (Vishnu), Shaivism (Shiva), Shaktism (Shakti goddesses), and Smartism. Bhakti movement preached using the local languages so that the message reached the masses. The movement was inspired by many poet-saints, who championed a wide range of philosophical positions ranging from theistic dualism of Dvaita to absolute monism of Advaita Vedanta.

The movement has traditionally been considered as an influential social reformation in Hinduism, and provided an individual-focused alternative path to spirituality regardless of one's birth or gender. The Bhakti movement began with the aim of reforming Hinduism. Contemporary scholars question this traditional view and whether the Bhakti movement ever was a reform or rebellion of any kind. They suggest Bhakti movement was a revival, reworking and recontextualisation of ancient Vedic traditions. Bhakti refers to passionate devotion (to a deity).
BHOJA BHAGAT
Hindu saint, social reformer and famous poet from gujarat, india
A.K.A.
Bhojal, Bhojalram
Was : Writer
From : India
Type : Literature
Gender : Male

Birth : 1 January 1785, Gujarat, India

Death : 1 January 1850, Virpur (Rajkot), Rajkot district, Gujarat, India (aged 65 years)

Bhoja Bhagat (1785–1850), also known as Bhojal or Bhojalram was a Hindu saint poet from Gujarat, India.

Life

Bhoja or Bhojo was born in 1785 in Leva Kanbi caste at village named Fattehpur or Devkigalol near Jetpur in Saurashtra. His father's name was Karshandas and mother was Gangabai and family surname was Savalia. He met his guru, a sanyasin from Girnar at age of 12. Later, when he was 24, the family shifted to Fatehpur near Amreli, Gujarat. He came to be known as Bhoja Bhagat (Bhagat derived from Bhakt, devotee) and Bhojalram in his later life.

By occupation he was a farmer. Although, he was an illiterate, but with blessings of his Guru in Girnar, he wrote poems and songs condemning social inequities, which became well known as "Bhoja Bhagat Na Chabkha".

Bhoja Bhagat died in 1850 at age of 65 at Virpur, where he had gone to visit his disciple Jalaram. His memorial temple (called Ota locally) is located at Virpur.

Works

He liked to call himself as Bhojal in his verses. As a poet and philosopher also wrote Aartis, Bhajans, Dholas, Kafis, Kirtans, Mahinas and Prabhatias but is most famous for his Chabkhas. These satirical pieces are known as Bhoja Bhagat na Chabkha ( literally Lashes of Bhoja Bhagat ) in Gujarati. His rough language is seen in these Chabkha which tells about social equanimity. His tender and compassionate language his visible in his verses, pada describing separation of Gopis from Krishna in Bhaktamala, Chalaiyakhyan and his bhajan of Kachabo ane Kachabi (couple of turtles). His Saravadan is about union with cosmic consciousness.

Legacy

His followers visit Fatehpur today to pay their respects, where he spent major part of his life. The ashram of Bhoja Bhagat houses his paghdi, rosary beads and padukas The original brick-house of Bhoja Bhagat stands as it is and his personal belonging are kept here and there is an ashram headed by mahant, called gadi-pati (head of gadi)

He had many disciples of whom the two most illustrious and known are saints Jalaram of Virpur and Valamram of Gariadhar.
Balakrishna Bhagwant Borkar
Wikipedia
--------------

Balakrishna Bhagawant Borkar

Born Borim
30 November 1910
Died 8 July 1984 (aged 73)

Occupation Freedom fighter, poet, author, linguistic activist
Language MarathiKonkani
Nationality Indian
Citizenship Indian
Notable awards Padma Shri

Balakrishna Bhagwant Borkar (30 November 1910 – 8 July 1984) was a poet from Goa, India.

Bā Bha Borkar, also known as Ba-ki-baab, started writing poems at an early age. The author Vi SA Khandekar was an early champion of Borkar's poetry. Borkar joined Goa's fight for freedom in the 1950s and moved to Pune, where he worked for the radio. Most of his literature is written in Marathi, though his Konkani output is also considerable. He excelled as a prose writer as well. His long poems Mahatmayan, an unfinished poem dedicated to Gandhi), and TamaHstotra (upon the possibility of blindness due to diabetes and old age) are famous. One of his famous poems is "Mazha Gaav", meaning "My village".

After Borkar's death, Pu La Deshpande and his wife Sunitabai performed public readings of Borkar's poetry.

Life and career
Bakibaab's statue in Goa

Balkrishna Bhagwant Borkar was born on 30 November 1910 in the village of Borim, Goa situated on the banks of the Zuari river. The atmosphere in his house was very pious and there used to be recitals of bhajans, kirtans, holy scripts and songs of saints of Maharashtra. As a household rule every child was supposed to learn new Abhangs by heart.

It is said that Borkar once forgot to learn a new Abhang and when it was his turn to recite, he composed an Abhnag on the fly. People who were listening were astonished and could not believe that young Borkar could have done this and he was asked to compose one more Abhang. He surprised them again by composing one more Abhang and ended it with the verse "Baki Mhane" (so says Baki).

Borkar's mother tongue was Konkani and he did his schooling till the second grade in Marathi medium. Goa at that time was under the colonial rule of the Portuguese and Baki had to complete his further education in Portuguese language. He acquired a Portuguese Teachers Diploma. He could not continue his formal education beyond that point because of lack of funds and had to find himself a job. He worked as teacher in various schools in Goa from 1930 to 1945. Later he left for Bombay (Mumbai) where he edited Konkani periodicals Amacha Gomatak and Porjecho Awaj. In November 1955 he joined Aakashwani (All India Radio) and worked there until his retirement in 1970.

Bakibaab's first collection of poems "Pratibha" was published in 1930. He was just 20 years of age at that time. He was enthralled by nature, especially Goa's natural beauty and it is aptly depicted in his poems and work. When Dr. Rammanohar Lohia went to Goa in 1946 to announce the liberation movement, Bakibaab jumped into the freedom struggle without a moment's notice. His composition Goyan Lohia Aaylore (Lohia has come to Goa) became quite famous. Leaving behind a household of ten supported by him and sacrificing a secure government job, he jumped in wholeheartedly into the movement and took up the mission to spread patriotism through his poems.

Bakibaab forte was his diverse sensibility, his multi-coloured imagery and easy with which he could showcase the joys and sorrows of life. His works were about nature, patriotism, about body and soul, sensuous and meditative, about individual and society. He was poet of Goa, poet of Maharashtra. He was poet of India. He was awarded Padma Shri, India's fourth highest civilian award, by the then President S. Radhakrishnan inrecognition of his distinguished service in the field of Literature & Education. He was also awarded the Tamrapatra (Copper Plaque) in 1974 by the Government of India for his meritorious services to the cause of India's freedom. Bakibaab died on 8 July 1984.

Published works – Marathi

Poetic work
"Pratibha" (1930): Publisher: Kashinath Shridhar Nayak (Mumbai)
"Jeevansangeet" (1937) Bharat Gaurav Granthmala (Mumbai)
"Dudhsagar" (1947)
"Anand Bhairavi" (1950) Continental Prakashan (Pune)
"Chitraveena" (1960), 4th edition 1985, Mauj Prakashan (Mumbai)
"Borkaranchi Kavita" (1960), Mauj Prakashan (Mumbai)
"Guitar" (1965), 2nd edition 1984, Mauj Prakashan (Mumbai)
"Chaitrapunav" (1970), Mauj Prakashan (Mumbai)
"Chandanvel" (1972), 2nd edition 1984, Editors: Kusumagraj and G.M. Kulkarni, Continental Prakashan (Pune)
"Meghdoot" (1980) – Translation of Kalidas's work, Shrividya Prakashan (Pune)
"Kanchan Sandhya" (1981), Mauj Prakashan (Mumbai)
"Anuragini" (1982), Suresh Agency (Pune)
"Chinmayee" (1984), Suresh Agency (Pune)
"Borkaranchi Prem Kavita" (1984), Editor: R.C. Dhere, Suresh Agency (Pune)
"Kaivalya Che Zaad" (1987), Suresh Agency (Pune)

Short stories
"Kagadi Hodya" (1938), Shri Shivaji Mudranalay, Nave Goy
"Chandnyache Kavadse" (1982), Majestic Book Stall, Mumbai
"Pavala Purta Prakash" (1982), Alok Prakashan, Kolhapur
"Ghumtavarle Parve" (1986), Bandodkar Publication House, Goa

Novels
"Mavalta Chandra" (1938) Maharashtra Granth Bhandar, Kolhapur. 3rd edition 1986 Bandokar Publishing House, Goa
"Andharantil Laataa" (1943) Damodar Moghe, Kolhapur. 2nd edition 1986 Bandodkar Publishing House, Goa
"Bhavin" (1950) Continental Prakashan, Pune
"Priycama" (1983) Suresh Agency, Pune

Biographies
"Anandyatri Ravindranath: Sanskar Ani Sadhana" (1964), 2nd edition Suresh Agency (Pune)
"Mahamanav Ravindranath" (1974), Pune University

Translations
"Jalte Rahasya" (Stephen Ewing) 1945, V.N. Moghe, Kolhapur
"Kachechi Kimaya" (Stephen Ewing) 1945, P.R.Dhamdhere, Pune
"Bapuji Chi Ozarti Darshane" (Kakasaheb Kalelkar) 1950
"Amhi Pahilele Gandhiji" (Chandrashekhar Shukla) 1950
"Majhi Jeevan Yatra" (Autobiography-Janki Devi Bajaj) 1960, Popular Prakashan, Mumbai

Edited work
"Rasyatra" – Kusumagraj's poems (1969) Continental, Pune

Published works – Konkani

Poetic work"Painjana", 1960, Popular Prakashan, Mumbai.
"Sasaay", 1980, Kulagar Prakashan, Madgaon.
"Kanthamani", Jaag Prakashan, India

Translations"Geeta Pravachan" (Vinoba), Pardham, Pavnar, 1956
"Geetay", 1960, Popular, Mumbai
"Vasavdutt-Ek Pranay natya" (Arvind Ghosh), 1973, Jaag Prakashan, Priol (Goa)
"Paigambar" (Khalil Jibran), 1973, Jaag Prakashan, Priol (Goa)
"Sanshay Kallol" (G.B. Deval), 1975, Jaag Prakashan, Priol (Goa)
"Bhagwan Buddh" (Dharmanand Kossambi), Sahitya Academy
"Konkani Kavya Sangraha", 1981, Sahitya Academy

Literature
"Ba. Bha. Borkar: Vyakti and Vangmay" – Manohar Hirba Sardessai 1992, Gomantak Marathi Academy, Panaji
"Mandovi"- Kavivarya Ba.Bha. Borkar 60th birthday special issue, 1970, Editor: Shriram Pandurang Kamat, Goa.

Awards
1934 – Gold Medal Marathi Sahitya Samellan for Poetry
1950 – Gold Medal Gomantak Marathi Sahitya Samellan for Novel "Bhavin"
1950 – President – Kokani Sahitya Samellan
1957– President – MarathiKavi Samellan, Solapur
1961-President – Tagore Centinary Sahitya Shakha
1956 -President – Gomantak Marathi Sahitya Samellan
1963-President Sahityakar Sansad, Allahabad
1964–1970 – President- Institute Menezes Braganza, Panaji, Goa
1963 – Member of the Sahitik Shistamandal to Sri Lanka
1967 – Padmashri – Government of India
1968 – President – Akhil Bharatiya Kokani Parishad
1970– President-Second Marathi Sahitya Parishad's Sahitya Samellan, Mahabaleshwar
1970-President- 20th Mumbai Subarban Sahitya Samellan
1970 – President- 72 nd Annual Function of Mumbai Marathi Granthasangralaya
Boa Sr
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Born c. 1925
Died 26 January 2010


Boa Sr (circa 1925 – 26 January 2010) was an Indian Great Andamanese elder. She was the last person fluent in the Aka-Bo language.

Boa Sr is not to be confused with another Great Andamanese tribal member, Boa Jr; the two women were not directly related. Boa Jr's late mother, Boro (who was also the last speaker of her language, Aka-Kora) was Boa Sr's best friend and named her daughter in her honor.

Biography

Boa was born around 1925. Her mother, To, belonged to the Bo people and her father, Renge, belonged to the Jeru people. Boa's early life was spent in Mayabunder, a town on Middle Andaman Island. She was married at a young age to Nao, another member of her father's people, although both he and their children predeceased her. She regarded the Jeru language as her mother tongue.

Boa Sr. lived through the epidemic brought by the British to the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, which devastated the Great Andamanese population, and also through the Japanese occupation of the Andaman Islands during World War II. In the 1970s, she and other Great Andamanese was forcibly relocated by the government of India to Strait Island, a small tribal reserve east of Baratang Island.

Boa Sr. worked with Anvita Abbi, a professor of linguistics at Jawaharlal Nehru University in Delhi, since 2005. Abbi studied and recorded Boa's language and songs. Other members of the Great Andamanese speech community had difficulty understanding the songs and narratives which she knew in Bo. She also spoke the Andamanese dialect of Hindi, as well as Great Andamanese creole, a mix of the ten indigenous languages of Andamans.

Boa Sr. survived the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake by climbing a tree. She later explained her escape from the tsunami saying, "We were all there when the earthquake came. The eldest told us the Earth would part, don't run away or move."

Her husband, Nao Jer, died several years before she did and the couple had no children. She suffered from some vision loss during her later life, but was considered to be in good health until shortly before her death in 2010.

Boa Sr. died at a hospital in Port Blair on 26 January 2010. Boa Sr., who was approximately 85 years old, was the oldest living member of the Great Andamanese tribes at the time. Boa Sr.'s death left just 52 surviving Great Andamanese people in the world, none of whom remember any Bo. Their population is greatly reduced from the estimated 5,000 Great Andamanese living in the Andaman Islands at the time of the arrival of the British in 1858

Legacy

Stephen Corry, director of the British-based NGO Survival International, issued a statement saying, "With the death of Boa Sr. and the extinction of the Bo language, a unique part of human society is now just a memory. Boa's loss is a bleak reminder that we must not allow this to happen to the other tribes of the Andaman Islands." Linguist Narayan Choudhary also explained what the loss of Boa Sr. meant in both academic and personal terms, "Her loss is not just the loss of the Great Andamanese community, it is a loss of several disciplines of studies put together, including anthropologylinguisticshistorypsychology, and biology. To me, Boa Sr. epitomised a totality of humanity in all its hues and with a richness that is not to be found anywhere else."
Balkavi Bairagi
Birth 10 February 1931, Village Rampur, Mandsaur, Madhya Pradesh , India
Death 13 May 2018
Some major works
Songs, Dard Deewani, do bluntly, future protectors of the country, come children sing sing children etc.

Poetry Collection

Compositions of Balkavi Bairagi

Balkavi Bairagi (moolam Nandaram) was born in Rampur village of Manasa tehsil of Mandsaur district. His name was Nandaram. How did Bachvi Bairagi happen? It was found out that Bairagiji must have been barely eight-nine years old. Kailashnath Katjuji of Javra, who was later the Home Minister, said to the child, recite a poem! Child Nandaram recited such a tremendous poem of the nation's love that not only he, but all the people around him were stunned! Katju said, henceforth this boy's name will be - Balkavi Bairagi. Poverty echoes in Bairagiji's childhood. He used to pull his Divyang father on a rope of four small wheels with a rope, And used to sing patriotic songs in a vivid tone. People used to put coins in the bowl. He used to get home education and self-respect. He did not hesitate to end his poverty. He proudly narrated his saga of being a minister to Mangta. He did his MA in Hindi from Vikram University. He was associated with both politics and literature. A minister of Madhya Pradesh government and a member of Lok Sabha and Hindi poetry was also popular on forums. His poetry is rich in ozguna. The main poetry collections are: 'Gaurav-Geet', 'Darad Deewani', 'Do Took', 'Future Guardian etc.'

One of the country's popular litterateurs, poet Balkavi Bairagi, died at the age of 87. Along with literature, he was also very active in the political world and was an MP.
Balkavi Bairagi

Mohit Pareek

One of the country's popular litterateurs, poet Balkavi Bairagi, died at the age of 87. Along with literature, he was also very active in the political world and was an MP. He was very popular on Hindi poetry forums. According to reports, he breathed his last at his residence in Madhya Pradesh.

He was born on 10 February 1931 in Rampur village and was also honored with several awards. His major compositions included 'Gaurav-Geet', 'Dard Deewani', 'Do Took', 'Future Guardian Country' etc. He was one of the senior leaders of Madhya Pradesh Congress and was also a minister in the state government. He was also awarded the poet Pradeep Samman by the Government of Madhya Pradesh.

Madhya Pradesh Chief Minister Shivraj Singh Chauhan and Congress leaders Jyotiraditya Scindia and Kamal Nath have mourned his death. He has paid tribute by tweeting. Bairagi was soft-spoken and rich in personality and gained international recognition. According to Kavita Kosh his major works include…

The death of the famous poet, public servant revered Balkavi Bairagi ji, who has composed many poems like Surya Uvach, crores of Suns and wake up Dipamanthi, is an irreparable loss to the state. I pray to God for peace of departed soul and support for family. - ShivrajSingh Chouhan (@ChouhanShivraj) May 13, 2018

I am shocked at the news of the demise of Yashwashvi poet Shri Balkavi Bairagi ji, senior Congress leader. With his departure, the Congress family has suffered a great loss along with Malvi and Hindi literature. My humble tribute!
Bama
- Dalit Novelist and Teacher
Our village is very beautiful." This was the opening line of 'Kurukku', the childhood memoirs written in Tamil by Dalit writer Bama. 'Kurukku', (which in Tamil means the sharp-edged stem of the palmera tree) voiced the joys and sorrows of her people, oppressed by higher castes in India.

"We were very poor. I was witness to many instances of violence against Dalits. I also saw the humiliation my grandmother and mother faced in the fields and homes of the landlords. Despite the misery, we had a carefree childhood."In 2001, Lakshmi Holmstorm's English translation of 'Kurukku' won the Crossword Award in India and established Bama as a distinct voice in Indian literature. (Dalits are members of India's most marginalized and oppressed castes.)Bama didn't really plan to be a writer.

Born in 1958 as Faustina Mary Fatima Rani (her grandfather had converted to Christianity) in a village called Puthupatti in Tamil Nadu (southern India), her landless ancestors and parents worked as laborers for the landlords.

She and her four siblings spent a lot of time playing in the fields. "Sometimes we were cops and robbers, sometimes husband and wife. But my favorite game was kabaddi (a team wrestling game played in many Indian villages). I liked the whole business of challenging, crossing over and vanquishing the opponent," says Bama, recently in New Delhi to attend a writer's meet.Perhaps it was this game which trained Bama to face many challenges in life and come out victorious. Bama's father, who was in the Indian army, was very particular about the children's education. "If he had not joined the army, we would never have had the regular income for education. Education also gave us freedom to get away from the clutches of the landlords and lead our own lives," says Bama.Her brother Raj Gautaman, also a writer, introduced her to the world of books. "I read Tamil writers like Jayakantan, Akhilan, Mani and Parthasarthy. In college I read my favorites - Kahlil Gibran and Rabindranath Tagore. I didn't have many books to read so I read the same ones again and again," she recalls. In college she also wrote poetry. But after college Bama became a schoolteacher and chose to educate very poor girls.Her life took a big turn when at the age of 26 she took the vows to become a nun. This was an attempt to break away from caste bonds and further pursue her goals to help poor Dalit girls. "I felt that at the seminary I would be able to carry forward my work with the poor," she says.

But seven years later, in 1992, Bama walked out of the seminary. Her family insisted she get married and settle down. "I had lost everything. I was a stranger to society. I kept lamenting about life and harked back to my happy childhood days in the village," narrates Bama.Struggling to find herself again, Bama followed a friend's advice and started to write her childhood memoirs. She also created her pen name - Bama - a blend of different sounds from her Christian name. She completed the book in six months. This slim volume, a semi-fictional account of the growing awareness of a Dalit, created a stir in literary circles for its uninhibited language and bold vocabulary. "Some critics cried out that a woman should not have used such coarse words. But I wrote the way people speak. I didn't force a literary language on myself," says Bama. Today, at 45, Bama teaches in a primary school in Uthiramerur, near Chennai, capital of Tamil Nadu. Her works, which include two collections of short stories, 'Kissubukkaran' and 'Sangathi', have also been translated into French. Though Bama began by writing about the condition of Dalits in rural India, she now plans to focus on communal clashes.After school, Bama spends most of her time talking to young Dalit women about religion, oppression and social change. She shares her experiences as a student, nun and a writer to encourage them to build something anew.Why did she choose to remain single? "The existing family system would not give me the space I needed to do my kind of work. So I chose to stay single," she explains. "My ambition is to communicate the dreams and aspirations of my people, who have remained on the fringes for centuries in Indian history."
Boyi Bhimanna
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Born : 19 September 1911
Mamidikuduru, East Godavari, Andhra Pradesh


Died : 16 December 2005 (aged 94)

Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh

Awards : Padma Bhushan (2001)

Dr. Boyi Bhimanna (19 September 1911 – 16 December 2005), transliterated alternatively as Bheemanna or Bheemana, was a Telugu poet.

Early life

Bhimanna was born in a poor Dalit family in Mamidikuduru village, East Godavari District of Andhra Pradesh. He participated in the Quit India Movement

Writings

He was influenced by the teachings of Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. B. R. Ambedkar. His writings reflected the angst of the down-trodden. He wore several hats such as that of a writer, poet, journalist and academician. He was a member of the senate of Andhra University. He was the director of the Andhra Pradesh state translation division for some time.

He wrote in English, as well, and the work entitled Seventh Season, a collection of his English poetry, was well-received. He wrote over seventy books in his career, with the work Gudiselu Kaalipothunnaayi (English:The Huts are Burning) being the most popular.

Selected list of works
Gudiselu Kaalipotthunnaayi
Naku Telicina Jasuva
Uugadulu
Rajakiya Veerrudu Dr. Khan
Paleru (play)
Pilli Satakam
Paleru to Padmasree (auto-biography)
janabhaduni jabu

Awards

He won several awards, including the Sahitya Akademi Puraskar for Gudiselu Kaalipothunnaayi in 1975. He was honoured by the Government of India with the fourth and third highest civilian awards in the country, namely the Padma Shri and the Padma Bhushan in 1973 and 2001, respectively.

Bhimanna was also awarded the title Kala Prapoorna (honorary doctorate) by Andhra University. From 1978 to 1984, he was a member of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council.

He was awarded Kala Ratna Award from Andhra Pradesh Government in 2003. In 1992, Telugu University conferred a special award on him and in 1996, the state government awarded him the Atma Gauravam Puraskaram (English: Self-Respect Award).

Bhimanna also received the prestigious Raja-Lakshmi Literary Award from the Sri Raja-Lakshmi Foundation in Chennai for the year 1991, as well as the Loknayak Award.

Death


He suffered from Parkinson's disease and, after a period of ailment, died at the Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences in Hyderabad.
Bojja Tharakam
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Bojja Tharakam
Born 27 June 1939

Kandikuppa village of East Godavari district, India
Died 16 September 2016 (aged 77)

Hydrabad, India
Nationality Indian
Political party Schedule caste student federation, President Republican Party of India
Spouse(s) Vijaya Bharati
Children Dr. Mahita, Rahul Bojja (IAS)

Bojja Tharakam (27 June 1939 – 16 September 2016) was a well-known poet, writer, social and political activist and a senior human rights advocate in India. Tharakam was a committed lawyer in the Andhra Pradesh State High Court, fighting against the problems that Dalits have had to confront.

Early age


Bojja Tarakam was born in Kandikuppa village of East Godavari district to his parents Appalaswami and Mavullamma. His father, Bojja Appalaswamy, was one of the SCF leaders in coastal Andhra and was elected twice to the legislative Assembly from Amalapuram constituency in East Godavari district, in 1951 and 1955.

Cases

Chundur Massacre/Tsunduru massacre (1991)

He was senior public prosecutor Tsunduru massacre case in the Andhra Pradesh High Court. During an interview with Dalit Camera he said that the judgment in the Tsundur case was biased, illogical and casteist. The reasoning given by the high court is contrary to all principles of criminal jurisprudence and appreciation of evidence. The trial court which gave the first judgment had elaborately discussed the evidence, the entire evidence, and come to a conclusion which is unassailable. But unfortunately the high court, throwing all the norms and canons of justice to the winds, gave a very unscientific reasoning, which is unknown to criminal jurisprudence, and acquitted all the accused. [This is opinion, not fact.]

He was a human rights activist and stood specially for the rights of Dalits. He also filed case against the encounters by police in Supreme court and demanded that these officers should be booked and the probe should be set up for them. He won the case in Supreme Court of India.

Karamchedu (17 July 1985)


He resigned from the High Court as a sign of protest in 1984 against the attacks on Dalits in Karamchedu in Prakasam district of AP.

He founded AP Dalita Maha Sabha. He worked all his life to spread the ideas of Dr B R Ambedkar in the society especially among the youths.

Death

He died of a brain tumor on 2016 16 September in a private hospital at Hyderabad.

Books


Mahad:The March That's Launch Everyday in 2018 published by The Shared Mirror Publishing House, Hyderabad.
(Poem)Naalage Godavari (Godavari is Like Me) in 2000.
Brezil Prajala Bhuporatam (The Brazilian's fight for the Land) in 2003(published by Janapada Vignana Kendram, Hyderabad).
News paper run by him is Neela Zenda from Andra Pradesh.
Major Works "Police arestuceseta 'caste-category', 'ground-plow-mudeddulu' 'Panchatantra' (novel)," the born-throat '
बाबूराम पंवार

लोकतंत्र की निगरानी और नियंत्रण का तंत्र है "आरक्षण"

लोकतंत्र का मतलब है लोगों का तंत्र अर्थात लोगों की भागीदारी। जीवन के सभी क्षेत्रों में समुचित भागीदारी। जिस प्रकार माता-पिता की संपत्ति में उसकी हर संतान को बराबर का अधिकार होता है, उसी प्रकार राष्ट्र की संपत्ति में देश के हर नागरिक को बराबर का अधिकार होना चाहिए। यही है सही और सच्चा लोकतंत्र। सही और सच्चे लोकतंत्र की निगरानी और नियंत्रण का दायित्व न्यायपालिका का होता है किंतु यदि न्यायपालिका में ही लोकतंत्र ना हो तो फिर वह लोकतंत्र की रक्षा नहीं कर सकती।

भारतीय समाज में सामाजिक लोकतंत्र ना होने के कारण, सामाजिक लोकतंत्र स्थापित करने के लिए ही भारतीय संविधान में आरक्षण की व्यवस्था की गई है। जातीय भेदभाव सामाजिक व्यवस्था की देन है जो सामाजिक लोकतंत्र की प्रस्थापना में बहुत बड़ी बाधक है। वर्ण/जाति व्यवस्था में ब्राह्मण सर्वोच्च है और शूद्र निम्न।

सामाजिक व्यवस्था में ब्राह्मण क्षत्रिय वैश्य (द्विज जाति) का यज्ञोपवीत संस्कार हो सकता है किंतु शूद्रों का नहीं क्योंकि शूद्र की नस्ल अलग है। यज्ञोपवित ब्राह्मण क्षत्रिय वैश्य को एकता में बांधकर रखता है। जातियों में बंटे हुए शूद्रों में एकता नहीं, यहां तक की खान-पान, उठन-बैठन, बोलचाल में भिन्नता। एक जाति, दूसरी जाति के खिलाफ जैसे अघोषित युद्ध में हथियार लिये खड़ी हो। ऐसे सामाजिक वातावरण में भारतीय समाज में सामाजिक लोकतंत्र स्थापित करना बहुत बड़ी चुनौती है। जातियों में बांट गए लोगों का सामाजिक ध्रुवीकरण कैसे हो? भाईचारा कैसे बने? इसके लिए सामाजिक और शैक्षणिक रूप से पिछड़े लोगों की जनगणना होनी चाहिए। अन्य पिछड़ा वर्ग की जाति आधारित जनगणना ब्रिटिश हुकूमत ने 1931 में कराई लेकिन आजादी के बाद अब तक नहीं हो पाई। गांधी नेहरू और तिलक के स्वराज में उच्चवर्णों की सुनी जाती है पिछड़ों की नहीं। डॉ आंबेडकर के प्रयासों से बहुजन समाज के सभी वर्गों अनुसूचित जाति, जनजाति, अन्य पिछड़ा वर्ग के लिए शासन-प्रशासन में प्रतिनिधित्व की व्यवस्था की गई। किंतु शासक जातियां समय-समय पर इस प्रतिनिधित्व पर हमला करती रहती है। जब मंडल कमीशन की घोषणा हुई तो शासक जातियों ने डॉ अंबेडकर के लिए अपशब्दों का प्रयोग किया।

26 अगस्त 1992 के "नाँद गाँव टाइम्स" ने अपने संपादकीय से लिखा "आरक्षण के कारण देश में जो आज विस्फोटक स्थिति पैदा हुई है, उसका सारा श्रेय डॉ अंबेडकर जैसे तुच्छ जयचंदों को जाता है जिन्होंने ऐसी जलील हरकत की है जिसे देश के गरीब कभी माफ नहीं करेंगे। दलितों के इस दलाल के लिए नाथूराम गोडसे क्यों नहीं पैदा हुआ जो उनकी इस करतूत पर सजा-ए-मौत देता।" नाँद गाँव टाइम्स का यह स्टेटमेंट लोगों को ऐसा संदेश देता है कि जैसे डॉ आंबेडकर संविधान सभा के सदस्यों के समक्ष हंटर लेकर खड़े हो और आरक्षण की व्यवस्था को जबरदस्ती संविधान में डालने के लिए बाध्य किया हो। इस बात में तो सच्चाई है कि डॉ आंबेडकर के साथ हंटर था किंतु वह हंटर बौद्धिक नैतिकता का हंटर था जोर जबरदस्ती का नहीं, जिसे संविधान सभा के सदस्य मानने के लिए बाध्य हो जाते थे। बौद्धिक नैतिकता से तात्पर्य है ऐसी नैतिकता जो विवेक बुद्धि से तराशी गई हो।

भारत बार-बार गुलाम क्यों हुआ? देश की एकता और अखंडता आज भी खतरे में क्यों है? क्योंकि भारत में सामाजिक लोकतंत्र नहीं है। भारतीय संविधान गैरबराबरी पर आधारित समाज व्यवस्था को नकारता है। संविधान की धारा 38(1) राज्य को इस बारे में निर्देशित करती है। लेकिन शासक जातियों ने ऐसी व्यवस्था की स्थापना करना तो बहुत दूर, उन्होंने आज तक धारा 38(1) का कभी जिक्र तक नहीं किया। तात्पर्य है कि जो लोग गैरबराबरी की व्यवस्था को अभी भी अंगीकृत किये हुए हैं। भला वे बराबरी की सामाजिक व्यवस्था की पहल क्यों करेंगे? ऐसे ही लोगों का न्यायपालिका पर कब्जा है। फिर जाति भेदभाव का तांडव न्यायपालिका में दिखना स्वाभाविक है।

उच्चतम न्यायालय के एक मा. न्यायाधीश ने एम. नागराज केस निर्णय में कहा कि भारतीय संविधान की धारा 16(4)"क" फंडामेंटल राइट नहीं बल्कि इनेवलिंग प्रोविजन है। इसका मतलब अनुसूचित जाति, जनजाति को पदोन्नति में प्रतिनिधित्व मौलिक अधिकार नहीं है, उसे हटाया जा सकता है। हैरत तो इस बात की है कि यदि कोई यह कहे कि बायाँ हाथ तो शरीर का अंग है किंतु दाहिना नहीं। यह कितनी हास्यास्पद बात है कि भारतीय संविधान का पार्ट थर्ड फंडामेंटल राइट है। संविधान की धारा 16(4)"क" संविधान के पार्ट थर्ड फंडामेंटल राइट का हिस्सा है। फिर कैसे कहा जा सकता है कि धारा 16(4)"क" फंडामेंटल राइट नहीं। शासक जातियों का यह निर्णय मात्र अनुसूचित जाति, जनजाति ही नहीं बल्कि अन्य पिछड़ा वर्ग के भविष्य पर भी घातक हमला है।

शासक जातियों को इस बात का पता है कि सामाजिक और शैक्षणिक पिछड़ेपन के आधार पर अनुसूचित जाति जनजाति को उनकी जनसंख्या के अनुपात में प्रतिनिधित्व मात्र लोक सेवाओं में ही नहीं बल्कि पदोन्नति में भी प्रदान किया गया है। यदि यह प्रावधान जारी रहा तो आने वाले समय में उसी आधार पर अन्य पिछड़ा वर्ग के लोग अपनी जनसंख्या के अनुपात में लोक सेवा में ही नहीं, पदोन्नति में भी प्रतिनिधित्व की मांग करेंगे, ऐसी दशा में स्थिति विस्फोटक होगी। इन्हीं धारणाओं के साथ शासक जातियां अछूतों के प्रतिनिधित्व पर हमलाकर टेलर प्रस्तुत कर रही है। आरक्षण इमदाद नहीं, अनुसूचित जाति, जनजाति तथा अन्य पिछड़ा वर्ग का संवैधानिक अधिकार ही नहीं बल्कि लोकतंत्र की निगरानी और नियंत्रण का खोजी यंत्र है।

कौन कंगाल है? और कौन मालोमाल है? उनकी सामाजिक पहचान क्या है? वे कौन लोग हैं जो खैरात लेने वालों की लाइन में लगे हैं और वे कौन लोग हैं जो खैरात देने वालों की लाइन में है? खैरात लेने वाले लोगों को, खैरात लेने वालों की लाइन में खड़ा होने के लिए किसने मजबूर किया? क्या वे देश के नागरिक नहीं? यदि इस देश के नागरिक हैं तो उनकी सामाजिक पहचान भी होगी। यदि उनकी सामाजिक पहचान सुनिश्चित है तो फिर उनका संवैधानिक अधिकार भी सुनिश्चित होना चाहिए। अनुसूचित जाति एवं जनजाति तथा अन्य पिछड़ा वर्ग के सामाजिक पहचान जाति है। जिनका धर्म शास्त्रों ने शिक्षा का दरवाजा बंद किया, जिसके कारण वे सामाजिक और शैक्षणिक रूप से पिछड़े। आज शासक जातियों के शिक्षा के बाजारीकरण की व्यवस्था में अनुसूचित जाति, जनजाति तथा अन्य पिछड़ा वर्ग का शिक्षा क्षेत्र में कितनी है आरक्षण की व्यवस्था से ही पोल खुलती है।

सूचना का अधिकार अधिनियम 2005 के तहत मांगी गई सूचना के अनुसार राजस्थान विश्वविद्यालय में कुल 900 पद जिसमें 4 पद अनुसूचित जाति, जनजाति तथा 20 पद अन्य पिछड़ा वर्ग के हैं। कमोबेश देश के सभी शिक्षण संस्थानों में लगभग यही स्थिति है। अनुसूचित जाति जनजाति तथा अन्य पिछड़ा वर्ग के छात्र-छात्राएं उच्च शिक्षण संस्थानों में कितना प्रताड़ित किए जाते हैं इस पर से यदि पर्दा उठ गया तो शासक जातियों के षड्यंत्र का पता लग सकता है। आईआईटी रुड़की के एक वरिष्ठ प्रोफ़ेसर ने बताया कि अनुसूचित जाति जनजाति तथा अन्य पिछड़ा वर्ग के बच्चे बच्चों की तुलना में उनसे कम मेधावी नहीं किंतु पहले साल से ही उनका भविष्य चौपट करने का सिलसिला प्रारंभ हो जाता है। सेशनल में उन्हें इतना पीछे धकेल दिया जाता है कि वे या तो बीच में ही संस्थान छोड़कर चले जाते हैं या आत्महत्या कर लेते हैं। 26 जनवरी 1950 से अब तक लोकसभा में अनुसूचित जाति जनजाति तथा अन्य पिछड़ा वर्ग को जिन्हें 50% प्रतिनिधित्व संविधान देता है। अभी तक लगभग 20% ही प्राप्त हो सका है। जिसमें अन्य पिछड़ा वर्ग की स्थिति सबसे दयनीय है। आरक्षण व्यवस्था जहाँ एक तरफ लोगों के प्रतिनिधित्व की निगरानी करती है वही नियंत्रण भी। सरकार का नैतिक दायित्व है कि वह आरक्षण नीति के तहत इस बात की जांच पड़ताल करें कि किसको उसका हिस्सा नहीं मिला है। किसका हिस्सा कौन खा रहा है?

देश के सभी नागरिकों को उनकी जनसंख्या के अनुपात में समाज जीवन के सभी क्षेत्रों में भागीदारी सुनिश्चित करने का मात्र एक ही उपाय है जन आंदोलन। जन आंदोलन से ही मूलनिवासी बहुजन समाज ( अनुसूचित जाति जनजाति तथा अन्य पिछड़ा वर्ग ) अपने अधिकार को हासिल कर सकता है अन्यथा संभव नहीं।

-साभार
मूलनिवासी टाइम्स हिंदी पाक्षिक
दिनांक 1 से 15 दिसंबर, 2012
मूलनिवासी टाइम्स हिंदी पाक्षिक विचार-पत्र फुले-अंबेडकरी विचारधारा के प्रचार-प्रसार के लिए प्रयासरत है।
मूलनिवासी टाइम्स की वार्षिक सदस्यता ₹150 में उपलब्ध है।

संपर्क करें

केंद्रीय कार्यालय 527-A, कबीर बस्ती, अंबेडकर पार्क, मलका गंज, नई दिल्ली 110007 फोन 01123854369

नोट- प्रस्तुत लेख में दलित/आरक्षण शब्द का प्रयोग हुआ है। साभार सामग्री में संशोधन की ज्यादा गुंजाइश नहीं रहती। इसलिए मुझे/हमें दलित/आरक्षण शब्द का समर्थक न समझा जाए बल्कि मैं/हम इसके स्थान पर उपयुक्त संवैधानिक शब्द अनुसूचित जाति जनजाति SC ST/प्रतिनिधित्व का प्रयोग करने के समर्थक हैं।

जातिवादी व्यवस्था के अनुसार शूद्र जाती गुर्जर में जन्मे मान्यवर बाबूराम पंवार जी जिला हरिद्वार के बामसेफ के पूर्व जिलाध्यक्ष रहे हैं एक मिशनरी कार्यकर्ता के रूप में। संप्रति उनका परिवार रुड़की में रह रहा है।

इस स्मृति दिवस पर बाबूराम पंवार जी को शत-शत नमन, इस अपील के साथ कि आओ उनके द्वारा जलाए गए समाज जागृति के चिराग को हम बुझने न दें।
https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=1944694375821214&id=1703045756652745
(30.1.1962--5.8.2017)

मान्यवर बाबूराम पंवार जी ने समाज जागृति और लेखन कार्य के साथ साथ लगभग दो दर्जन पुस्तकों को टाइप भी किया है जो इस प्रकार है-

1.स्वतंत्रता संग्राम की प्रथम चिंगारी क्रांति नायक कुंजा नरेश राजा विजय सिंह
2.शोषित क्रांति नायक बहुजन लेनिन बाबू जगदेव प्रसाद जीवन और मिशन
4.समाज परिवर्तन अथवा फिर वही ढाक के तीन पात
5.क्रांति युगपुरुष रविदास जीवन और मिशन
6.क्रांती मिसाइल महाराज सिंह भारती जीवन और मिशन
8.राष्ट्रपिता ज्योतिराव फुले बनाम महर्षि दयानंद सरस्वती
10.शहीदे आजम भगत सिंह की शहादत की हिफाजत क्यों और कैसे?
11.मूलनिवासी बहुजन क्रांति के महान योद्धा दीना भाना
12.पिछड़ा वर्ग क्यों और कैसे गर्व से कहो हम हिंदू हैं?
13.राम रामायण का सच
14.मूलनिवासी बहुजन क्रांति के महानायक रामस्वरूप वर्मा
15.क्रांतिकारी कबीर
16.मूलनिवासी बहुजनों के हृदय सम्राट दीनबंधु चौधरी सर छोटूराम
17.सामाजिक समरसता आर्य ब्राह्मणों के प्राचीन गौरव का आगाज
18.डॉ आंबेडकर जीवन और मिशन
19.गीता राष्ट्रवाद का संकट
20.रामचरितमानस में नारी अपमान नस्लभेद का परिणाम

उपरोक्त समस्त साहित्य लागत मात्र मूल्य पर उपलब्ध है संपर्क करें

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Bhau Panchbhai
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Bhau Panchabhai (1 March 1944 - 21Jan 2016) was a Marathi poet, writer, and Dalit activist. Panchbhai is best known for his first poetry collection Hunkaar Vadaalnche (हुंकार वादळांचे) for which he was awarded by the Government of Maharashtra for the best poetry collection of 1989. His poetry is considered as a prototype of Ambedkarite poetry and is translated in various languages including English. He lived in Nagpur and worked as a lawyer. He was awarded Laxmibai Ingole Kavya Puruskar by the Laxmibai Ingole Foundation Amravati in 2015 for his contribution to Ambedkarite literature.

Ambedkarite Activist

He was active in the Ambedkarite movement and Panthers of India.

WRITINGS -(A) KAVYA SANGRAHA
(1) Hunkaar vaadalaanche ( हुंकार वादळांचे )1989.
(2) NikhaRyaa.nchyaa RaangoLyaa ( निखाऱ्यांच्या रांगोळ्या )2004.
(3) Abhanganchya Thingya ( अभंगांच्या ठिणग्या )2014.
(4) Spandanpisara ( स्पंदनपिसारा )2014.
(5) Aakantgandha ( आकांतगंधा ) 
Being Released Shortly...(B) LALIT LEKH
(1) Jakhamancha Ajintha ( जखमांचा अजिंठा )1992.(C) VAICHARIK LEKH(1) Samajkranti ( समाजक्रांती )1992.
Bandhu Madhav
or
माधव मोडकIn Marathi

माधव मोडक

माधव दादाजी मोडक
धर्म बौद्ध
पुरस्कार दलित मित्र पुरस्कार

माधव दादाजी मोडक ऊर्फ बंधु माधव (जन्म : नोव्हेंबर ३इ.स. १९२७; मृत्यू : ऑक्टोबर ७इ.स. १९९७) हे मराठी लेखक होते. दलितांवरील साहित्यरचनेसाठी ते परिचित आहेत.

बंधु माधव यांनी अनुसूचित समाजामध्ये जागृती निर्माण करण्यासाठी डॉ. बाबासाहेब आंबेडकरांनी काढलेल्या "जनता' व "प्रबुद्ध भारत' या साप्ताहिकांतून प्रबोधनपर लिखाण केले. कलापथकाच्या माध्यमातून आणि कथासंग्रह, कादंबऱ्या या माध्यमांतून त्यांनी प्रबोधनाचे प्रभावी कार्य केले.

जीवन व कार्य

शाळेत असतानाच बंधु माधव हस्तलिखितांतून कथालेखन करीत होते. तसे त्यांचे नियमित कथालेखन इ.स. १९४२ पासून सुरू झाले. त्यांनी म्हटले आहे, की "कथा वाचन ऐकत शिकलो. वयाने वाढत गेलो. वयात आलो. तारुण्याची गुलाबी स्वप्‍ने मला पडू लागली. त्या गुलाबी स्वप्नातील कथाच प्रथम प्रेमकथा म्हणून लिहू लागलो.'

बंधु माधव यांनी नोकरी सोडून पददलित समाजात जागृती घडवून आणण्यासाठी "कलापथक' स्थापन केले. सांगली, कोल्हापूर व सातारा या जिल्ह्यात ते "कलापथकाद्वारे' समाज जागृतीचे काम करत. प्रखर, अविरत आणि समाजहितोपयोगी लेखनासाठी मुंबईच्या महाराष्ट्र दलित साहित्य संघातर्फे त्यांचा इ.स. १९५६ मध्ये सत्कार करण्यात आला.

प्रकाशित साहित्य
आम्हीही माणसं आहोत
पेटलेले आकाश
शाहीर भाऊ फक्कड
रमाई
वगसम्राट
अधिक वाचन
संजय पासवान. एन्सायक्लोपीडिया ऑफ दलित्स इन इंडिया (भारतातील दलितांविषयीचा ज्ञानकोश) (इंग्लिश मजकूर).
Bizay Sonkar Shastri
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Dr. Bizay Sonkar Shastri

National Spokesperson, BJP
In office
Current
Former Chairman of the National Commission for SC/ST Tribes (Govt. Of India)
In office
2004
Member of Parliament
In office
1998
Constituency Saidpur (SC)
Personal details
Born 24th September 1959
Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
Nationality Indian
Political party BJP
Spouse(s) Dr. Suman Sonkar Shastri
Children Vishesh Sonkar Shastri (Son) Vikalp Sonkar Shastri (Son)
Parents Shri Shivlal Sonkar "Neta Ji" (Father) Smt. Munni Devi (Mother)
Profession Politician, Writer

Dr Bizay Sonkar Shastri (born 24 September 1959) is a Indian politicianjournalist, a film director, and a social worker from Varanasi. He began his political career on 19 January 1998 after his visit to Germany. For his determination and hard work, he became a member of Bharatiya Janata Party. His first political campaign took place on 22 January 1998. He delivered his first ever election speech in the presence of Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee.

Political career

Dr. Bizay Sonkar Shastri started his political career on 19 January 1998 after coming back from Germany. Seeing his hard work and determination towards Indian Politics, he got a place in Bharatiya Janata Party as a working member. It was possibly the result of his determination and hard work that the party gave him an opportunity to fight an election. He started his political campaign on 22 January 1998. He gave his first election speech in the presence of Shri Atal Bihari VajpayeeJi.

He filed a nomination on 24 January 1998 from Saidpur (Lok Sabha constituency) seat to fight his first ever election. The voting was held on 16 February 1998, and the results came on 2 March 1998. He won his first ever election and got elected as a member of Legislative Assembly.

After this, on 22 March, he was chosen as the Chairman of ST/SC Commission (Government of India). In 2004, he was appointed as the Vice-chairman of National SC/ST front(BJP). He was elected as the National Executive Member of Bharatiya Janata Party in 2008 for his work strategy and diligence.

He has devoted his entire life to serve the nation and the public. He has always thought about the interest of the nation and public welfare. This is why he has always been a part of the works related to public welfare and social upliftment.

Social work

Dr. Bizay Sonkar Shastri has been contributing towards the upliftment of Indian culture from a very young age. He founded an organization named Mahavidya Yogpeeth where Veda and Purana, the important parts of Indian culture were taught. Apart from this, he contributed remarkably towards the upliftment of yoga, agam-nigam, Ayurveda, and Indian classical music.

From time to time, he has contributed tremendously in Indian cultural organizations like Sanskar BhartiVishwa Hindu ParishadAkhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi ParishadSwadeshi Jagaran Manch and Pradesh Gau Raksha Samvardhan Samiti. He made an important contribution towards encouraging the Indian games under which he kept the foundation of Indian Traditional Games Organization - Akhil Bhartiya Niyuddh Sports Association.

Before his political career, he had been struggling for the oppressed and the underprivileged. In 1980, apart from teaching in Banaras Hindu University, he had helped the underprivileged students by providing them financial aid by making arrangements such as clothes, books, and bicycle for them. Moreover, he worked to resolve issues of students of the oppressed class related to their education and hostel. Also, he worked on raising awareness regarding the student rights.

Since 1990, as a part of Vishwa Hindu Parishad, he took significant steps towards raising awareness about cleanliness and popularizing the importance of education amongst the masses. Apart from this, cow protection, their importance, and kind behavior towards them have been an integral part of his ideology that he had popularized among the masses.

Looking at the way he has executed his roles and responsibilities as a member of Legislative Assembly, the then Prime Minister Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee praised him in the preamble of a book. He raised many questions in the Parliament. 'Dr. Bizay Sonkar Shastri' has worked as the last chairman of National SC/ST (Government Of India). The commission was separated, and a new tribal ministry was formed on his recommendations.

In 2002, a proposal prepared by Dr. Bizay Sonkar Shastri was given written approval by the Ministry of Information Technology, Reserve Bank of India and Life Insurance Corporation. The proposal included a Multi-Functional Entitlement Card which forms the basis for today's “Aadhaar Card” and various other insurance schemes running on minimum premiums.

Literary Works

Apart from his strong inclination towards social work and politics, he has written a lot many books on social issues as a way to carry forward his interest in literary works.

His significant literary works include 'Dalit Hindu Ki Agni Pareeksha', 'Manavadhikar- Ek Bhartiya Drishti', 'Samajik Samrasta Darshan', 'Hindu Vaichariki Ek Anumodan', 'Hindu Khatik Jaati', 'Hindu Baalmiki Jaati', 'Hindu Charmakaar Jaati Tatha Kanoon Ka Adhikar', and 'Sant Shiromani Guru Raidas' among others. Moreover, he operates a magazine named “'Dalit Andolan'”. He takes it as an opportunity to raise issues of the oppressed sect of the society from time to time.

Early life

Shastri ji spent his early years of life in VaranasiUttar Pradesh, where he completed his primary education from Central Hindu Boys School and intermediate education from National Inter College. After this, he completed his Masters from the famous Banaras Hindu University and then completed his degrees in MBA, Ph.D., and scriptures. Being a prudent student, his interest grew in writing. He also wrote many books.

He also contributed as the Secretary of the Department of Literature in Sanskar Bharti Organization in his initial days. After this, he efficiently headed various responsibilities which were assigned to him in Vishwa Hindu Parishad.

He had written on the topic of social harmony after extensive research which was promoted by 'VHP' and 'Sangh'. He also served as the Chairman at a national level in Social Cohesion Dimension for many years later on.

Apart from this, he served as a representative of the university, a journalist and a sub-editor in Vande Mataram Magazine.

Personal life

Born to a freedom fighter 'Shri Shivlal Sonkar' (Netaji) and 'Smt. Munni Devi' on 24 September 1959 in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 'Dr. Bizay Sonkar' has four brothers and four sisters. His wife Dr. Suman Sonkar Shastri is a social worker and serves as the main trustee of “Grihalaxmi” trust. He has two sons. His elder brother 'Shri Rajnath Sonkar' is a Member of Parliament.
Balswaroop Raahi
From Wikipedia

Balswaroop Raahi
Born 16 May 1936

Timarpur New Delhi
Occupation Poetlyricist

Balswaroop Raahi is a Hindi poet and lyricist of India. He was born in Village Timarpur New Delhi on 4 May 1936. He is best known for his Geet and Ghazal. He has written many songs for Bollywood. He is a resident of Model TownNew Delhi. He worked as Head of the Hindi department at Delhi University.

Books

Mera roop tumhara darpan
Jo nitant meri hai
Raag viraag (Hindi opera based on Chitralekha)
Suraj ka rath
Raahi ko samjhaye kaun
Dadi amma mujhe batao
Hum sab aage niklenge
Gaal bane gubbare
Anand Balwant Patil

Anand Balwant Patil (born 1945) is a Marathi and English creative writer, postcolonial, comparatist, culturalist translator –scholar from Maharashtra –Goa, India. Starting with his debut rural novellas and research on the ‘Western Influences on Marathi Drama 1818-1947’ Patil set new trends in rural fiction. His Icchamarn is the compendious epic novel on a village. It is regarded as a masterpiece of gramin (rural) fiction. He is the recipient of four Government of Maharashtra Awards for extraordinary literary works and also other thirteen literary awards. He is the founder of Aranyanand Shikshan, Sahitya va Sanskriti Pratisthan and Anand Granthsagar Prkashan.

Education

Patil was born on 3 July 1945 in a remote village in the range of Sahyadri Mountain in Maharashtra. He joined the ‘Earn and Learn’ scheme of Karmveer Bhaurao Patil and received Merit scholarship for M.A. in Entire English from shivaji university Kolhapur, Maharashtra. The UGC Teachership and British council visitorship enabled him to submit the meritorious Ph.D. dissertation which was published both in English and Marathi.

Career

Dr. Patil has contributed immensely in field of education and literature. His contributions are shortly elaborated here.

Teaching

Patil taught English language and Literature in various colleges of Rayat Shikshan Sansthafor 24 years and later comparative Literature and creative writing in Department of English, Goa University and school of Languages and Literature in Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Nanded. After retirement he was the visiting Professor of Delhi University, Patan and Nagpur University.

Literary career

Patil’s first short story ‘Khep' published in the most prestigious periodical ‘Satyakatha’(1971) and novella Kagud in 'Mouji' (1984) earned him the nickname ‘Kagudwala’ Patil given by stalwart fivtionist Shankar Patil. Anand Patil become a name to be conjured with in rural fiction. His autobiographical element and mastery of rural language was so powerful that he was described as a rising sun of Marathi rural writing.

Once after he joined the Goa University as a Reader in English he has reached to the new heights. He reached where Maharashtrian writers have reached seldom including publishing articles in Ariel, comparative and culture studies, Oxford and Cambridge Companions in the Western countries. Patil ventured where no Marathi Marathi writer had ever treaded . He was turned down by those so called scholars who had never published a single book in Maharashtra.This cultural tuen made him the leading comparatist and culturalist in India who went abroad for seven times on the academic tours. His book on 'Comparative Literature :Theory and practice' translated in to Hindi is a text book all over India. Whatever genre he tried he made his work. For example, his ‘Patalachi Londanvari’ translated in to Kannada and Hindi is considered the first true travel writing of the marginal Indian, and ‘In search of my Kolhapur’ the first travel of a District, ‘Granthani Rachlela Mahapurush’ a first literary biography and so on. As a creative writer he is Ngugi wa Thiong'o of Marathi and as a culturalist –comparatist he is Raymond Williams of India.

Bibliography

Novels

Kagud ani Shavali. Murusai :Mouji,1986
Icchamaran. Aurangabad:Saket, 2008
Short story collection
Phugaaya. Aurangabad:Sket 1994
Dawan. Aurangabad: Sahityaseva. 1998
Suparna vrakshyakhali Bhav dupari. Aurangabad: Rajat 2006
Phera. Pune: Pshpa 2006
KhandaniPune: Snehwardhan 2011
Shodh Eka chalwalya Mitracha. Kolhapur. Ajab210
Travel Writing
Patalachi Londonwari, Mumbai: Lok wangmay (1993) trams in knnada by Sathkad and Hindi by Shailesh Pandey
Paradeshi Saha Parikrama. Pune: Suvidhya 2003.
In search of my Kolhapur through Travellers eyes: Amsela Associated Publishers
Literary Biography
Granthani Rachalels Mahapurush: Yashvantrao Chavan. Kolhapur: Anand Granthsagar, 2018.
Maharashtrala Mahit Naslele Samrat Shivaji. Kolhapur: Anand Granthsagar,2018
Drama
Sangeet Automatic Asud. Kolhapur : Anand Granthsager
Translation
P.S. Deshmukh. The Origin and Devleopment of Religion in vedic literature. London Oxford Univ-Press 1933, train in to Marathi Dhrmacha Vaidek Wangmayatil udhay ani vikas: Kolhapur Anand Granthsagar 2005
Basavraj Naikar, Light in the House. Trans in to Marathi Urus, Pune: Datta Prakashan 2005
Marathi Comparative and Cultural Studies
Marathi Natakawaril Ingraji Prabhav. Mumbai : Lokwangmay 1993
Taulanik Sahitya : Nave Siddhhant ani upyojan. Aurangabad :Saket 1998. Translated in to Hindi by Chandrlekha
British Bombay ani Portuguese Govyateel Wangmay. Mumbai: Granthali1999
Tulav: Tanlanik Nibandh. Mumbai:ranthali,2002
Sahitya Kahi Deshi Kahi Videsh. Pune: Patmaandha 2004
Tharava. Nagpur Akanksha 2005
Teekavamarsh. Aurngabad : Rajat 2010
Samiksha Up Haran. Aurangabad Rajat 2010
Sahitya vimarsh Maranam . Pune Diamond 2011
Samagra Shakespeare: Taulanik Sanskrti Samiksha. Kolhapur : Anand Granthsager 2017
Samagra S. S. Mardhekar: Taulanik Sanskrati Mimam -nsa,Pune: Padmagandha, 2018
Local and Global, Kolhapur Anand Granthsager 2019
Kahi Lobel kahi Globel Anand Granthsagar 2019
English Comparative Literature and Cultural Studies
Western Influence on Marathi Drama. Panaji Rajhanus. 1993
Whirligig of Taste: Essays in Comparative Literature Delhi: Creative Books 1999
Perspectives and Progression. Delhi Creative Books 2005
ddhas Shelke: Makers of Indian Literature. New Delhi: Sahitya Academy 2002
Revisioning Comparative Literature and Culture Delhi: Authors Press 2011
Literary Comparative Literative and Cultural Criticism. Foreworeded by Steehen Tostory de Zeptne. Ambala : Associated Press 2011
Interdisciplinary : Literary and Cultural. Kolhapur: Anand Granthsagar 2019
Literary Awards and Appreciation Received by Patil
Awards
H.N. Apte Award for Kagud ani Savali: Government of Maharashtra H.N. Apte Award ,M.S. Parishad, Pune H.N .Apte Award. Best novel of the Decade Selection by Maharashtra Times (1986)
Pune Nagar Wachanalay S.J. Joshi Awards, for Icchamaran. Balapur Library Kondaji Patil Purskar (2008)
SKK Purskar. Taulanik Sahitya: Nave Siddhant ani Uptojan. Government of Maharashtra SKK Purskar.
M.V. Gokhale Award. Marathi Natkawaril Ingraji prbhav, Maharashtra Sahitya Parishad Pune M.V. Gokhale Award (1998)
S.M. Paranjpe Award. British Bombay ani Portuguese Govyatil Wangmay .Maharashtra Sahitya Parishad Pune S.M. Paranjpe Award
Tulav: Tulanik Nibandh, Jansahitya parishad Amravati Award and Vidharbh Sahitya Sangh ugawani awards (1999)
Srajanatamak Lekhan, Government of Maharashtra Kusumavati Deshpande Award 2005
Teekvastraharan . Govt of Maharashtra SKK Awards and Dakshin Maharashtra Sahitya sabha R. Shahu Award 2008
Sahitya Vimarsh Maranam. Maharashtra Sahitya Parishad, H. S. Shenolikar Award 2011
Granthani Rachlela Mahapurush: Yashwantrao Chavan, Vidhrbh Itihas Sanshodhak Mandal, Nagpur, Freedom fighter Balaji Huddar Award. South Maharashtra Sahitya Sabha Kolhapur Annabhau Sathe Award, Maharashtra Sahitya Parishad Pune Phaltan branch Yashvantrao Chavan Sahitya Gaurav Purskar. Jaysingpur ,Kavita Sagar Prkashan Rashitriya Award (2017)
Critical Books Published on Patil’s Writings
Patlachi Londonwari: Kahi Drashtikshep ed: Shailesh Tribhuvan (2003)
Patlachia Phad: Samagra Samikshed . ed. Shrikrishna Asud (2011)

Anand Parva: Tulanik Sahityaani ani Sanskriti Samiksha, Ed Srikrishan Adsul (2014)
Baburao Bagul
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Baburao Bagul

Born Baburao Ramaji Bagul
17 July 1930
Vihitgaon, Nashik district, Maharashtra
Died 26 March 2008 (aged 77)
Nashik, Maharashtra
Occupation Writer and poet
Notable works Jevha Mi Jat Chorali Hoti! (When I had Concealed My Caste) (1963)
Maran Swasta Hot Ahe (Death is Getting Cheaper) (1969)
Ambedkar Bharat (Ambedkar India) (1981)

Baburao Ramji Bagul (1930–2008) was a Marathi writer from Maharashtra, India; a pioneer of modern literature in Marathi and an important figure in the Indian short story during the late 20th century, when it experienced a radical departure from the past, with the advent of Dalit writers such as him.

He is most known for his works such as, Jevha Mi Jaat Chorli Hoti! (1963), Maran Swasta Hot Ahe (1969), Sahitya Ajache Kranti Vigyan, Sud (1970), and Ambedkar Bharat (1981).

Biography

Baburao Ramaji Bagul was born in Nashik on 17 July 1930. After high school education, he did various manual jobs until 1968. While doing so, he published several stories in magazines, which started getting attention from Marathi readers. Eventually in 1963, came his first collection of stories, Jevha Mi Jat Chorali (When I had Concealed My Caste), it created a stir in Marathi literature with its passionate depiction of a crude society and thus brought in new momentum to Modern Marathi literature in Marathi; today it is seen by many critics as the epic of the downtrodden, and was later made into a film by actor-director Vinay Apte.

He followed it up with a collection of poems, Akar (Shape) (1967), which gave immediate visibility, but it was his second collection of short stories Maran Swasta Hot Ahe (Death is Getting Cheaper) (1969), which cemented his position as an important enlightened voice of his generation. The collection is now considered an important landmark in Dalit writing in India and in 1970 he was awarded the 'Harinarayan Apte Award' by the Government of Maharashtra.

Bagul was an Ambedkarite Buddhist. After 1968, he became a full-time writer of literature which continued to deal with the lives of marginalized downtrodden people in Maharashtra. His fictional writing gave graphic accounts of the lives of that class of people. The thoughts of B. R. AmbedkarJyotiba Phule, and Karl Marx had an influence on Bagul's mind. He soon became an important radical thinker of the Dalit movement, and published a major ideologue of the Panther, Manifesto of Panther, in 1972. In the same year he presided over the 'Modern Literary Conference' held at Mahad. Over the years his stories taught future Dalit writers to give creative rendition to their autobiographical narratives.

He died on 26 March 2008 at Nashik, and was survived by his wife, two sons, two daughters.

Subsequently, the Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra Open University instituted the Baburao Bagul Gaurav Puraskar Award in recognition of his contributions to Marathi literature, to be given annually to the debut work of a budding short-story writer.

Works

"Jevha Mi Jaat Chorali Hoti!" (जेव्हा मी जात चोरली होती!) (1963)
"Maran Swasta Hot Ahe" (मरण स्वस्त होत आहे) (1969)
"Sud" (सूड) (1970)
"Dalit Sahitya Ajache Kranti Vignyan (दलित साहित्य आजचे क्रांतिविज्ञान)
"Ambedkar Bharat" (आंबेडकर भारत) (1981)
Aghori (अघोरी) (1983)
Pashan (पाषाण) (1972)
Apurva (अपूर्वा)
Kondi (कोंडी) (2002)
Pawsha (पावशा) (1971)
Bhumihin (भूमिहीन)
Mooknayak (मूकनायक)
Sardar (सरदार)
Vedaadhi Tu Hotas (वेदाआधी तू होता) [poetry collection]
Dalit Dahitya : Aajche Krantividyan (दलित साहित्य: आजचे क्रांतिविज्ञान)

Translation


Death is Getting Cheaper – Another India: an anthology of contemporary Indian fiction and poetry, editors, Nissim Ezekiel, Meenakshi Mukherjee. Penguin Books, 1990. Page 103.
Mother – Indian short stories, 1900–2000, by E.V. Ramakrishnan, I. V Ramakrishnan. Sahitya Akademi, 2005. Page 217.
When I Hid My Caste - Stories, translated by Jerry Pinto, Speaking Tiger, 2018

Further reading

Homeless in my land: translations from modern Marathi Dalit short stories, Editor Arjuna Dangale. Disha Books, 1992. ISBN 0-86311-286-2. pp 217.
You who have Made the Mistake Poisoned bread: translations from modern Marathi Dalit literature, Editor Arjuna Dangale, Orient Blackswan, 1992. ISBN 0863112544. Page 70.
Bansilal Verma
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Bansilal Verma
Born 23 November 1917

Chotiya, MehasanaGujarat
Died 8 August 2003 (aged 85)
Occupation cartoonist, illustrator
Years active 1935–2003
Awards Ravishankar Raval Award

Bansilal Verma, better known by his pen name Chakor, was a cartoonist and illustrator from Gujarat, India.

Life

Bansilal Verma was born on 23 November 1917 at Chotiya village near Taranga (now in Mehsana district, Gujarat) to Jamnagauri & Gulabrai. His family belonged to Vadnagar from where he matriculated. He was inspired by Raja Ravi Verma and used to draw paintings of gods & goddesses. During his teen years, he moved to Ahmedabad from Vadnagar and joined artist Ravishankar Raval to learn the art in 1935. In 1936, he served as an artist for three months in Lucknow session of Indian National Congress. He also met Nandalal Bose. In 1937, he joined Navsaurashtra, edited by Kakalbhai Kothari, as a cartoonist. He also contributed in Indian Independence Movement by drawing posters, banners and cartoons. He also drew cartoons for Prajabandhu weekly; Gati and Rekha magazines edited by Jayanti Dalal.

In 1948, he went to Bombay and joined Hindustan daily. After death of Sardar Patel, Hindustan stopped. He worked with Janmabhoomi from 1955 to 1959. In 1959, he joined English daily The Free Press Journal and his cartoon as also published in their Gujarati daily Janshakti. His cartoons on politics and politician were influential. Due to political pressure, he left job in 1972. In 1978, he came to Ahmedabad and joined Sandesh where he worked for years. He had illustrated several books and magazines.

He died on 8 August 2003.

Works

He drew under pen names Chakor, Bansi and Kishor Vakil.His illustration of Indian lady welcoming with folded hand is very popular.

His books of cartoons and caricatures are also published. His large number of cartoons are published in newspapers and magazines. He had also painted domes of some Jain temples, 25 paintings, large number of illustrations and covers for books. Vamanmathi Virat is his notable collection of cartoons on Lal Bahadur Shastri. He also illustrated two colouring books published by Khadi and Gramodyog. He has published children's comic books; Hanuman, Shiv-Parvati, Karna, Vikram Ane Vetal and Veer Balko. Some of his paintings are stored in Mysore Art Gallery. His humour articles are collected in Vinod Vatika. He has written essays such as Bharatma Angreji Amal and Shantimay Kranti.

Recognition

He won a prize at Third International Salon of Cartoons in Montreal, Canada for a cartoon titled If Dragon Comes To UN, published in The Free Press Journal. He had also received Sanskar Award, Surat Lions Shield, Kamalashankar Pandya Award and Vadnagar Nagrik Sanman. He received Ravishankar Raval Award instituted by Government of Gujarat.


 A square near Vasna-Pirana bridge in Ahmedabad is named after him.

भीमकवी वामनदादा कर्डक
By दलित दस्तक न्यूज़

भारत में शुरुआत से ही सिंधु संस्कृती समतावादी, मानवतादी रही है. बाद में चार हजार साल पूर्व में आर्यों ने भारत पर आक्रमण कर के वर्णभेद, जातीभेद निर्माण किया. उसके खिलाफ में तथागत बुध्द, गुरू कबीर, गुरू नानक, गुरू नामदेव, गुरू तुकाराम, गुरू गाडगेबाबा इन्होने आंदोलन किया. बाद में महात्मा फुले, छ.शाहू महाराज, डॉ.बाबासाहब आंबेडकर इन्होने जन-आंदोलन किया. डॉ.बाबासाहब के आंदोलन में अनेक कवी तथा गायकों ने योगदान दिया है. इनमें से वामनदादा कर्डक जी ने बाबासाहब के आंदोलन को गीत-गायन द्वारा पूरे भारत भर फैलाया.

जनम:- वामनदादा कर्डक का जनम 15 अगस्त 1922 मे नासिक जिले के सिन्नर तहसील में देषवंडी गांव में हुआ. उनके पिताजी का नाम तबाजी, माता का नाम सईबाई, बडे भाई का नाम सदाषिव तथा बहन का नाम सावित्री था. उनके घर खेती थी. खेतीबाडी लायक पालतु जानवर थे. लेकिन कभी कभी उनकी मॉं लकडीयों के बंडल बेचती थी. उनके पिताजी बैलों का व्यापार करते थे. वामनदादा की शादी अनुसया से हुयी. उनको मीरा नाम की लडकी भी हुई. लेकीन माँ और बेटी जल्दी ही गुजर गयी. बाद मे वामनदादा ने शांताबाई से दुसरी शादी की. बाद में वामनदादा उनकी माताजी के साथ मुंबई में मजदुरी करने के लिए आये. उन्होने मील श्रमिक का काम किया. बाद में कोयले की भंडारण में काम किया. बाद में उन्हे टाटा कंपनी में नोकरी मिल गयी. शिवडी के बीडीडी के किराया घर में रहते थे. उस समय समता सैनिक दल मजबुत था. वे उसमें शामिल हो गये. एक बार उन्हे एक आदमी ने खत पढने को कहा, लेकीन उन्हे पढना-लिखना नही आता था इसका उन्हे बहुत दुःख हुआ. उन्होने देहलवी नाम के अध्यापक से पढना-लिखना शुरू कर दिया. बाद में उनका पढना लिखना बढ गया.

शुरूआत में दादा सिनेमा में जाकर कलाकार बनना चाहते थे. उन्हे मिनर्व्हा फिल्म कंपनी में एक्स्ट्रा कलाकार का काम मिल गया. वे उस समय कारदार तथा रणजित स्टुडियों मे जाते थे. 1943 में उन्होने सर्वप्रथम डॉ.बाबासाहब आंबेडकर जी को देखा. उनके भाषण का दादा पर बहुत असर हुआ. दादा ने हिंदी-मराठी साहित्य पढा था. उस समय महाराष्ट्र में 1927 मे डॉ.बाबासाहब आंबेडकरजी ने महाड़ के चवदार तालाब के पानी के लिए सत्याग्रह शुरू कर दिया तथा 1930 में नासिक के कालाराम मंदिर प्रवेष का सत्याग्रह किया. इससे जनता में जोशो-उल्लास का निर्माण हुआ. हजारो लोग बाबा साहब जी के आंदोलन में शामिल हुए.

गायन पार्टी की स्थापना:- शुरूआती दौर में महाराष्ट्र मे पेषवाओं के जमाने में जलसे चलते थे. लेकीन बाद में महात्मा ज्योतिबा फुले के सत्यशोधक आंदोलन के लोगों ने सामाजिक परिवर्तन के जलसे चलाए. बाद में सभी गायक और कलाकार बाबासाहब के आंदोलन मे सामाजिक परिवर्तन के जंग मे शामिल हो गये. शुरूआती दौर में मुंबई में शाहीर घेंगडे बाबासाहब पर शाहीरी गीत गाते थे. उनका एक गीत मराठी में था. उसका मतलब था के, ‘‘महार का एक बच्चा बहोत होशियार, लंडन से आया बॅरिस्टर बनकर’’ यह गीत बाबासाहब को बहुत पसंद था. उस समय भीमराव कर्डक तथा केरूबा गायकवाड (अकोला) जैसे शाहीर थे. वामनदादा ने गायन पार्टी की स्थापना की थी.

उस समय डॉ.बाबासाहब आंबेडकरजी ने 1927 मे समता सैनिक दल स्थापन किया था तथा 1936 में स्वतंत्र मजदूर पार्टी की स्थापना की. बाद में 1942 मे नागपूर में शेड्यूल कास्ट फेडरेशन की स्थापना की. उस समय 1933-35 में नागपूर कामठी के विधायक बाबू हरदास इन्होने सर्वप्रथम जयभिम का नारा दिया. 1943 मे बहुचर्चित फिल्म किस्मत में गाना था ‘‘दुर हटो ए दुनिया वालों हिंदुस्तान हमारा है.’’ दादाने उस समय गीत लिखा था, ‘‘दुर हटो ये कॉंग्रेस वालो फेडरेशन हमारा है’’ यह गीत उन दिनो बाबासाहब के आंदोलन में बहोत प्रसिध्द हुआ. दादा की कोई संतान नही थी. दादा कहते थे मुझे बाबासाहब से प्रेरणा मिली. ओर वह कहते थे मुझ जैसे गुंगे को जुबान मिली. बाद में दादा पुरे भारत में बाबासाहब के आंदोलन में गित लिखते रहे और गाते रहे. उन्होने कहा था भीम तेरे जन्म से हमारे करोड़ो परिवारों का उध्दार हुआ.

1952 के लोकसभा के चुनाव में डॉ.बाबासाहब आंबेडकरजी मुंबई से चुनाव में उम्मीद्वार थे. उस समय हजारों कवी गायक तथा कार्यकर्ताओं ने बाबासाहब का आंदोलन उत्साह के साथ चलाया. उस समय गायक कृष्ण शिंदे ये मराठा समाज से थे. वे प्रजा समाजवादी पार्टी के कार्यकर्ता थे. वे बाबासाहब के चुनाव में बाबासाहब के साथ थे. उन पर बाबासाहब का गहरा असर पडा. उन्होने बहोत सारे गीत गाये थे. 1956 में उन्होंने नागपूर में धम्म दिक्षा ली थी. बाद में प्रल्हादजी शिंदे, नागोराव पाटणकर, लक्ष्मण केदार, मिलिंद शिंदे, सरतापे, प्रतापसिंग बोदडे, हरेंद्र जाधव, लक्ष्मण राजगुरू, सुधिर फडके, श्रावण यषवंते, गोविंद मशालकर, नामदेव ढसाल, विठ्ठल उमप, जयवंत कुळकर्णी, पुश्पा वाघधरे, सुरेष वाडकर, अनिरूध्द वनकर, राहुल आन्वीकर, उत्तरा केळकर, अनिल खोब्रागडे, प्रकाश पाटणकर, आनंद शिंदे, मिलिंद शिंदे, सागर समदुर, गवई-मिसाळ, प्रभाकर धाकडे, आनंद षिंदे, डि.आर.इंगळे, इन जैसे कवी-गायक-संगितकारोंने बाबासाहब के आंदोलन पर बहोत गीत तयार किये ओर गाये इनसे लोगोंमे बहोत जागृती हुयी.

उस समय डॉ.बाबासाहब आंबेडकरजी नें अंग्रेज सरकार को बताकर बहोत सारे युवकों को पढाने के लिए इंग्लंड-अमेरिका भेज दिया. लेकिन उनमे से कोई भी सामाजिक आंदोलन के लिए काम में नही आया. इसलिए 1956 की आगरा की सभा में कहा था की, ‘मुझे पढे-लिखे लोगों ने धोका दिया है.’ लेकिन उस समय दादासाहब गायकवाड तथा वामनदादा कर्डक जैसे कम पढे लिखे नेताओं ने आंदोलन को आगे बढाया. उस समय बॅ.खोब्रागडेजी को बाबासाहब ने उनके पिताजी को कहकर उनके खुद के खर्चे से लंडन भेजने को कहा. बाद में बॅ.खोब्रागडेजी ने आंदोलन आगे चलाया. उस समय बाबासाहब का आंदोलन पूरे भारत में ताकत से चल रहा था. पार्टी बहोत मजबुत थी. प्रा.एन शिवराज, प्रा.बी.पी.मौर्य, जोगेन्द्रनाथ मंडल, एल.आर.बाली, अॅड.बी.सी.कांबळे, अॅड.आवळे बाबू, भैय्यासाहेब आंबेडकर, प्रा.आर.डी.भंडारे, शांताबाई दाणी, रा.सु.गवई, दादासाहब रूपवते और ना.ह.कुंभारे ये आंदोलन में शामिल थे. बाद में आंदोलन मे गुटबाजी हुयी.

बाद में भैय्यासाहब आंबेडकर तथा कांशिराम साहब ने एकता के लिए बहोत प्रयास किये. बाद में 1972 में दलित पैंथर की स्थापना हुयी.वामनदादा एक गीत में कहते है की, हम तुफानों मे के दिए है. वामन दादाजी ने निस्वार्थ सामाजिक आंदोलन चलाया. दादा एक गीत मे कहते है, ‘बताउ कितना में दादा, तुम सब यहाँ पर एकता से रहो. उन्होने सामाजिक विषमता के खिलाफ बहोत सारे गीत लिखे ओर गाये. 1956 में जब बाबासाहब आंबेडकरजी ने नागपूर में लाखो लोगों के साथ बौध्द धम्म अपनाया.

उस समय वामनदादाने गीत लिखा था, ‘वामन इस धरतीपर ऐसा हुआ ही नही, ओर पाँच लाख लोग बुध्द को शरण गये नही’. वामनदादा कहते है आजादी का मतलब हमे समझने दो, ओर दो वक्त का खाना हमे मिलने दो. दादा आगे गीत मे कहते है, मैदान मे आकर बेभान होकर दंगा मत करो, और इंसान के बेटे होकर इंसान के दुश्मन मत बनो. आगे वह गीत में कहते है महिलाओं के मुक्ती के लिए आये महात्मा फुले ओर लडकियों की पढाई हो गयी खुली. आगे पढाई के बारे मे दादा एक गीत में कहते है, तुम्हे पढाई की इच्छा हो, ओर तुम इधर-मत भटको ऐसा बच्चों को कहते हे. दादा दुसरे गीत में कहते है ‘मुझे गुस्सा नही आता यही मेरा गुनाह है’. दादा एक गीत मे ऐसा कहते है की, ‘भीम अगर तूम्हारे विचारों के पाँच लोग रहते तो उनके तलवार की धार अलग ही रहती’. वामनदादा छ.शिवाजी महाराज के बारे मे कहते है की, ‘शिवजी के राज में नही थी कुछ कमी, ओर खुशी से रहते थे हिन्दु और मुसलमान’ ऐसे महान भीमकवी का 15 मई 2004 को निधन हुआ. वामनदादा ने कोई भी संपत्ती जमा नही की. ऐसा उनका त्याग था. उनके त्याग और कार्य को अभिवादन.

सुरेश घोरपडे

पूर्व न्यायाधीश 

C. S. Chellappa

An Entity of Type: species, from Named Graph: http://dbpedia.org, within Data Space: dbpedia.org

Cinnamanur Subramaniam Chellappa (Tamil: சி. சு. செல்லப்பா) (29 September 1912 – 18 December 1998) was a Tamil writer, journalist and Indian independence movement activist. He belonged to the "Manikodi" literary movement along with Pudhumaipithan, Ku Pa Ra, Va. Ramasamy, N. Pichamoorthi and A. N. Sivaraman. He also founded Ezhuthu, a literary magazine His novel Suthanthira Thagam won the Sahitya Akademi Award for 2001.

PropertyValuedbo:abstract Cinnamanur Subramaniam Chellappa (Tamil: சி. சு. செல்லப்பா) (29 September 1912 – 18 December 1998) was a Tamil writer, journalist and Indian independence movement activist. He belonged to the "Manikodi" literary movement along with Pudhumaipithan, Ku Pa Ra, Va. Ramasamy, N. Pichamoorthi and A. N. Sivaraman. He also founded Ezhuthu, a literary magazine His novel Suthanthira Thagam won the Sahitya Akademi Award for 2001. (en)

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dbo:birthName Chinnamanur Subramaniam Chellappa (en)
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dbp:birthName Chinnamanur Subramaniam Chellappa (en)
dbp:deathDate 1998-12-18 (xsd:date)
dbp:name C. S. Chellappa (en)
dbp:nationality Indian (en)
dbp:occupation Writer, journalist (en)
rdfs:comment Cinnamanur Subramaniam Chellappa (Tamil: சி. சு. செல்லப்பா) (29 September 1912 – 18 December 1998) was a Tamil writer, journalist and Indian independence movement activist. He belonged to the "Manikodi" literary movement along with Pudhumaipithan, Ku Pa Ra, Va. Ramasamy, N. Pichamoorthi and A. N. Sivaraman. He also founded Ezhuthu, a literary magazine His novel Suthanthira Thagam won the Sahitya Akademi Award for 2001. (en)
rdfs:label C. S. Chellappa (en)

Cynthia Stephen

Dalit Activist And Writer


Cynthia Stephen is a Dalit activist, writer, social policy researcher, and an independent journalist. She works in the areas of Dalit studies, affirmative action and educational policy. She has written many articles and contributed chapters for books on issues of Dalit women, Brahmanical patriarchy, caste discrimination, and many more. She is the president of the Training, Editorial and Development Services Trust (TEDS) and lives in Bangalore, India.


Alice Abraham: Can you tell us about your experience growing up as a Dalit Christian?


Cynthia Stephen: That’s an interesting question. The thing is I didn’t grow up as a Dalit. It is an interesting trajectory. My Dalit consciousness was lacking or absent because we were brought up in a family that never told us about our Dalit ancestry. My parents were well placed. My mother was a teacher at one of the best schools and my father, though he died at a young age, was an engineer. So, we grew up privileged. It was in my forties I understood it myself.


Earlier I used to think of Dalit as something outside of me, which has nothing to do with me. However, since I grew up in a rural area among the poor, and also because my mother was a well-grounded person who grew up in poverty, she brought us up very strictly with hardworking and ethical values. Though we had privilege, we were taught to be independent.


ARE DALIT FEMINISTS IN THE MAINSTREAM FEMINIST MOVEMENT? HAVE THEY BEEN ACCEPTED AND GIVEN SPACE? I DON’T THINK SO.


Then in my forties, a series of events happened which made me reflect. Once, I was an ideal candidate for a job and was very confident about getting that job, a young Brahmin woman with no experience was hired. Then I started exploring the question.


When I had submitted my biodata one woman in the office had told me, “We don’t talk about Dalits in our organisation”. I didn’t realise why she mentioned that at that point. It took me years to unravel my Dalit identity. Even though not all my grandparents were Dalits, we were treated as one by the establishment. At that point I didn’t realise why this was happening. After I learned about it, my life took a turn. Then I began to interact on Dalit Christian issues. After I moved to Bangalore, I began working with the CSI church and different Christian organisations of liberal thought.


AA: What were the major influences in your life? Any people or books that influenced you to work for your community?


CS: Of course, the greatest influence is Babasaheb Ambedkar. Also, Jyotirao Phule and Savitribai Phule. When I was studying in sixth standard, my mother had bought me a book which was the biography of Pandita Ramabai and she has always been an inspiration for me for working towards women’s empowerment.


AA: What do you think are the problems of mainstream feminism in India right now? Do you think #Metoo movement was inclusive of everyone?


CS: The thing is, those who already had a voice come forward prominently and is listened to by everyone. #MeToo was a powerful movement in my opinion. But like every other issue, voices being heard were only of the dominant caste and class. At the bottom of it were women from marginalised sections, whether it is Tarana Burke in the United States or Raya Sarkar (who is from a Dalit background) in the Indian context. And those women who triggered important developments in the movement were Dalits.


Even in a larger context in India, the law reforms related to women were framed because of the fight by women from marginalised communities. The Adivasi girl Mathura who fought for justice against her custodial rape and the furore caused to rewrite rape laws to be more women friendly. This was an important paradigmatic shift.


Another important person is, Bhanwari Devi, a Dalit woman activist who worked with state government service. She had complained about a child marriage but was gang raped for doing her job. Even an adverse judgement came saying she wasn’t raped because she was an untouchable. Her fight for justice resulted in the framing of Visakha guidelines and the Prevention of Sexual Harrassment of Women at Workplace Act. Dalit women’s lives and experiences have thus been crucial in the struggle for gender justice but that is not acknowledged and is ignored. In the #MeToo movement, this has happened again.


AA: So do you think a separate Dalit feminist movement is required? And what you think of the term ‘Dalit feminism’?


CS: The answer is obvious. Are Dalit feminists in the mainstream feminist movement? Have they been accepted and given space? I don’t think so. This is seen from the beginning. Women from marginalised sections who have been in various movements have always been pushed to the rank and file. The leadership and agenda setting are done by the dominant group. People like myself, Ruth Manorama, Fatima Bernard and others got in and started questioning and raised issues related to Dalit women which were not discussed by the dominant caste women led feminist groups. Then a consciousness about our problems being different from mainstream movement began to grow.

I PROPOSE SOMETHING CALLED THE ‘MARGINALISED INDIAN WOMANISM’ WHICH ENCAPSULATE THE EXPERIENCES AND PERCEPTION OF WOMEN FROM DIFFERENT MARGINALISED SECTIONS IN INDIA.

In the mainstream feminism the beginning and end of discussions were patriarchy and violence. But our analysis was much more nuanced and vibrant. Our solution seeking is also much more grounded. That doesn’t mean that I am critical of the mainstream feminist movement for whatever they have already done and achieved in areas of employment, property rights, and many more. But what about women who don’t own property? Thus, Dalit women need a different language.


Black women who have faced racism in the White feminist movement proposed the term ‘womanism’. Latina women also have a term ‘Mujerism’, where ‘mujer’ means woman. Earlier I proposed a term, ‘Dalit womanism’ then I realised it was not inclusive enough. So, I am proposing something called the ‘marginalised Indian womanism’. This tries to encapsulate the experiences and perception of women from different marginalised sections in India.


AA: So my next question is about the recent Twitter row over the use of the term ‘Brahminical patriarchy’? Most of the outrage came from the well-educated section. Why do you think people are still unaccepting of the relationship between caste and patriarchy? What’s your take on that?


CS: I am very thrilled that this issue happened. Because after the initial outrage, everyone started explaining and exploring this. Works of Ambedkar, Phule, Savitribai Phule, Sharmila Rege and others began to be widely discussed. Even one of my old articles from ten years back on the matter is being discussed in a news channel. The point is Brahminical patriarchy have been discussed for many years. Uma Chakravarty had pioneered the discussion on the term, but it was mostly in the academic groups.


I think the Twitter issue was an excellent development as it began conversations in the public domain and a debate was started. Many students, activists and the general public have begun to understand that Brahminical patriarchy is not just about caste but is an ideology. There was a cultivated silence around it and finally the silence has been broken.


AA: What is your opinion on reservation for Dalit Christians?


CS: That is a right has been denied to us by a wrongly passed ordinance which was one of the first things that Brahminical establishment did to the Constitution just eight months after the Constitution was formulated. Even though it should have been redressed, the legal challenge is still pending. During the UPA term, there was a lot of push for it from the Christian community. In spite of all that, the government kept delaying a positive response and a huge opportunity to correct a historical wrong against Dalit Christians was lost. The government can’t punish people for exercising their freedom of religion particularly the marginalised section and those converting to minority religions. But our fight will continue.


AA: What are your future goals for your community?


CS: My life goal has always been the empowerment of women especially from the marginalised communities. Economic as well as political empowerment is what I am aiming for these women. I am trying to build institutions which will empower women economically by promoting entrepreneurship and also to build them at a personal level. Though my projects are mostly in and around Karnataka I have always worked all over the country because of my language skills. I can speak five languages. I also plan to do more writing in the professional field as well as creative field. I have written several poems and I hope to write more poems as well as fiction.

I am also doing translation from regional languages to English. I am taking works from English into bhasha languages. Currently I am doing three projects in Kannada and one in Telugu, one in Hindi and one in Tamil and one in Marathi. My aim is to translate the works of the anti-caste movement, so I hope more people can read them.
Chamarasa

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Chamarasa (c. 1425) was an eminent 15th century Virashaiva poet in the Kannada language, during the reign of Vijayanagar Empire, a powerful empire in Southern India during 14th - 16th centuries. A contemporary and competitor to a noted Brahmin Kannada poet Kumara Vyasa, Chamarasa was patronised by King Deva Raya II. The work is in 25 chapters (gatis) comprising 1111 six-line verses (shatpadi).

Magnum Opus


His magnum opus, "Prabhulinga Leele", written in 1430 AD, described Allama Prabhu as an early apostle of Veerashaivism and an incarnation of the god Shiva. Chamarasa and other noted Kannada writers such as Lakkanna Dandesa and Jakkanarya flourished under the patronage of King Deva Raya II. Chamarasa was a champion of the Veerashaiva faith and was a rival of Kumara Vyasa in the king's court. His Prabhulinga Lile, written in the native Bhamini Shatpadi metrical composition form (six line verse or hexa-metre) was a eulogy of 12th-century saint Allama Prabhu. So popular was the writing with the King that he had it translated into Telugu and Tamil languages, and later into the Sanskrit and Marathi languages as well. In the story, the saint is considered an incarnation of the Hindu god Ganapathi while Parvati took the form of a princess of Banavasi. While Kumara Vyasa's epic is war-torn (Kumara Vyasa Bharata, his version of the Hindu epic Mahabharata), Chamarasa writing was full of Yoga and vairagya (renunciation). The book includes details of the journey undertaken by Allama Prabhu en route to Basavakalyana, his interaction with notable Veerashaiva mystics including Basavanna, Akka Mahadevi, Gorakhnatha, Muktayakka and Siddharama. Interesting details include how Allama avoided the temptation of Mayadevi who tried to seduce him, and how Animisha became his guru. While these personalities are all real, it is possible they also represent human qualities narrated in a "parallel allegorical story". Competition between the two powerful faiths, Veerashaivism and Vaishnavism was intense during this period. This is evident by a remark made by the poet in the writing. Chamarasa claims that his story is "not about ordinary dead mortals", implying that the Vaishnava epics (the Ramayana and the Mahabharata) were about mere mortals.
C. V. Raman Pillai
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
aman Pillai

Born Channankara Velayudhan Raman Pillai
19 May 1858
Arayoor, Travancore
Died 21 March 1922 (aged 63)
Trivandrum, Travancore
Occupation Novelist, playwright, journalist, social activist
Nationality Indian
Period 1880s −1920s
Genre Fiction, theatre
Subject Literary, socio-cultural
Notable works

Marthandavarma
Dharmaraja
Ramarajabahadur
Premamritham

Channankara Velayudhan Pillai Raman Pillai (19 May 1858 – 21 March 1922), also known as C. V., was one of the major Indian novelists and playwrights and a pioneering playwright and novelist of Malayalam literature. He was known for his historical novels such as Marthandavarma, Dharmaraja and Ramaraja Bahadur; the last mentioned considered by many as one of the greatest novels written in Malayalam.

Biography

CV as a young man

Born in Thiruvananthapuram (Trivandrum), capital city of the erstwhile native State of Travancore, on 19 May 1858 to Neelakanta Pillai, a Sanskrit scholar and Parvathy Pillai, a scion of an ancient matriarchal family; both his parents were from middle-class families and employees at the Palace of the Maharaja of Travancore. Pillai got his family name, Channankara, through matrilineal succession. Fondly called Ramu, he had a traditional Sanskritized education, early in life, under his father's tutelage which included lessons in Ayurveda and even magic and Tantra. He continued education at the first English school in Thiruvananthapuram. Subsequently, he graduated from His Highness Maharaja's College (the present-day University College Thiruvananthapuram), the first-ever College in Travancore, where he reportedly had a brilliant academic career under John Ross, the principal of the institution and Robert Harvey. and obtained his BA degree from the Madras University in 1881, securing the 7th rank in the Madras Presidency. t was during this period, he started his first periodical named The Kerala Patriot.

After graduation, Pillai studied law but dropped out and went to Madras to study for the government pleader examination which was also abandoned in due course. Later, he joined the High Court as a clerk and where he rose to the position of a shirasthadar. Later, joined the Government Press and held the position of a superintendent when he retired from service. In between, he founded three publications, Malayali in 1886, Vanchiraj in 1901 and Mitabhashi in 1920.

Pillai's first marriage did not last long. He married again in 1887 at the age of 30, and his wife, Bhageerathi Amma, was only 16 at the time of the wedding. The marriage lasted till his wife's untimely death in 1904 and his third marriage was to Janaki Amma, the elder sister of Bhageerathi Amma and the widow of C. Raja Raja Varma, the younger brother of Raja Ravi Varma. He died on 21 March 1922, at the age of 63, survived by Janaki Amma.

Writing career

CV as Edgar in King Lear

Raman Pillai is compared by many with Bankim Chandra Chatterjee in Bengali and Hari Narayan Apte in Marathi, two other greats of India literature. His first published book was Chandramukhivilasam, a satire. He wrote his first novel, Marthandavarma, in 1885 but it was published in 1891. This followed sch historical novels as Dharmaraja and Ramarajabahadur, the social novel, Premamritam as well as several farces. Modern Malayalam drama traces its origins to his works. He is credited with the first original play in Malayalam, Chandramukheevilasam, written in 1884 and was staged for four days successively in 1887 at His Highness Maharaja's College, Trivandrum.

Exegetic dictionary


C. V. Vyaakhyaana Kosham is a 400-plus page lexicographic work in four volumes, based on Pillai's books. The work includes the explanations, elucidations and interpretations of over 700,000 Malayalam, Sanskrit, Tamil, Hindustani and English words used by him in his writings.
Works

Social Novels

Marthandavarma (1891)
Dharmaraja (1913)
Premamritam (1915)
Ramaraja Bahadur (1918)
Dishtadamshtram (1922) (unfinished)
Premarishtam (1922) (unfinished)

Plays

Chandramukheevilāsam (1884) (not published)
Mattavilāsam (1885) (not published)
Kurupillakalari (1909)
Tentanāmkōţţu Harischandran (1914)
Kaimalassanţe Kadassikkai (1915)
Docţarku Kiţţiya Micham (1916)
Cherutēn Columbus (1917)
Pandathē Pāchan (1918)
Pãpi Chelluņadam Pāthālam (1919)
Kuruppinţe Thirippu (1920)
Butler Pappan (1922)

Other works

Videsiyamedhavitvam (1922) (a collection of editorials)
As editor in newspapers

The Kerala Patriot (1882)
Malayali (1886)
Vanchiraj (1901)
Mitabhashi (1920)

Translations

Marthandavarma (1936, 1979)
Dharmaraja (2009)
Ramaraja Bahadur (2003)

Honours

The India Post issued a commemorative postage stamp on Pillai on 19 May 2010.A road in Vazhuthacaud, Thiruvananthapuram has been neamed after him as C. V. Raman Pillai Road. Chenkal, a panchayat in Thiruvananthapuram which includes his native village of Arayoor, was renamed as C.V.R. Puram in 1970.
Dr C S Chandrika
A principal scientist at M S Swaminathan Research Foundation, Chandrika is also a leading feminist activist and writer. She was awarded the Fellowship of Kerala Sahitya Academy in 1997, the Muthukulam Parvathy Amma Award in 2010, and the Toppil Ravi Foundation literary award in 2012. Her most notable works are “Pira”, “K. Saraswathiyamma”, “Kleptomania”, “Bhoomiyude Pathaka”, and “Ladies Compartment”.

C.S.Chandrika

Publications

CS Chandrika has published both academic and fictional works. She was one of the editors of The Oxford India Anthology of Malayalam Dalit Writing, which was collection of Malayalam Dalit writing of 20th century. She won the Thoppil Ravi Award for her story collection Kleptomania in 2012. Her interview along with her story was published in Malayalathinte Kathakarikal, which listed her among ten prominent Malayali women writers. Her other Malayalam books include

Pira

Bhoomiyude Pathaka
Ladies Compartment

She had published a monograph on K Saraswathi Amma, who was an early 20th century Malayalam feminist writer.
Dharamvir Bharati
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Born 25 December 1926
Died 4 September 1997 (aged 70)
Occupation Writer (essayist, novelist, poet)
Nationality Indian
Education M.A. Hindi, PhD
Notable works Gunahon Ka Devta (1949, novel)
Suraj ka Satwan Ghoda (1952, novel)
Andha Yug (1953, play)
Notable awards 1972: Padmashree
1984: Valley Turmeric Best Journalism Award
1988: Best Playwright Maharana Mewar Foundation Award
Rajendra Prasad Shikhar Samman
Bharat Bharati Samman
1994: Maharashtra Gaurav
Kaudiya Nyas
Vyasa Samman
Spouse Kanta Bharti (married 1954) (first wife), Pushpa Bharti (second. wife)
Children daughter Parmita (first wife); son Kinshuk Bharati and a daughter Pragya Bharati (second wife)

Dharamvir Bharati (25 December 1926 – 4 September 1997) was a renowned Hindi poet, author, playwright and a social thinker of India. He was the chief editor of the popular Hindi weekly magazine Dharmayug, from 1960 till 1987.

Bharati was awarded the Padma Shree for literature in 1972 by the Government of India. His novel Gunaho Ka Devta became a classic. Bharati's Suraj ka Satwan Ghoda is considered a unique experiment in story-telling and was made into a National Film Award-winning movie by the same name in 1992 by Shyam BenegalAndha Yug, a play set immediately after the Mahabharata war, is a classic that is frequently performed in public by drama groups

He was awarded the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award in Playwriting (Hindi) in 1988, given by Sangeet Natak Akademi, India's National Academy of Music, Dance and Drama.

Early life

Dharamvir Bharati was born on 25 December 1926 in a Kayastha Family of Allahabad to Chiranji Lal and Chanda devi. The family underwent considerable financial hardships after his father died early. He had a sister, Dr. Veerbala.

He did his MA in Hindi from Allahabad University in 1946 and won the "Chintamani Ghosh Award" for securing highest marks in Hindi.

Dharamvir Bharati was the sub-editor for magazines Abhyudaya and Sangam during this period. He completed his PhD in 1954 under Dr. Dhirendra Verma on the topic of "Siddha Sahitya" and was appointed lecturer in Hindi at Allahabad University. The 1950s were the most creative period in Bharati's life: He wrote many novels, dramas, poems, essays, and critical works during this phase.

Journalism (Mumbai)

In 1960 he was appointed as chief-editor of the popular Hindi weekly magazine Dharmayug by the Times Group and moved to Bombay. He remained the editor of Dharmayug till 1987. During this long phase the magazine became the most popular Hindi weekly of the country and reached new heights in Hindi journalism. As a field reporter, Bharati personally covered the Indo-Pak war that resulted in the liberation of Bangladesh.

Personal life

Dr Bharati married in 1954 and later divorced Kanta Bharati with whom he had a daughter: Parmita. A few years later he remarried and had a son Kinshuk Bharati and a daughter Pragya Bharati with Pushpa Bharati.

Bharati developed heart ailments and died after a brief illness in 1997.
Prominent works

Novels
Gunaho Ka Devta (गुनाहों का देवता) (1949)
Suraj ka Satwan Ghoda (सूरज का सातवां घोड़ा, 1952) (The Seventh Steed of the Sun) — A short novel published in 1952 that may be viewed as a set of connected mini-narratives can be called one of the foremost instances of metafiction in 20th century Hindi literature. The protagonist is a young man named Manik Mulla who recounts these tales to his friends. The name of the work is an allusion to Hindu mythology according to which the chariot of the Sun-God Surya is said to be drawn by seven horses. (viz. seven days in a week). This novella has been translated into Bengali by poet Malay Roy Choudhury of Hungry generation fame, for which he was bestowed with the Sahitya Academy Award. Shyam Benegal's film by the same name (1992), based on the novel, won the National Film Award for Best Actor.
Giyara sapno ka desh (ग्यारह सपनों का देश)
Prarambh va Samapan (प्रारंभ व समापन)

Poetry

Kanupriya, Thanda Loha, Saat Geet Varsh, Sapana Abhi Bhi and Toota Pahiya are amongst his most popular works of poetry. Toota Pahiya tells a story of how a broken wheel helped Abhimanyu in the Mahabharata war.

Play in poetry

Andha Yug (The Age of Blindness) is a poetic play. Structured on events in the MahabharataAndha Yug focuses on the last day of the Mahabharata war. It is a powerful metaphorical work. It has been directed by Ebrahim AlkaziRaj Bisaria, M.K. Raina, Ratan ThiyamArvind GaurRam Gopal BajajMohan MaharishiBhanu Bharti [Pravin kumar gunjan ]and many other Indian theatre directors.
Story collections

Drow Ka gaon (र्दों का गाव), Swarg aur Prathvhi (स्वर्ग और पृथ्वी), Chand aur Tute hue Log (चाँद और टूटे हुए लोग), Band gali Ka Aakhkri Makaan (बंद गली का आखिरी मकान), Saas ki Kalam se (सास की कलम से), Samasta Kahaniya ek Saath (समस्त कहानियाँ एक साथ)

Essays

Thele par Himalayas (ठेले पर हिमालय), Pashyanti stories: Ankahi (पश्यंती कहानियाँ :अनकही), The river was thirsty (नदी प्यासी थी), Neel Lake (नील झील), Human values and literature (मानव मूल्य और साहित्य), Cold iron (ठंडा लोहा)
Film about Bharati

Dr. Bharati: documentary directed by young story writer Uday Prakash for Sahitya Akademi, Delhi, 1999

Awards
Padma Shri by the Government of India, 1972
Rajendra Prasad Shikhar Samman
Bharat Bharati Samman
Maharashtra Gaurav, 1994
Kaudiya Nyas
Vyasa Samman
1984, Valley turmeric best journalism awards
1988, best playwright Maharana Mewar Foundation Award
1989, the Sangeet Natak Akademi, Delhi
Translations
Andha Yug: Dharamvir Bharati, translated in English by Alok Bhalla, published by Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-567213-8ISBN 0-19-567213-5
Dinesh Kumar
This journalist from Muzaffarnagar is on a mission to educate and spread awareness on 'real issues' via his handwritten newspaper

That's the kind of reporting we all need in our country.
Nisha SinghIndia Today Web DeskNew DelhiApril 10, 2018UPDATED: May 18, 2018
UP journalist who pens down real life issues in his handwritten newspaper

With all the technological advances happening around us, there is no doubt that mankind has reached the digital age. Technology in the form of smartphones, iPads, laptops and numerous other things have taken over the traditional way of gaining an information.

These days we have almost forgotten what use to be one of the main sources of our daily information - Newspapers. But there are still a few out there who are continuing the traditional form of news dissemination and they are doing a good job.

A journalist from UP is writing newspaper with his own hands

But at this time, what if you got to know that a man uses his sketch pen to actually write stories with his own hands?
Dinesh Kumar, a journalist from UP who writes handwritten newspaper

Yes! A 51-year-old journalist, Dinesh Kumar, who hails from Gandhi Colony, Muzaffarnagar, Uttar Pradesh, spends more than three hours daily handwriting a newspaper called Vidya Darshan and then distributes it in the villages on a bicycle.
Here's the newspaper, written by Dinesh Kumar in his own handwriting
Reports crimes issues in his newspaper

Dinesh only focuses on the critical affairs and shares his detailed opinion on them in his newspaper

The journalist believes in reporting crime issues to ministers so that they are taken care of, by the government
Handwritten newspaper pasted on a water tank in Uttar Pradesh
In our conversation with Dinesh Kumar, he gave the following inputs about his newspaper.

Here's what he shared:

How do you spend your entire day, apart from writing this newspaper?

Apart from writing, I sell toffees, chocolates or ice-cream, etc. around the city. Whatever money I get from selling these, I use it for buying papers and pen to write this newspaper.

How do you think the kind of reporting you do, differs from what we see on TV or in the mainstream media?

I want to focus on such issues that are not catered by others. Today, in the news, we see horrific crimes taking place and the way they are reported makes near to no impact. What I do is voice out my opinion on the subject and advise measures that can be taken to tackle such issues.

Dinesh also sends copies of his newspaper to ministers.
One of the incidents I recall is when I advised the minister to install CCTV cameras in schools and public transports in Uttar Pradesh so that we can decline the crime rate of the state.

I feel that the power of the pen is such that it can change the system and improve the condition of the country.

When did you realize the power of a handwritten newspaper?
In 2008, an incident of a Blade Man, a mysterious man who used to roam around, attacking children in the town with blades, created a sense of fear amongst the natives of Shamli of Muzaffarnagar district. At that time, I alerted the public about it by writing on a sheet of paper and then pasting it around the city. It did actually alert the public and as a result of which, local authorities took steps to deal with this serious problem. That was the time I realized what power my pen has.

We also spoke to Master Vijay Singh, an anti-corruption activist fighting against the land mafias in Muzzafarnagar, Uttar Pradesh.

He is well connected to the 51-year-old journalist as he sits and writes outside the DM's office with the activist. Here's what he said:

"Dinesh is a passionate man. He always keeps a sketch pen with him to write the stories in the newspaper. He focuses on the real-life issues that are not attended by others."


"He roams in the city to distribute toffees, ice-creams, and chocolates to the children in the afternoon and comes back after that to write stories for the newspaper."


Both are working together for the betterment of the country. We need more of such human beings who can take out the root cause of the issues and deliver the same ground issues to the caretakers of the country.


Without any help or a fixed job, this man is doing good deeds for the society.
The only handwritten newspaper in Urdu

Musalman, the only Urdu handwritten newspaper
Earlier in November 2017, we found that the state of Chennai also has its handwritten newspaper which is largely in black and white and is written in the Urdu language
The Musalman publishes Urdu poetry and messages on devotion to God and communal harmony daily
At this age where the most of the reporting is based on what Taimur has eaten today and what Salman Khan is having for lunch in the jail, Dinesh's story deserves an applaud for talking about the real issues.
Dinesh: 
 The Man Who Is Selling Handwritten Newspapers Since 17 Years
On Aug 13, 2018
Pic Credit- Daily Hunt

By- Md. Mojahid Raza

Bhubaneswar: Media is the most powerful entity in today’s world. It controls the minds of the masses, acts as a watchdog of the society and plays a vital role in social change.In today’s time where media is all about commercialisation of news and information, there still lives a man for whom journalism is not about TRPs and viewership rather a weapon to bring a change by informing and educating the general public.

The 53-year-old Dinesh hails from Muzaffarnagar in Uttar Pradesh. His contribution in the realm of media is unique and has set an unprecedented benchmark. Dinesh has been single-handedly running a newspaper called ‘Vijay Darshan’ since the last 17 years, which he painstakingly writes in his own handwriting.After writing a copy, Dinesh makes multiple photocopies of it, which are later supplied to the readers. He uses his bicycle to travel around the city and distribute newspaper to his customers.
Pic Credit- DailyHunt
However, this isn’t Dinesh’s only occupation. The earnings from newspaper are not sufficient to keep his kitchen stove burning. Hence, Dinesh sells ice-creams and chocolates to make ends meet. He had dreamt of pursuing law but had to drop out of school owing to financial constraints. Later, family responsibility and need for money forced him to do odd jobs for survival. At present, Dinesh single-handedly writes and circulates his newspaper. He works all by his own with no financial or material help from outside.
Pic Credit- DailyHunt
Dinesh’s newspaper ‘Vijay Darshan’ contains no advertisement or pictures and has never stopped a single issue in the last 17 years. The newspaper beautifully highlights the various issues faced by people in the society, besides offering suggestions for their solution. Dinesh’s lucid handwriting along with his magical grasp over words makes reading Vijay Darshan a joyful experience.

The story of Dinesh is a perfect example of the fact that good people always bring out the best in the society. They make us realize that those who work not for money but for their passion of spreading positively, truth and happiness all around are always appreciated.

Meet Dinesh, 51 YO Journalist Who Runs His Own Handwritten Newspaper Since 17 Years
An inspiring journalist's story will make your day.

How is a newspaper published?

Well, apparently, it requires a computer to type the texts, staff to interpret it and a machine to print it. Right? But what if I tell you that there's a journalist in Gandhi Colony, Muzaffarnagar, Uttar Pradesh, who 'writes' newspaper every day with just a few blank sheets, handing marker, sketch and a lot of confidence. Yes, a lot of confidence.

Meet Dinesh, a 51-year-old man who spends more than three hours each day writing a newspaper with his handwriting and then distributes it in the villages. He also sends some copies of his paper to PM and CM office.

Now, when I say 'newspaper', it isn't alike to what we read every day. In his journal, Dinesh only focuses on the critical affairs and shares his detailed opinion on them. Imagine a complete newspaper decorated in beautiful handwriting, giving solutions to common but critical social issues of the country.

Impressive, isn't it? So come, let's know the story of this unique journalist who without any support is spreading awareness by his handmade newspaper.

Dinesh also sells ice cream and candies for his living.

News18 reporter Bikram Singh recently shared about Dinesh's story with us. Along with selling ice cream and candies on the streets, he fulfils his fascination for writing a newspaper. And what amazed me the most is, Dinesh never accepted monetary help from people who wanted to uplift his financial status.

Dinesh says, "I want to live on my own, monetary help may make me selfish."

Dinesh's newspaper is called Vidya Darshan.

Once Dinesh's handwritten papers get completed, he prepares few black and white copies of it. Then he delivers all those copies in different villages on his bicycle. Sharing his daily routine, Dinesh added that he is so busy in his schedule and indulged in his work that weeks pass and he doesn't even get time to also wash his clothes.

For the sake of writing, Dinesh never got married.

It was Dinesh's love for his handwritten Vidya Darshan that never let him get married and have kids. His passion for writing newspaper never benefitted him on a monetary basis, but he has no regrets of choosing it over his good future.
He doesn't have a huge audience, but he says, even if one man is satisfied with his newspaper, he feels accomplished.

Like every journalist, Dinesh writes to bring a positive change with his words. Though he doesn't have the modern technology, he believes that his mission of educating and spreading awareness is accomplished if even one of his readers is happy and satisfied with his handwritten media.Selfless Dinesh is working hard every day without any support or fixed employment.

It has been 17 years since Dinesh is writing and selling his newspaper. While talking to Bindass India, Dinesh revealed that he receives many offers, but he rejects them all. He believes that though he doesn't have a thousand copies, he has the faith of spending 3-4 hours and creating the best of what he has. And that is what he has been doing till now.

Here's a video by Bindass India. Watch till the end.

Dinesh's hard work and determination towards his work is commendable. More power to your pen, Dinesh.

When our CEO, Vinay Singhal, met Dinesh...
I hope you liked the story.

If you have any inspiring story like this to share, write to me at guneet@wittyfeed.com.
(Images source )

Dailyhunt
हाथ से काग़ज़ पर लिखकर 17 साल से अख़बार निकालते हैं दिनेश
April 6, 2018
आस मुहम्मद कैफ़, TwoCircles.net

मुज़फ़्फ़रनगर : जहां एक तरफ़ मीडिया का ‘राजनीतिकरण’ के साथ-साथ ‘बाज़ारीकरण’ हो चुका है, वहीं एक शख़्स ऐसा भी है, जो रोज़ अपने हाथों से लिख कर अख़बार निकालता है. और वो ये काम पिछले 17 साल से लगातार कर रहा है. इस महान शख़्स का नाम है —दिनेश

53 साल के दिनेश कुमार मौजूदा दौर की ज़िन्दगी में एक विचित्र प्राणी हैं. सच्चा, ईमानदार और ग़रीब, मगर उस पर इंसानियत और देश के लिए कुछ करने का बोझ है. और इस बोझ को वो 17 साल से लगातार उतारने की जद्दोजहद में लगे हैं. इसके लिए वो काग़ज़ पर अपने हाथ से लिखकर अख़बार निकालते हैं.

पहले वो एक काग़ज़ की सीट पर ख़बरें और अपने विचार लिखते हैं. फिर उसकी फोटो कॉपी कराकर इसे सार्वजनिक स्थलों पर दीवार पर चिपका देते हैं. दिनेश ऐसा प्रतिदिन करते हैं. इन 17 सालों में शायद ही कोई ऐसा दिन रहा हो, जब दिनेश ने अपना अख़बार न निकाला हो. इस तरह से इतने लंबे समय तक चलने वाला शायद यह भारत का पहला हस्तलिखित अख़बार है.

दिनेश दूसरे अख़बारों से अपनी मतलब की ख़बर तलाशते हैं और उसे स्केच पैन से सफ़ेद काग़ज़ पर लिखते हैं. इन ख़बरों के अलावा वो अपने विचार भी लिखना नहीं भूलते.

दिनेश मुज़फ़्फ़रनगर के सुभाषनगर मोहल्ले में रहते हैं. समाज को अपनी क़लम से सन्देश देने वाले इस दिनेश ने शादी नहीं की है. उनका मानना है कि शायद शादी का बंधन उन्हें यह सब करने से विचलित करता.
TwoCircles.net से बातचीत में वो कहते हैं कि, अपने स्कूल के दिनों से अख़बार निकालने में रुचि थी, मगर बात करने पर सब इसे ‘पैसे वालों’ का काम बताते थे. मुझे लगता था कि मेरे मन में जो विचार पैदा हो रहे हैं वो सबको जानने चाहिए.

वो आगे बताते हैं कि, चूंकि अख़बारों में ज़्यादातर ख़बरें झूठी आती थी, इसलिए सच्ची बात कहने की भी लगन थी. मैं रोज़ अख़बार पढ़ता हूं. उसके बाद उस में से अच्छी ख़बर तलाशकर उसे खुद लिखता हूं. संपादकीय मैं खुद लिखता हूं. जैसे आज मैंने लिखा है —‘लवफोबिया से बचे लड़कियां…’

दिनेश बताते हैं कि, मैंने कई लोगों से बात की कि अख़बार निकालने में मेरी मदद करें, मगर बात नहीं बनी. क्योंकि यह लोग ग़लत धंधे को फलने-फूलने के लिए अख़बार का सपोर्ट चाहते थे और यह मैं नहीं कर सकता था.

वो कहते हैं कि, मैं अपने उसूलों पर चलने वाला आदमी हूं. हां! इससे बहुत कम लोगों तक मेरी आवाज़ पहुंचती है, मगर मेरी क़लम गुलाम नहीं है.

मुज़फ़्फ़रनगर की कचहरी में दिनेश से मुलाक़ात 12 बजे के बाद हो सकती है. यहां हर शख्स उसे पहचानता है. क्योंकि इससे पहले का समय दिनेश स्कूली बच्चों को देते हैं, वहां वो टॉफी बेचते हैं.

बताते हैं, अपने मतलब की ख़बरें छापते अख़बारों में निष्पक्षता नहीं है. अब हर ख़बर किसी न किसी विचारधारा से प्रभावित होती है. मेरे अंदर भी सामाजिक ज़िम्मेदारी की भावना ज़ोर मारती है. इसलिए काग़ज़ में हाथ से लिखकर अपना ‘विद्यादर्शन’ निकालता हूं.

दिनेश के हस्तलिखित अख़बार का नाम विद्यादर्शन है. वो हमें बताते हैं कि, ऐसा वो 17 साल से हर दिन करते हैं. दूसरे अख़बारों की तरह उनकी भी छुट्टी होती है. वो कहते हैं —“खुद लिखता हूं, खुद बांटता हूं.”

कचहरी में पिछले 22 साल से धरने पर बैठे मास्टर विजय सिंह दिनेश के बारे में हमें बताते हैं कि, दिनेश बहुत ही खुद्दार शख़्स हैं. ये बच्चों को टॉफी बेचकर अपना गुज़ारा करता है. पहले स्कूल में टॉफी बेचता है, फिर आकर अपना अख़बार लिखता है. उसकी फ़ोटो कॉपी कराता है. दुर्भाग्यपूर्ण बात है कि समाज या राजनेता ऐसी विचाधाराओं के साथ खड़े नहीं होते.

बता दें कि दिनेश के अख़बार में कोई विज्ञापन नहीं होता है. और न ही इस अख़बार को कोई सरकारी सहायता हासिल है. और न ही 17 साल से निकलने वाले इस हस्तलिखित अख़बार की कोई सूचना स्थानीय सूचना कायार्लय को है. मुज़फ़्फ़नगर के सूचना अधिकारी हमसे बताते हैं कि, विधादर्शन नाम का कोई अख़बार हमारे यहां पंजीकृत नहीं है.

मास्टर विजय सिंह बताते हैं कि, बाक़ी पत्रकारों की तरह दिनेश का किसी नेता और अफ़सरों से कोई परिचय नहीं है. शायद उसे इसकी ज़रूरत ही नहीं है.

वो आगे कहते हैं कि, मैं पिछले 17 साल से उसे देख रहा हूं. उसकी ख़बरें साम्प्रदयिक और एक पक्षीय नहीं होती, बल्कि भाईचारा और समाज को सन्देश देने वाली होती हैं. उसका संपादन अच्छा है. अफ़सोस यह है कि वो एक ग़रीब पत्रकार है और उसके पास किसी तरह का कोई संसाधन नहीं है, मगर उसका हौसला बेमिसाल है.

समाजसेवी आसिफ़ राही का कहना है कि, दिनेश की निष्ठा और मेहनत देखने लायक़ है. उनका दृष्टिकोण राष्ट्र के प्रति सकारात्मक है. अच्छा है. एक पत्रकार को सरकार के प्रति नहीं, बल्कि जनता के प्रति जवाबदेह होना चाहिए. इसमें दिनेश खरे उतरते हैं.

वो आगे बताते हैं कि, ऐसे समय पर जब तमाम मीडिया आलोचनाओं में घिरी हैं, दिनेश ने एक मिसाल कायम की है.
Dushyant Kumar
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Dushyant Kumar
Kumar on a 2009 stamp of India
Born 1 September 1933
Rajpur Navada, United Provinces, British India
Died 30 December 1975
Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
Occupation Poet, dramatist, Litterateur, Gazal, translator
Nationality Indian
Alma mater MA (Hindi), Allahabad
Genre Hindi poems
Notable works Saaye mein Dhoop,
Ek Kanth Vishpayi
Mann Ke Kon, published in 1963

Dushyant Kumar (1 September 1933 – 30 December 1975) was a poet of modern Hindi literature. He is famous for writing Hindi Ghazals, and is generally recognised as one of the foremost Hindi poets of the 20th century.

Personal life

Dushyant Kumar was married to Rajeshwari Tyagi.
Death and legacy

Parts of Dushyant Kumar's poem ""Ho Gayi hai Peer Parvat Si"(हो गई है पीर पर्वत-सी)" were used in the popular 2017 India film Irada. The film showcases the sorry state of the people of Bhatinda (Punjab) due to corruption, and cancer caused by pesticides left from the Green revolution and uranium contamination of ground water due to fly ash from thermal power plants.

The poem "Ho Gayi hai Peer Parvat Si"(हो गई है पीर पर्वत-सी) was sung often by Arvind Kejriwal during the Anti Corruption Movement (2011–2012) in India.

Lines Dushyant Kumar from his Ghazal 'Saye Me Dhoop' are often used in many programmes, and the Hindi film "Halla Bol" मेरे सीने में नहीं तो तेरे सीने मे सही, हो कहीं भी आग, लेकिन आग जलनी चाहिए. Star Plus used the lines "Sirf hungaama khada karna mera maqsad nahin, saari koshish hai, ki yeh soorat badalni chahiye" in promos for its show Satyameva Jayate.

The Indian Department of posts issued a commemorative stamp with Dushyant Kumar's image on it, in September 2009.

A museum dedicated to Dushyant Kumar exists in C. T. T. Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh.
The poem "Tu kisi rail si guzarti hai" line was taken from his poem and used as a song in the movie Masaan.

ABP News and the Hindi poet Kumar Vishwas made an episode on Dushyant Kumar in their program Mahakavi which was aired on 12 and 13 November 2016.

The house of Dushyant Kumar was broken by the administration of Smart City Project. This was criticised by several leading people.

Explaining the inclusion of Kumar's poems in the 2015 Hindi film Masaan, the lyricist Varun Grover explained that he wanted to show Shaalu (played by Shweta Tripathi) as a person whose hobby is to read Hindi poetry and shaayari, as this is a common hobby of millennial and generation x youngsters in Northern India, especially when in love, but this aspect is rarely shown in Hindi films.

Notable works
कहाँ तो तय था एक कण्ठ विषपायी और मसीहा मर गया साये में धूप मन के कोण छोटे-छोटे सवाल
कैसे मंजर आँगन में एक वृक्ष
खंडहर बचे हुए हैं दुहरी जिंदगी
जो शहतीर है
ज़िंदगानी का कोई मकसद
मुक्तक
आज सड़कों पर लिखे हैं
मत कहो, आकाश में
धूप के पाँव
गुच्छे भर अमलतास
सूर्य का स्वागत
आवाजों के घेरे
जलते हुए वन का वसन्त
आज सड़कों पर
आग जलती रहे
एक आशीर्वाद
आग जलनी चाहिए
मापदण्ड बदलो
कहीं पे धूप की चादर
बाढ़ की संभावनाएँ
इस नदी की धार में koi awaaz honi chahiye kon kehta hai aasman me
हो गई है पीर पर्वत-सी

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

Dilip M. Menon

Dilip M. Menon is Professor of Indian Studies at the University of Witwatersrand. He is the author of The Blindness of Insight and Caste, Nationalism and Communism in South India, Malabar 1900-1948. He has translated Potheri Kunhambu’s novel of 1893, Saraswativijayam, a classic, from the Malayalam into English.

The Blindness of Insight

Essays on Caste in Modern India

Is communalism a deflection of the violence and inegalitarianism within Hindu society? How has the deployment of violence against an internal Other, the dalit, come to be transformed into aggression against an external Other, the Muslim? Does the dalit have the right to life in modern India? Exploring the intimate relation between the discourses of caste, secularism and communalism, Dilip Menon argues that communalism in India may well be the return of the repressed histories of caste. In four essays that position caste as the central faultline of modern India, Menon finds out why the use of marxism and its concepts was idiosyncratic at best and instrumental at worst for a brahmin like E.M.S. Namboodiripad; how the subordinated castes in the late nineteenth century wrote themselves into modernity using the Malayalam novel and Christianity; and why the use of violence in the maintenance of caste hierarchy remains the central occluded fact of Indian society: so present, yet so invisible.
Dilip Menon

Dilip M Menon is the Mellon Chair of Indian Studies and the Director of the Centre for Indian Studies in Africa at the University of Witwatersrand. He was educated at the Universities of Delhi, Oxford and Cambridge and got his PhD degree from Cambridge. He is a translator from the Malayalam and writes on film, theatre and literature.

His research for the past decade has engaged with issues of caste, socialism and equality in modern India. This has resulted in several essays and a monograph on issues of caste in modern India as also a translation of the first novel written in an Indian language by a lower caste individual.

Currently, he is working on issues of cultural and intellectual history and is engaged in a project on the writing of history in India between 1850 and 1960. The work inaugurated at the Centre is interdisciplinary and transnational in approach and looks afresh at issues of colonialism, modernity and migration in the Global South.
Divya Arya
Divya’s Profile
linkedin.com/in/divya-arya-7605b053
About

Divya Arya is an award-winning journalist with the BBC reporting for its television, radio and web platforms in English and Hindi. She has focused her journalism on exploring human rights issues with a specific concentration on gender.

Over the past 15 years, she has reported on the Indian elections, education, religion and caste divides and gender discrimination. Now as the BBC’s Women’s Affairs Journalist in India she also writes a weekly blog on gender issues.

Divya has presented the global news programme OS on BBC World Service Radio from London. She has also presented the primetime weekly discussion programme WorklifeIndia on BBC World News TV.

Divya is a Knight Wallace Fellow from the University of Michigan where she completed her research on 'Reporting sexual violence in India', published in Breaching the Citadel, a book of essays, by Zubaan Publications and in the Economic and Political Weekly's Review of Gender Studies.

She has been awarded for best investigative journalism by the international Drum Online Media Awards and won the Laadli Media Awards for Gender Sensitivity in India.

Born and brought up in Delhi, Divya did her Bachelors in commerce in the premier institute for Business Studies – Sri Ram College of Commerce at the University of Delhi. She wrote for a college journal at that time, Campus on Wheels and also did a few radio programmes for the national broadcaster, All India Radio. This was followed by post graduate studies in Broadcast journalism at the Indian Institute of Mass Communication.

Divya is trained in the classical Indian dance, Bharatnatyam and takes refuge in it and music when trying to seek the ever elusive work-life balance.
चांगदेव भवानराव खैरमोड़े जी
(15.7.1904--18.11.1971)

डॉ.अम्बेडकर जी की प्रख्यात जीवनी के लेखक

1927 में खैरमोड़े जी ने ही डॉ.अम्बेडकर को "बाबासाहेब" और माता रमाबाई को "आईसाहेब" के नाम से संबोधित किया।

व्यक्तिगत जीवन

सी.बी. (चांगदेव भवानराव) खैरमोड़े जी का जन्म 15 जुलाई, 1904 को ग्राम-पाचवड, तालुका-खटव, जिला-सतारा में हुआ था। उन्होंने अपनी स्कूली शिक्षा मुंबई के न्यू इंग्लिश स्कूल ऑफ सतारा और एलफिस्टन हाई स्कूल से पूरी की। मुंबई में तत्कालीन ब्रिटिश सचिवालय में नौकरी की। द्वारकबाई चंगदेव खैरमोडे (गायकवाड़) उनकी संगिनी व भवानराव खैररामोड जी उनके पिताजी का नाम था। खैरमोड़े जी मराठी लेखक, कवि, अनुवादक थे और चरित्र लेखन, कविता आदि प्रकार के साहित्य का सृजन किया। खैरमोड़े जी ने बौद्ध आंदोलन में भी प्रतिभाग किया।

'डॉ भीमराव रामजी अंबेडकर चरित्र 'लेखन'

डॉ.अम्बेडकर के सानिध्य में रहकर, उनके जीवन और मिशन का अध्ययन किया। जिसका विस्तृत विवरण रखते हुए, 'डॉ. भीमराव रामजी अंबेडकर चरित्र" 15 खंडों में लिखा। जिसका पहला खंड 1952 में बाबासाहेब के समय में जारी किया गया। 1971 में चार खंड प्रकाशित किए गए और शेष दस खंड उनके बाद उनकी संगिनी द्वारकबाई चांगदेव खैरमोड (गायकवाड़) द्वारा प्रकाशित किए गए।

अन्य लेखन

खैरमोड़े जी ने अपने स्कूली दिनों में खादी के महत्व को उजागर करने वाली कविता लिखी।

खैरमोड़े जी ने दो सामाजिक प्रवचन लिखे - 'पाटिल प्रताप' (1928) और 'अमृतकण' (1929)। बाद में, सामाजिक सुधार, अस्पृश्यता, हिंदू धर्म और हिंदू समाज जैसे विभिन्न मुद्दों पर उनका वैचारिक लेखन महाराष्ट्र की विभिन्न पत्रिकाओं में प्रकाशित हुआ। 'शूद्र से पहले' कौन थे? (1951), उन्होंने 'उपनिषद और हिंदू महिलाओं का ह्रास' (1961), 'संविधान' पर तीन भाषण' लिखे।

साभार

विकिपीडिया : 8.1.2018
https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=2041191856171465&id=1703045756652745
D. S. Ravindra Doss

From Wikipedia
D. S. Ravindra Doss (20 November 1945 – 22 June 2012) was a senior Indian journalist, and founder and president of the Tamil Nadu Union of Journalists. He was also Vice President of All India Journalists.

D. S. Ravindra Doss
Born 20 November 1945
Died 22 June 2012 (aged 66)

Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Occupation newspaper editor, journalist

Career

Although journalism was the largest part of his career, Doss was also a writer, social activist, and political critic. He wrote more than 1,000 articles in different Tamil magazines and daily newspapers. He authored more than 15 books, mainly on social issues and Indian cinema. He was the editor and publisher of the monthly Tamil magazine Tamil Thendral, which was captioned as "A Magazine by Journalists for Journalists".
Dev Kumar
Dev Kumar (born February 6, 1972) is a Dalit writer and dramatist.


Early life and career

Dev Kumar belonging to the Bhangi community, was born on 6 February 1972 in Haddi Godam locality of Kanpur. His mother Smt. Ganga Devi worked as a maid-servant in a school and his father Shri Prabhu dayal was a Supervisor in Municipal Corporation, Kanpur. He had four children and, thus, the burden of their up bring and education was enormous. But it did not deter him from encouraging his children to join school to obtain education. Dev had his primary education in a school set up by members of his own community and was situated in his own locality. All students in his school were either Dalits or Muslims. Not a single upper caste student even studied there. He passed his 8th standard from this school in the year 1984. In 1987 he passed his High School from Bishambhar Nath Sanatan Dharma Inter College, Kanpur. He sought admission in the Christ Church College for pursuing his B.sc. in 1991. He was admitted to the college, but this time his fortune had something different for him in store. When he was in the 1st year of his graduation, his father died; a trauma too severe for a man struggling economically to raise his educational status. Suddenly, all his dreams were shattered, and he had no option but to leave his studies. Being the eldest in the family, he had to shoulder the entire responsibility of looking after his ailing mother and other members of the family. As per law of the land, he was offered a job on his father’s post i.e. a supervisor in the Municipal Corporation which he accepted with a heavy heart.

During his early days he encountered multiple instances of discrimination on account of being a Dalit, and that too a Bhangi, a torment that he had to bear for no fault of his. What afflicted him more was his neglect by the members of the other Dalit communities, as the community of sweepers was considered to be the lowest in their hierarchy. While studying in Inter College, one day he missed his classes. The next day, a Brahman class fellow of his inquired from him the reason for his absence. He replied, “I had gone to the dentist for getting one of my teeth extracted”. On this his friend knocked him down with his shoes, saying “When you people perform everything with your own hand why should you visit a doctor for this”. Dev was amazed and failed to understand the hidden meaning in this act.

The insult he met in his intermediate class was not a solitary incident of rebuke and repression. There were several other such humiliating and tormenting experiences. He began to understand what all this meant after reading the works of Ambedkar. Ambedkar gave him the vision through which he viewed not only his own past, but also the shortcomings in the Dalit communities and the injustice meted out to them by the savarna (the upper caste people). Ambedkar’s books transformed his perception of life, and evoked in him the zeal to work for the uplift of the marginalized communities. He pondered for many days on the status of the culturally marginalized communities. How to improve their condition? How to bring them out from a history that stretched so much into the past? At this critical moment, Ambedkar’s thought helped him to formulate strategies. Pen to him was mightier than the sword. So he took to writing booklets.

Literature work

‘More Bazaar’ was his first booklet to be published from the money he had saved from his tuition fee in 1992–1993. He published other booklets which include ‘Haan Haan Haan Main Bhangi Hoon’. Two booklets ‘Dom Se Mahar Tak’ and ‘Aatmaghati Dasta’ are the in press. His unpublished writings include Bhangi Tola, Yugdarshan-Sudarshan, Meri Lal Diary, Bheem Bawani (Poems), Vo Jhelti Gaadi, Bharat Mein Bhangi: Bhangi Mein Bharat, Abhang Shastra, Barood and Bhangiyon Ke Bachche. His desire for social transformation is so deep that he has no reluctance in paying for the publication, even at the cost of his means of livelihood.
Dramatic work

Conscious of the fact that the booklets do not reach out to all sections of society, he set up his own theatre known as ‘Apna Theatre’ on 14 April 1992. Through the medium of this theatre, he strives to awaken consciousness among the people of the Dalit communities. His first Natak (drama), ‘Daastan’, was based on the ill deeds of the Aryans. His other plays include Nakhuda, Bhadra Angulimaal, Chakradhari, Sudarshan, Kapat, Bhulni, Bhamti, Lautri Ke Beemar, Nihang, Agyat Etihaas (based on Veerangana Udadevi Pasi), Amar Shaheed Matadin Bhangi and Jamadaar Ka Kurta, etc.

Social work

In the year 2000, he also started publication of a bi-monthly newsletter called ‘Jai Bhim’, which was completely dedicated to the Dalit issues. But it closed down in 2001 due to financial crisis. He organized discussions among children, helping them to learn about leading a respectful life, unlike his own. He brings out pamphlets for distribution in different localities. These pamphlets contain messages to awaken self-respect among the people and develop a feeling of pride in being a member of their own community. But now he is a disillusioned man due to the attitude of indifference and apathy of his own community members towards his efforts. They refuse to give up their traditional occupation of sweeping. To inspire them, he has created captions like ‘Jharu ke upar kalam, kalam ke upar taj’, (pen over broom, crown over pen). His other slogans are, ‘Jharu chodo Kalam Pakdo’ (Leave broom, hold pen) and ‘Vote se raj tak, jharu se taj tak’(From vote to governance, from broom to crown). Despite his community’s attitude he refuses to lose faith in future and believes that the tears of Baba Saheb Ambedkar will never let him sleep and always encourage his dream of establishing an egalitarian social system. His passion for social work propels him to do anything and everything for the uplift of the marginalized communities.
Deb Roy
From Wikipedia

Deb Roy

Deb Roy at an MIT faculty meeting, 2014
Born
WinnipegManitoba, Canada
Alma mater MIT
Scientific career
Institutions MIT, Bluefin Labs, Twitter

Deb Roy is a tenured professor at MIT and served as Chief Media Scientist of Twitter from 2013-2017. A native of Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, Roy received his PhD in Media Arts and Sciences from MIT. He directed the Cognitive Machines group and now directs the Laboratory for Social Machine at the MIT Media Lab where he conducts research on language, games, and social dynamics at the intersection of artificial intelligence and cognitive psychology. An author of over 100 academic papers in machine learning, cognitive modeling, and human-machine interaction, his TED talk, Birth of a Word, (based on the 2006–2009 Human Speechome Project) has been viewed over 2.5 million times.

In 2008, he co-founded and was the founding CEO of Bluefin Labs, a social TV analytics company, which MIT Technology Review named as one of the 50 most innovative companies of 2012. Bluefin was acquired by Twitter in 2013.

The Laboratory for Social Machines started in 2014 with an investment of $10 million from Twitter over a five-year period. The agreement also gives the lab access to all historical Twitter data and access to the firehose of all real-time tweets. The lab aims to "create new platforms for both individuals and institutions to identify, discuss, and act on pressing societal problems In 2018, Soroush Vosoug hi, Deb Roy, and Sinan Aral published "The spread of true and false news online" in Science. The paper examined "~126,000 stories tweeted by ~3 million people more than 4.5 million times," and found that "Falsehood diffused significantly farther, faster, deeper, and more broadly than the truth in all categories of information, and the effects were more pronounced for false political news than for false news about terrorism, natural disasters, science, urban legends, or financial information." Additionally, the authors found that "Contrary to conventional wisdom, robots accelerated the spread of true and false news at the same rate, implying that false news spreads more than the truth because humans, not robots, are more likely to spread it."

Drishadwati Bargi
The rather long title could have been longer if it were to encapsulate the full range of the subjectivity of this scribe. It should have been "The dilemma of being an upwardly mobile, English speaking, Dalit Feminist and ideologue who is simultaneously a wannabe intellectual, a commodity fetishist and a person with ambivalent sexual orientation (I am deliberately choosing not to use the word "queer" since I am not sure what it means) and who is working in Kolkata, West Bengal".

Much as I sound so, this paper is not a narcissistic exercise in dissecting, identifying and cataloguing my subjectivities. Rather, my focus will be on the experience of working in a University and a city which boast of being the intellectual hotbed of the country. Of course, I will be talking as a student who has studied here for five years. I do not claim to speak for other Dalit students. Nor do I claim to represent the sum total of the experience of caste discrimination that is faced by other Dalit students. There might be Dalits who will deny facing any discrimination, there might be Dalits who have had to physically bear the burden of their caste in the University. I belong to neither camp. Rather this article is about my personal journey with my caste in the campus, how I have sought to negotiate with it and the way I perceive it. Not only is the personal nature of the gaze very important here so is the personal motive since I am also writing, thinking and theorizing about caste for academic purpose.

It is not uncommon for Bengali Bhadroloks and Bhadromahilas to claim that caste does not exist in West Bengal. Why, do we hear or read about caste riots or caste rapes? There are Brahmins who reject their threads, relish beef and do not mind sharing hash, fag or biri with a scheduled caste (not Dalit) friend or two. The radicals take their time out of their busy schedules to have long addas at humble roadside tea stalls, binge (read gobble) into street food prepared by scheduled castes (not Dalits) and occasionally sneer at a scheduled caste (not Dalit) colleague who is hesitating to sit on the dusty pavement for fear of dirtying the first Peter England trousers of his life and is being castigated for his snobbishness.

If one desires to know the real radical that rests and occasionally bursts out in flames in every Bhadrolok and Bhadromahila's heart one must take into account what goes on in the addas. The addas are a gateway to the heart, mind and not to forget the stomach of Bengalis. One confronts the romantic, the intellectual and the splenetic or the bilious side of the Bengali Bhadrosamaj in its most unabashed nakedness in the adda sessions. The addas may include a heated discussion on the revolution in Cuba to the expression of anathema at having a Punjabi (i.e., non-Bengali) as an editor of a reputed literary journal in English, from the price of the newly purchased four bedroom apartment to Mayawati's lavish bungalow.

Being a Bengali Dalit who has been extremely fortunate/unfortunate to enjoy and observe the company of the Bhadrosamaj for a long time, I have also caught some of the quirks of their nature. Perhaps you are thinking that I am simply beating about the bush by talking about bhadrosamaj and addas, but it is through these sessions that I have encountered the most obscene forms of casteism. It has come when classmates and professors have made fun of people with non-brahmanical surnames and then smiled at you in mock apology, when the academic failure of reserved category (not Dalit) students has been used to justify that reservation is an unmixed evil, when the ignorance of English language of reserved category (not Dalit) students is perceived as something that insults the intellect of the English speaking teacher.

Caste came to me when I ditched an upper caste guy for his sexism and was told in turn that he let me go easily because I was three notches lower than him in the caste ladder. It came from my Dalit friends who perceived my friendship with upper caste students as a form of betrayal. It invaded my mind and entered my bed when I was being caressed by a lover. The tenets of Manu that forbade Dalits from wearing gold and precious stones suddenly hit me when I was celebrating my first branded bag or reminiscing about my first experience of drinking a cup of hot chocolate at the age of twenty four in spite of living in a metropolis for the last ten years.

My recently acquired 'commodity fetishism' as pronounced by some Marxists has revealed that I am a hypocrite masquerading as Dalit emancipator. If the ignorance of the English language of scheduled caste students allegedly mocked the intelligence of our teachers my knowledge of the language (however incomplete and insufficient it is) is now seen as something that is making me a class enemy by otherwise anglophile Bengali Comrades.

The result is a dilemma, a kind of intellectual, emotional and psychological paralysis of sorts. Should I identify myself as a Dalit? Do I have the right to work on Dalit Literature? Do I have the right to do so, given my alleged hypocrisy and betrayal, which has been felt in some way or the other by Dalits as well as non-Dalits? This dilemma has been quite unnerving for me. It has led to mental and psychological alienation, anxiety and a sense of extreme loneliness.

Once, in an interview I was told, rather absurdly by a professor that there are no Dalits in West Bengal. I had responded with a wry smile and had nothing to say. It is my contention that there are no Dalits in West Bengal because of the simple fact that Dalits are not allowed to exist. You can be a casteless Brahmin, Baidya or Kayastha. On the other side of the equation, you can be an untouchable/achyut waiting to be emancipated (accultured) by upper caste casteless radicals or you can be a scheduled caste employee perpetually embarrassed for enjoying the "privilege" of affirmative action.

The word Dalit as I understand it refers to dignity of the person concerned without taking away the history of prejudice and discrimination that he or she still faces in forms that cannot be explained through Bhadrolok Marxism. It has gradually incorporated within itself the long history of resistance against caste system as well as our claim to an autonomous identity that cannot be equated with the predicament of being poor, working class or an untouchable but includes something more than that.

When I identify myself as a Dalit I am making a claim and seeking recognition for that discrimination, prejudice as well as that resistance. But inadvertently by identifying myself as a Dalit I am also doing something more. I am challenging a practice of "division of labourers" that is endemic to West Bengal. This is the division between emancipators (which includes writers, intellectuals, social activists, doctors, economists, trade union leaders, Naxalite leaders) and the to be emancipated (which includes peasants, workers in factories and homes, taxi drivers, rickshaw pullers etc).

Just browse at any book store or go through the names of the faculty of the famous universities or the list of authors in any random little magazine dedicated to social transformation in the state. You will find the Bhattacharjees, Mukherjees, Boses, and Dasguptas glittering on the pages. And then try to find out the surnames of the thousands of men and women who form the crowd at any political rally or gathering, the men who clean the streets every morning and take away our shit and waste the women who commute daily to keep the houses of Bhadrolok clean.
In this context a Brahmin taxi driver or a Dalit lecturer or activist (especially) is an eyesore, a cause of moral and political anathema. This is feudalism twisted to suit the needs of Bhadrolok Radicalism. Bhadrolok Marxism entailed that a caste of people /bhadrolok will be destined to emancipate another caste of people, the chotolok. If the chotolok suddenly claims to be a Dalit and emancipates himself or herself then he/she challenges the bhadrolok's prerogative to liberate the chotolok thereby challenging a system of dependence, power and relationship of dominance and subordination. He/she is also laying a claim to a history of movement that has focused on the agency of Dalits and suspected the benevolence and the radicalism of the savarnas.

The identity Dalit challenges the hierarchy between the caste of emancipator and the caste of emancipated and renders the emancipator redundant and useless. As a result not a single opportunity is missed to target the person, intellectually as well as psychologically who attempts to challenge this division and decry his/her claim to the identity. The question then is not whether I should identify myself as a Dalit or whether I have the right to. The question is whether I can afford to identify myself as a Dalit and bear the resultant alienation, intellectual and emotional that will inevitably accompany it. The dilemma then stems from an angst and a very human fear of being left alone in the world. All said and done I will love to be proved false. I would really love it if any other Bengali Dalit opposes my thesis and presents a better picture.
Dr. D. Shina


Dr D Shina (Shina Radhakrishnan, D. Shyna, Malayalam – ഡി. ഷൈന) is an academic, researcher and writer in Electricity Finance. She is actively engaged in research activities in various aspects of Power Industry. Her views and analysis of power sector are widely noticed and published by national dailies. She started her career as an academician and retired as Associate Professor in the Commerce Department in Sree Narayana College, Kollam. a premiere center of higher education in South India. She is currently with the Sree Narayana Guru College of Legal StudiesKollam. She lives at No 11 Aradhana Nagar, Kollam
Birth and education

She was born 19 February 1957 at KollamKerala in 1957 as the daughter of Kootungal Divakaran and Panamoottil Bhasurangi.. She had her school education in Craven L M S High School, Kollam and the higher education at Sree Narayana College for Women, Kollam. She took her M Com degree from S N College, Kollam. Her M Phil and Ph D were awarded by the University of Kerala. K. Radhakrishnan former member (Generation Kerala State Electricity Board is her husband. Sruthi R Krishan and Anath R Krishnan are children married to Unnikrishnan K P and Revathy Lal respectively.

Career and Achievements

She has been teaching in graduate and post graduate levels in various colleges under Kerala University for more than 33 years now. She is actively engaged in research activities mainly centering power sector. Her comments on the sector are often well accepted. Her study on the Financial Performance of the Kerala State Electricity Board completed in 2007 made strong recommendations for continuance of Electricity Industry in Public Sector. Currently she is conducting a study on the impact of load shedding in industries. This study is sponsored by the University Grants Commission (India). She had several works to her credit including articles in research journals, periodicals and news papers. Her study with Dr M Sarngadharan on Indian power industry in the public sector  published by Cooperjal Ltd UK was well noted. From 2008 onward she analyzes the Union Budget about power sector for the national daily the Hindu  and is often described as an electricity finance expert by news papers
Dharamvir Bharati
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Dr. Dharamvir Bharati
Born 25 December 1926
Died 4 September 1997 (aged 70)
Occupation Writer (essayist, novelist, poet)
Nationality Indian
Education M.A. Hindi, PhD
Notable works Gunahon Ka Devta (1949, novel)
Suraj ka Satwan Ghoda (1952, novel)
Andha Yug (1953, play)
Notable awards 1972: Padmashree
1984: Valley Turmeric Best Journalism Award
1988: Best Playwright Maharana Mewar Foundation Award
Rajendra Prasad Shikhar Samman
Bharat Bharati Samman
1994: Maharashtra Gaurav
Kaudiya Nyas
Vyasa Samman
Spouse Kanta Bharti (married 1954) (first wife), Pushpa Bharti (second. wife)
Children daughter Parmita (first wife); son Kinshuk Bharati and a daughter Pragya Bharati (second wife)

Dharamvir Bharati (25 December 1926 – 4 September 1997) was a renowned Hindi poet, author, playwright and a social thinker of India. He was the chief editor of the popular Hindi weekly magazine Dharmayug, from 1960 till 1987.

Bharati was awarded the Padma Shree for literature in 1972 by the Government of India. His novel Gunaho Ka Devta became a classic. Bharati's Suraj ka Satwan Ghoda is considered a unique experiment in story-telling and was made into a National Film Award-winning movie by the same name in 1992 by Shyam BenegalAndha Yug, a play set immediately after the Mahabharata war, is a classic that is frequently performed in public by drama groups

He was awarded the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award in Playwriting (Hindi) in 1988, given by Sangeet Natak Akademi, India's National Academy of Music, Dance and Drama.

Early life

Dharamvir Bharati was born on 25 December 1926 in a Kayastha Family of Allahabad to Chiranji Lal and Chanda devi. The family underwent considerable financial hardships after his father died early. He had a sister, Dr. Veerbala.

He did his MA in Hindi from Allahabad University in 1946 and won the "Chintamani Ghosh Award" for securing highest marks in Hindi.

Dharamvir Bharati was the sub-editor for magazines Abhyudaya and Sangam during this period. He completed his PhD in 1954 under Dr. Dhirendra Verma on the topic of "Siddha Sahitya" and was appointed lecturer in Hindi at Allahabad University. The 1950s were the most creative period in Bharati's life: He wrote many novels, dramas, poems, essays, and critical works during this phase.

Journalism (Mumbai)

In 1960 he was appointed as chief-editor of the popular Hindi weekly magazine Dharmayug by the Times Group and moved to Bombay. He remained the editor of Dharmayug till 1987. During this long phase the magazine became the most popular Hindi weekly of the country and reached new heights in Hindi journalism. As a field reporter, Bharati personally covered the Indo-Pak war that resulted in the liberation of Bangladesh.

Personal life

Dr Bharati married in 1954 and later divorced Kanta Bharati with whom he had a daughter: Parmita. A few years later he remarried and had a son Kinshuk Bharati and a daughter Pragya Bharati with Pushpa Bharati.

Bharati developed heart ailments and died after a brief illness in 1997.

Prominent works
Novels

Gunaho Ka Devta (गुनाहों का देवता) (1949)
Suraj ka Satwan Ghoda (सूरज का सातवां घोड़ा, 1952) (The Seventh Steed of the Sun) — A short novel published in 1952 that may be viewed as a set of connected mini-narratives can be called one of the foremost instances of metafiction in 20th century Hindi literature. The protagonist is a young man named Manik Mulla who recounts these tales to his friends. The name of the work is an allusion to Hindu mythology according to which the chariot of the Sun-God Surya is said to be drawn by seven horses. (viz. seven days in a week). This novella has been translated into Bengali by poet Malay Roy Choudhury of Hungry generation fame, for which he was bestowed with the Sahitya Academy Award. Shyam Benegal's film by the same name (1992), based on the novel, won the National Film Award for Best Actor.

Giyara sapno ka desh (ग्यारह सपनों का देश)
Prarambh va Samapan (प्रारंभ व समापन)

Poetry

Kanupriya, Thanda Loha, Saat Geet Varsh, Sapana Abhi Bhi and Toota Pahiya are amongst his most popular works of poetry. Toota Pahiya tells a story of how a broken wheel helped Abhimanyu in the Mahabharata war.

Play in poetry

Andha Yug (The Age of Blindness) is a poetic play. Structured on events in the MahabharataAndha Yug focuses on the last day of the Mahabharata war. It is a powerful metaphorical work. It has been directed by Ebrahim AlkaziRaj Bisaria, M.K. Raina, Ratan ThiyamArvind GaurRam Gopal BajajMohan MaharishiBhanu Bharti [Pravin kumar gunjan ]and many other Indian theatre directors.
Story collections

Drow Ka gaon (र्दों का गाव), Swarg aur Prathvhi (स्वर्ग और पृथ्वी), Chand aur Tute hue Log (चाँद और टूटे हुए लोग), Band gali Ka Aakhkri Makaan (बंद गली का आखिरी मकान), Saas ki Kalam se (सास की कलम से), Samasta Kahaniya ek Saath (समस्त कहानियाँ एक साथ)

Essays

Thele par Himalayas (ठेले पर हिमालय), Pashyanti stories: Ankahi (पश्यंती कहानियाँ :अनकही), The river was thirsty (नदी प्यासी थी), Neel Lake (नील झील), Human values and literature (मानव मूल्य और साहित्य), Cold iron (ठंडा लोहा)
Film about Bharati

Dr. Bharati: documentary directed by young story writer Uday Prakash for Sahitya Akademi, Delhi, 1999

Awards

Padma Shri by the Government of India, 1972
Rajendra Prasad Shikhar Samman
Bharat Bharati Samman
Maharashtra Gaurav, 1994
Kaudiya Nyas
Vyasa Samman
1984, Valley turmeric best journalism awards
1988, best playwright Maharana Mewar Foundation Award
1989, the Sangeet Natak Akademi, Delhi

Translations

Andha Yug: Dharamvir Bharati, translated in English by Alok Bhalla, published by Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-567213-8ISBN 0-19-567213-5
Fazal Tabish
 

Name:-FazalTabish Birth:-5 August 1933 Bhopal Death:-10 November 1995 Fazal Tabish kisi ek khaas vichardhaha ke saath nahi hain wo zindagi ke saath jude hain wo banaye hue raaston se katra kar nikal jaate hain unki shayari tajurbon ki den hai.

Fazal Tabish ki shayari ka majmuan (book)" Roshni kis jagha se kali hai" ek novel "Wo Aadmi" do drame "Dara hua aadmi" aur"Akahre ke bahar se"hain.Unka pehla stage drama "Bila Unvan" Central Government ministry of S.R.C.A. ne pehla enaam diya. "Dara hua aadmi" aur "Akahre ke bahar se" stage drame hindi mein bhi publish huye hain . In dramon ke Shri Alaknandan ne stage shows kiye. Shri Rajendra Shukl ne "Dara hua aadmi" direct kiya. Premchand ke novel "Karmbhumi" ko dramein ka roop diya aur usey Shri B.V. Karant ne direct kiya. Danish drama "The judge" ka translation urdu mein kiya yeh darama Bharat Bhawan mein 20-25 baar pesh kiya gaya.Ek Tele Film "Urdu hai jiska naam" Shri Raam Tiwari ne Bhopal Durdarshan ke liye bnayi. Mani Kaul ki Film "Satah se uthta aadmi" aur Kumar Shahni ki film "Khyaal Gaatha" mein kaam kiya. Merchant-Ivory ke liye Ismail Merchant ki direct k hui film "Muhaafiz" mein location organiser ke saath script mein madad ki aur kaam bhi kiya.Hindi ke 50 kaviyon k kavitaon ko Urdu lipi mein tranlate kiya. "Jharokha" naam se yeh kitab Madhay Pradesh Urdu Academy ne publish ki.

Fazal Tabish, Urdu zubaan ka baaNkaa shaair thaa. This is often you get to hear about Fazal Sahab. I had heard a lot about him especially his personality and bohemian lifestyle.

In my school days I knew him through his son, who was our teacher. But I never met him. It was only after his death that I read some of his poetry and was instantly drawn towards it. Fazal's poetry is different in the sense that all his ghazals and Nazms stand out amongst hundreds of contemporary poets of his generation.

shakhsiyat hai ki sirf gaalii hai
jaane kis shakhs ne uchhaalii hai

shahar dr shahar haath ugte haiN
kuchh to hai jo har ek savaalii hai

jo bhii haath aaye TuuT kar chaaho
haar ke yah ravish nikaalii hai

meer kaa dil kahaaN se laaoge
Khuun kii buund to bachaa lii hai

jism meN bhii utar ke dekh liyaa
haath Khaalii thaa ab bhii khaalii hai

resha resha udheD kar dekho
roshnii kis jagah se kaalii hai

din ne chehraa kharoNch Daalaa thaa
jab to suuraj pe Khaak Daalii hai

A group of Qawwals rendered it at a function a few years back. They sung it differently and started with the last two couplets but had a magical affect on the audience. Of course, his sexually explicit couplets once floated across the Urdu world:

chaahte the aazmuudaa aurat ka visaal
khair jaisii bhii haath aaye, nibhaayaa chaahiye....(aazmuuda=experienced)

But it is Nazm where Fazal Tabish reveals his brilliance. Never in the history of Urdu poetry, a poet had treated the subject of sex like Fazal did. Amongst the voices of Nazm in the post-Progressive movement era, Shaharyar, Nida Fazli, Shamsur Rahman Faruqi, Ameeq Hanafi are counted but I surely consider Fazal amongst them. His nazm for another day.
Girija Kumar Mathur
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

गिरिजाकुमार माथुर
Born 22 August 1919
Died 10 January 1994 (aged 75)
Occupation Writer, Poet
Nationality Indian
Notable works Nash aur Nirman, Nayi Kavita: Seemae aur Sambhavnae
Notable awards Sahitya Akademi Award
Children Pawan Mathur, Amitabh Mathur , Ashok Mathur

Girija Kumar Mathur (Hindi: गिरिजाकुमार माथुर) (22 August 1919 - 10 January 1994) was a notable Indian writer of the Hindi language. He is noted for his translation of the popular English song "We Shall Overcome" into Hindi (हम होगें कामयाब). His father, Devicharan Mathur, was a teacher in a local school and greatly admired music as well as literature. his mother name was laxmidevi Girijakumar Mathur is considered one of the most important writers in Hindi due to his efforts to modernise Hindi literature and promote it through many of his works.

Early life

Girijakumar Mathur was born in Ashoknagar which was tehsil of guna before 2003 Madhya Pradesh, on 22 August 1919. He was homeschooled by his father in History, Geography and English. After obtaining his primary education in Jhansi, he was awarded a degree of M.A (English) and L.L.B from Lucknow University. After practicing law for a few years, he started working in All India Radio and later Doordarshan.

Professional and musical career

On obtaining his law degree, Mathur initially worked as a lawyer, but subsequently joined the Delhi office of All India Radio. After a few years there, he moved on to join the then only television broadcasting organization of India, Doordarshan.

Mathur published his first collection of poems, Manjir in 1941.

It was during his service in Doordarshan that mathur translated the popular gospel and civil rights movement song "We shall overcome" into Hindi as "Honge Kaamyab" (होंगे कामयाब). It was sung by a female singer of the Doordarshan orchestra and the music was arranged by Satish Bhatia using Indian musical instruments. This version of the song was subsequently released by TVS Saregama. This Hindi rendition was released in 1970 as a song of social upliftment and was often broadcast by Doordarshan in the 1970s and 1980s. Doordarshan at that time was the only television station of India, and this song was especially played on days of national significance.

Mathur continued to work in Doordarshan, retiring in 1978 as the Deputy Director general.

Works

Girijakumar Mathur started his career in literature in 1934 in the Braj language.Greatly influenced by authors such as Makhanlal Chaturvedi and Balkrishna Sharma 'Navin', he published his first anthology, 'Manjir' in 1941. He was an important contributor to Hindi literature and used his works to spread moral messages through society. His notable works include:

Nash aur Nirman
Dhup ke Dhan
Sheilapankh Chamkile
Bhitri Nadi Ki Yatra (Anthology)
Janm Kaid (Play)
Nayi Kavita:Seemae aur Sambhavnae

Girijakumar Mathur was one of the seven eminent Hindi poets included in Tar Saptak, an anthology edited and published by Agyeya in 1943. Apart from poems, he wrote many plays, songs as well as essays. In 1991, he was awarded the Sahitya Akademi Award for his anthology, "Main Vakt ke Hun Samne" as well as the Vyas Samman in the same year. He is noted for his translation of the popular English song "We Shall Overcome" into Hindi.

Mathur described his life's journey in his autobiography Mujhe aur abhi kehna hai (मुझे और अभी कहना है) (I still have to say something).

Death

Girijakumar Mathur died on 10 January 1994, aged 75 in New Delhi.
गोपाल राम गहमरी

गोपाल राम गहमरी (1866-1946) हिंदी के महान सेवक, उपन्यासकार तथा पत्रकार थे। वे 38 वर्षों तक बिना किसी सहयोग के 'जासूस' नामक पत्रिका निकालते रहे, २०० से अधिक उपन्यास लिखे, सैकड़ों कहानियों के अनुवाद किए, यहां तक कि रवीन्द्रनाथ ठाकुर की 'चित्रागंदा' काव्य का भी (पहली बार हिंदी अनुवाद गहमरीजी द्वारा किया गया) अनुवाद किए। वह ऐसे लेखक थे, जिन्होंने हिंदी की अहर्निश सेवा की, लोगों को हिंदी पढऩे को उत्साहित किया, ऐसी रचनाओं का सृजन करते रहे कि लोगों ने हिंदी सीखी। यदि देवकीनंदन खत्री के बाद किसी दूसरे लेखक की कृतियों को पढ़ने के लिए गैरहिंदी भाषियों ने हिंदी सीखी तो वे गोपालराम गहमरी ही थे।


गहमरी ने प्रारंभ में नाटकों का अनुवाद किया, फिर उपन्यासों का अनुवाद करने लगे। बंगला से हिन्दी में किया गया इनका अनुवाद तब बहुत प्रामाणिक माना गया। बहुमुखी प्रतिभा के धनी गोपालराम गहमरी ने कविताएं, नाटक, उपन्यास, कहानी, निबंध और साहित्य की विविध विधाओं में लेखन किया, लेकिन प्रसिद्धि मिली जासूसी उपन्यासों के क्षेत्र में। 'जासूस' नामक एक मासिक पत्रिका निकाली। इसके लिए इन्हें प्रायः एक उपन्यास हर महीने लिखना पड़ा। 200 से ज्यादा जासूसी उपन्यास गहमरीजी ने लिखे। 'अदभुत लाश', 'बेकसूर की फांसी', 'सरकती लाश', 'डबल जासूस', 'भयंकर चोरी', 'खूनी की खोज' तथा 'गुप्तभेद' इनके प्रमुख उपन्यास हैं। जासूसी उपन्यास-लेखन की जिस परंपरा को गहमरी ने जन्म दिया, उसका हिन्दी में विकास ही न हो सका।

परिचय

गोपाल राम गहमरी का जन्म पौष कृष्ण 8 गुरुवार संवत् 1923 (सन् 1866 ई) में उत्तर प्रदेश के गाजीपुर जिले के गहमर में हुआ था। इनके प्रपितामह श्री जगन्नाथ साहू फ्रांसीसी छींट के व्यापारी थे। उनके दो पुत्र थे-रघुनंदन और बृजमोहन। रघुनंदनजी के तीन पुत्र हुए राम नारायण, कालीचरण और रामदास। गोपालराम गहमरी, रामनारायणजी के पुत्र थे। कालीचरण नि:संतान थे और रामदास के एक ही पुत्र थे महावीर प्रसाद गहमरी। गोपालराम गहमरी को भी एक ही पुत्र थे इकबाल नारायण। महावीर प्रसाद गहमरी के दो पुत्र थे देवता प्रसाद गहमरी एवं दुर्गा प्रसाद गहमरी। देवता प्रसाद गहमरी बहुत दिनों तक काशी से प्रकाशित होने वाले दैनिक 'आज' और 'सन्मार्ग' से जुड़े रहे।

गोपाल राम गहमरी जब छह मास के थे तभी पिता का देहांत हो गया और इनकी माँ इन्हें लेकर अपने मैके गहमर चली आईं। गहमर में ही गोपाल राम का लालन-पालन हुआ। प्रारंभिक शिक्षा-संस्कार यहीं संपन्न हुए। गहमर से अतिरिक्त लगाव के कारण उन्होंने अपने नाम के साथ अपने इस ननिहाल को जोड़ लिया और गोपालराम गहमरी कहलाने लगे।

उनकी प्रारंभिक शिक्षा गहमर में हुई थी। वहीं से वर्नाक्यूलर मिडिल की शिक्षा ग्रहण की। 1879 में मिडिल पास किया। फिर वहीं गहमर स्कूल में चार वर्ष तक छात्रों को पढ़ाते रहे और खुद भी उर्दू और अंगरेजी का अभ्यास करते रहे। इसके बाद पटना नार्मल स्कूल में भर्ती हुए, जहां इस शर्त पर प्रवेश हुआ कि उत्तीर्ण होने पर मिडिल पास छात्रों को तीन वर्ष पढ़ाना पड़ेगा। आर्थिक स्थिति अच्छी न होने के कारण इस शर्त को स्वीकार कर लिया। लेकिन बीच में ही पढ़ाई छोड़कर गहमरी जी बेतिया महाराजा स्कूल में हेड पंडित की जगह पर कार्य करने चले गए। सन 1888 ई में सब कामों से छुट्टी कर हाई फर्स्ट ग्रेड में नार्मल की परीक्षा पास की। इसके तुरंत बाद 1889 में रोहतासगढ़ में हेडमास्टर नियुक्त हो गए। मगर, यहां भी वे टिक नहीं पाए और बंबई के प्रसिद्ध प्रकाशक सेठ गंगाविष्णु खेमराज के आमंत्रण पर 1891 में बंबई चले गए।

गहमरी जी जब रोहतासगढ़ में थे तो वहीं से पत्र-पत्रिकाओं में अपनी रचनाएं भेजा करते थे। बंबई में जब रहने लगे तो वहां भी उनकी कलम गतिशील रही। यह अलग बात है कि वे वहां भी अधिक दिनों तक नहीं टिक सके। चूंकि खेमराज का व्यवसाय पुस्तकों के प्रकाशन का था, इसलिए वहां उनके लिए रचनात्मकता के लिए कोई विशेष जगह नहीं थी। पत्र-पत्रिकाओं का प्रकाशन वहां से होता नहीं था। इसलिए, यहां अपने अनुकूल अवसरों को न देखकर वहां से त्यागपत्र देकर कालाकांकर चले आए। कालांकाकर (प्रतापगढ़, उत्तर प्रदेश) से निकलने वाले दैनिक 'हिन्दोस्थान' के गहमरी जी नियमित लेखक थे। इसके साथ ही उस समय की श्रेष्ठ पत्र-पत्रिकाएं 'बिहार बंधु', 'भारत जीवन', 'सार सुधानिधि' में भी नियमित लिखते थे।

जब 1892 में गहमरी जी राजा रामपाल सिंह के निमंत्रण पर कालाकांकर चले आए तो यहां वे संपादकीय विभाग से संबंद्ध हो गए और एक वर्ष तक रहे। यहीं पर काम करते हुए बांग्ला सीखी और अनुवाद के जरिए साहित्य को समृद्ध करने का प्रयास भी किया।

गहमरी जी एक जगह बहुत दिनों तक नहीं टिकते थे। एक बार फिर सन् 1893 में वे बंबई की ओर उन्मुख हुए और यहां से निकलने वाले पत्र 'बंबई व्यापार सिंधु' का संपादन करने लगे। इस पत्र को वहां के एक निर्भीक और असीम साहसी पोस्टमैन निकालते थे। लेकिन इस पत्र का दुर्भाग्य कहें या गहमरी जी का कि यह पत्र छह महीने के बाद बंद हो गया, लेकिन गहमरी जी बेकार नहीं हुए। वहीं के एक हिंदी प्रेमी एसएस मिश्र ने गहमरी जी को बुलाकर उन्हें 'भाषा भूषण' के संपादन का भार सौंपा। यह पत्र मासिक था। लेकिन यह पत्र भी बंद हो गया। लेकिन इसके बंद होने के पीछे न आर्थिक कारण थे न अन्य दूसरी तरह की प्रकाशकीय समस्याएं। बल्कि इस पत्र को एक दंगे के कारण बंद कर देना पड़ा।

'भाषा भूषण' के बंद होने के बाद नए ठौर की तलाश में चल पड़े। इनके चाहने वालों और इन पर स्नेह रखने वालों की कमी नहीं थी। उन्हीं में थे पं बालमुंकुद पुरोहित। इन्हीं की कृपा से गहमरी जी मंडला की ओर रुख किए। लेकिन यहां भी बहुत दिनों तक नहीं रह सके। यहां से मासिक 'गुप्तकथा' का प्रकाशन तो शुरू हुआ, लेकिन अर्थाभाव के कारण इस पत्र को असमय बंद कर देना पड़ा। गहमरीजी एक बार फिर चौराहे पर आ गए। लेकिन इस चौराहे से एक रास्ता फूटा जो बंबई की ओर जाता था। खेमराज जी ने 'श्री वेंकटेश्वर समाचार' नाम से पत्र का प्रकाशन शुरू कर दिया था। यह पत्र गहमरी जी के कुशल संपादन में थोड़े समय में ही लोकप्रिय हो गया। इसी दौरान प्रयाग से निकलने वाले 'प्रदीप' (बंगीय भाषा) में ट्रिब्यून के संपादक नगेंद्रनाथ गुप्त की एक जासूसी कहानी 'हीरार मूल्य' प्रकाशित हुई थी। गहमरीजी ने इस कहानी का हिंदी में अनुवाद कर श्री वेंकटेश्वर समाचार में कई किश्तों में प्रकाशित किया। यह जासूसी कहानी पाठकों को इतनी रुचिकर लगी कि कई पाठकों ने इस पत्र की ग्राहकता ले ली।

उस दौर में जासूसी ढंग की कहानियों में पाठकों की गहरी रुचि जग रही थी। इसमें रोचकता और रहस्य की ऐसी कथा गुंफित होती कि पाठकों के भीतर एक तरह की जुगुप्सा जगाती और पढऩे को विवश। गहमरी जी पाठकों के मन-मस्तिष्क को समझ चुके थे। 'हीरे का मोल' के अनुवाद की लोकप्रियता और 'जोड़ा जासूस' लिखकर पाठकों की प्रतिक्रियाओं से वे अवगत हो चुके थे। इस लोकप्रियता के कारण वे कई तरह की योजनाएं बनाने लगे। वे यह भी समझ चुके थे कि जासूसी ढंग की कहानियों के जरिए ही पाठकों का विशाल वर्ग तैयार किया जा सकता है। गहमरी जी पूरी तैयारी के साथ जासूसी ढंग के लेखन की ओर प्रवृत्त हुए। उल्लेखनीय बात यह भी है कि उनके साथ घटी कुछ घटनाओं ने भी जासूसी ढंग के लेखन की ओर उन्हें ढकेला। इस तरह 1899 में ही वे घर आकर जासूस निकालना चाहते थे, किंतु बालमुकुंद गुप्त के पुत्र की शादी होनी थी और वे 'भारत मित्र' के संपादन का भार गहमरी जी को देकर अपने गांव गुरयानी चले गए। कुछ दिनों तक गहमरी जी ने 'भारत मित्र' का कुशलता पूर्वक संपादन किया। इसकी वजह से 'जासूस' का प्रकाशन थोड़े समय के लिए स्थगित हो गया। उनकी इच्छा थी कि 'सरस्वती' के साथ ही 'जासूस' का भी प्रकाशन हो, लेकिन यह इच्छा उनके मन में ही रह गई। इस तरह जासूस का प्रकाशन जनवरी, 1900 में 'सरस्वती' के साथ न होकर चार महीने बाद यानी मई 1900 में हुआ।

गहमरी जी ने 'भारत मित्र' के संपादन के दौरान जासूस के निकलने की सूचना दे दी थी। इसका लाभ यह हुआ कि सैकड़ों पाठकों ने प्रकाशित होने से पहले ही पत्रिका की ग्राहकी ले ली। एक और उल्लेखनीय बात यह है कि हिंदी में 'जासूस' शब्द के प्रचलन का श्रेय गहमरी जी को ही जाता है। उन्होंने लिखा है कि '1892 से पहले किसी पुस्तक में जासूस शब्द नहीं दिख पड़ा था।' उन्होंने अपनी पत्रिका का नामकरण ऐसे किया जिससे आम पाठक आसानी से उसकी विषय वस्तु को समझ सके। 'जासूस' शब्द से हालांकि यह बोध होता है कि इसमें जासूसी ढंग की कहानियां ही प्रकाशित होती होंगी, लेकिन ऐसी बात नहीं थी। उसके हर अंक में एक जासूसी कहानी के अलावा समाचार, विचार और पुस्तकों की समीक्षाएं भी नियमित रूप से छपती थीं। जासूस निकालने के लिए उन्हें कुछ धन की आवश्यकता थी, इसकी पूर्ति उन्होंने 'मनोरमा' और 'मायाविनी' लिखकर कर ली। 'जासूस' का पहला अंक बाबू अमीर सिंह के हरिप्रकाश प्रेस से छपकर आया और पहले ही महीने में वीपीपी से पौने दो सौ रुपए की प्राप्ति हुई। इसने अपने प्रवेशांक से ही लोकप्रियता की सारी हदों को पार करते हुए शिखर को छू लिया था। इसकी अपार लोकप्रियता को देखकर गोपालराम गहमरी जब जासूसी ढंग की कहानियों और उपन्यासों के लेखन की ओर प्रवृत्त हो हुए तो फिर पीछे मुड़कर नहीं देखा और न इसकी परवाह की कि साहित्य के तथाकथित अध्येता उनके बारे में क्या राय रखते हैं। अपने प्रवेशांक में जासूस की परिचय कुछ इस अंदाज में पेश किया-

'डरिये मत, यह कोई भकौआ नहीं है, धोती सरियाकर भागिए मत, यह कोई सरकारी सीआईडी नहीं है। है क्या? क्या है? है यह पचास पन्ने की सुंदर सजी-सजायी मासिक पुस्तक, माहवारी किताब जो हर पहले सप्ताह सब ग्राहकों के पास पहुंचती है। हर एक में बड़े चुटीले, बड़े चटकीले, बड़े रसीले, बड़े गरबीले, बड़े नशीले मामले छपते हैं। हर महीने बड़ी पेचीली, बड़ी चक्करदार, बड़ी दिलचस्प घटनाओं से बड़े फड़कते हुए, अच्छी शिक्षा और उपदेश देने वाले उपन्यास निकलते हैं।..कहानी की नदी ऐसी हहराती है, किस्से का झरना ऐसे झरझराता है कि पढऩे वाले आनंद के भंवर में डूबने-उतराने लगते हैं।'

इस तरह यह पत्रिका अपनी पाठकों की बदौलत और उनके अपार स्नेह के कारण एक दो वर्ष नहीं, पूरे 38 वर्ष तक गहमर जैसे गांव से निकलती रही। जिस तरह बाल कृष्ण भट्ट ने भूख से जूझते हुए 33 वर्षों तक 'हिंदी प्रदीप' को प्रदीप्त रखा, वैसे ही गोपाल राम गहमरी ने येनकेनप्रकारेण 38 साल तक इसे जीवित रखा।

इस बीच उन्हें एक बार फिर बंबई जाने का अवसर मिला। वेंकटेश्वर समाचार पत्र निकल रहा था। उन्हें संपादक की जरूरत थी। यद्यपि उस समय उस पत्र के संपादक यशस्वी लेखक लज्जाराम मेहता जी थे। उन्हें अपने घर बूंदी जाना था। इसलिए पत्र को एक संपादक की जरूरत थी। गहमरी जी उनके बुलावे पर गए और कार्यभारा संभाला, लेकिन 'जासूस' बंद नहीं हुई। वह लगातार निकल रही थी। इस बीच गहमरी जी के समक्ष सेठ रंगनाथ ने प्रस्ताव रखा कि जासूस उनको दे दिया जाए और आजन्म रु 50 बतौर गुजारा लेते रहें। सेठ जी ने उनके समक्ष यह भी प्रस्ताव रखा कि बंबई में रहने की इच्छा न हो जो गहमर से ही लिखकर भेज दिया करें, प्रकाशित करता रहूंगा। लेकिन, गहमरी जी ने इस प्रस्ताव को अस्वीकार कर दिया और अपने गांव लौट आए।

इस दौरान गहमरी जी ने जासूसी विधा से हटकर आध्यात्मिक विषयक दो पुस्तकें लिखीं। 'इच्छाशक्ति' उनकी बंगला से अनुवादित रचना थी और 'मोहिनी विद्या', मैस्मेरिज्म पर अनूठी और हिंदी में संभवत: पहली रचना थी। ये दोनों पुस्तकें हिंदी पाठकों द्वारा काफी पसंद की गईं। बाद के दिनों में जासूसी लेखन से उनकी विरक्ति भी हो गई थी और वे धर्म-अध्यात्म की ओर मुड़ गए थे।

योगदान

गहमरी जी का कहना था कि 'जिसका उपन्यास पढ़कर पाठक ने समझ लिया कि सब सोलहो आने सच है, उसकी लेखनी सफल परिश्रम समझनी चाहिए।' गहमरी जी अपनी रचनाओं में पाठकों की रुचि का विशेष ध्यान रखते थे कि वे किस तरह की सामग्री पसंद करते हैं। साहित्य के संदर्भ में उनके विचार भी उच्च कोटि के थे। वे साहित्य को भी इतिहास मानते थे। उनका मानना था कि साहित्य जिस युग में रचा जाता है, उसके साथ उसका गहरा संबंध होता है। वे उपन्यास को अपने समय का इतिहास मानते थे। गुप्तचर, बेकसूर की फांसी, केतकी की शादी, हम हवालात में, तीन जासूस, चक्करदार खून, ठन ठन गोपाल, गेरुआ बाबा, 'मरे हुए की मौत' आदि रचनाओं में केवल रहस्य रोमांच ही नहीं हैं, बल्कि युग की संगतियां और विसंगतियां भी मौजूद हैं। समाज की दशा और दिशा का आकलन भी है। यह कहकर कि वे जासूसी और केवल मनोरंजक रचनाएं हैं, उनकी रचनाओं को खारिज नहीं किया जा सकता है, न उनके अवदानों से मुंह मोड़ा जा सकता है। गहमरी जी की बाद की पीढ़ी को जो लोकप्रियता मिली, उसका बहुत कुछ श्रेय देवकीनंदन खत्री और गहमरी जी को ही जाता है। इन्होंने अपने लेखन से वह स्थितियां बना दी थी कि लोगों का पढऩे की ओर रुझान बढ़ गया था। गहमरी जी ने अकेले सैकड़ों कहानियों, उपन्यासों क अनुवाद किए।

आचार्य रामचंद्र शुक्ल ने तो अपने साहित्य के इतिहास में गोपालराम गहमरी के कृतित्व को सराहा, लेकिन बाद के आलोचकों ने उन्हें बिसरा दिया। गौतम सान्याल ने हंस के एक विशेषांक में लिखा कि, 'प्रेमचंद के जिस उपन्यास को पठनीयता की दृष्टि से सर्वोच्च स्थान प्राप्त है, उस 'गबन' की अनेक कथा स्थितियां एक विदेशी क्राइम थ्रिलर से मिलती-जुलती हैं और जिसका अनुवाद गोपालराम गहमरी ने सन् 1906 में जासूस पत्रिका में कर चुके थे।' इस उद्धरण से गोपालराम गहमरी के बारे में कुछ और कहने की जरूरत नहीं है।







गोपालराम गहमरी

जन्म : 1866, गहमर, गाजीपुर (उत्तर प्रदेश) भाषा : हिंदी
विधाएँ : उपन्यास, कहानी, कविता, नाटक, निबंध

मुख्य कृतियाँ

उपन्यास : अद्भुत लाश, बेकसूर की फाँसी, सरकती लाश, डबल जासूस, भयंकर चोरी, खूनी की खोज, गुप्त भेद आदि लगभग दो सौ उपन्यास
निधन 1946 , 20 June.

गोपालराम गहमरी का ऐतिहासिक लेख ‘हिंदी की चिंदी’
Prabhat Ranjan

जोशीले पत्रकार संजय कृष्ण की सम्पादित पुस्तक आई है ‘गोपालराम गहमरी के संस्मरण’, जिसका प्रकाशन दिल्ली के विकल्प प्रकाशन द्वारा किया गया है. उस पुस्तक पर बाद में विस्तार से लिखूंगा. लेकिन हिंदी दिवस के मौके पर उस पुस्तक में संकलित उनके इस लेख की याद आई जो भाषा की अशुद्धियों और भाषा प्रयोग की अराजकता को लेकर है. 70-75 साल पहले लिखा गया यह लेख आज भी कितना प्रासंगिक लगता है- मॉडरेटर
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इन दिनों जब हमारी माननीय मातृभाषा हिन्दी सब तरह से राष्ट्रभाषा के सिंहासन पर विराजने के लिए अग्रसर होकर उस मर्यादा पर अधिष्ठित हो रही है, हिन्दी लेखकों में बेमाथे की दंवरी देखकर दुःख होता है। आजकल के नव शिक्षित युवक लेखकों में एक बड़ा रोग देखने में यह आता है कि वे अंगरेजी के नियम और कानून से हिन्दी को जकड़ देना चाहते हैं। इस प्रयास में वे अपने समान ही हिन्दी के अनभिज्ञ सहयोगियों से समर्थन से लाभ उठाकर सफल परिश्रम भी होते जा रहे हैं। दूसरी ओर हिन्दी अनमेल वाक्य रचना, अशुद्ध प्रयोग और भद्दे मुहावरों की भरमार होती जा रही है।

हिन्दी में अब अशुद्धियों की नांव दिनों-दिन बोझिल होती जा रही है। ऐसे अवसर पर हिन्दी के मर्मज्ञ सुलेखकों की चुप्पी और आफत ढा रही है। यह बड़े दुःख की बात है कि हिन्दी के वर्तमान महारथी नए हिन्दी लेखकों के अनर्थ चुपचाप देख रहे हैं। समझ में नहीं आता कि इस अवसर पर माननीय सर्वश्री अम्बिका प्रसाद बाजपेयी, सकल नरायण शर्मा तीर्थत्रय, कामता प्रसाद गुरु, जगन्नाथ प्रसाद ‘भानु’, माखनलाल चतुर्वेदी, ज्वालादत्त शर्मा,राय नरायण मिश्र, रामनरेश त्रिपाठी, झाबरमल शर्मा,मूलचन्द्र अग्रवाल, डाॅक्टर श्यामसुन्दर दास, रामकृष्ण दास आदि महोदय हिन्दी में यह मनमानों पर जाने क्यों और कैसे देख रहे हैं।

इस अवसर पर यह दोहा याद आ रहा हैः-

सरस कविन के मम्म कौ, वेधत द्वै मो कौन।
असमझवार सराहिबौ, समझवार को मौन।

यहाँ किसी का नाम नहीं लेकर या किसी की अशुद्धियों का उदाहरण देकर किसी के वाक्य युद्ध करना अभीष्ट नहीं है। हिन्दी की चिन्दी करने वाले भाइयों के कार्य से मर्माहत होकर अपने आदरणीय उपर्युक्त महारथियों से मेरी विनती है कि आप लोग अपना मौन भंगकर इस ओर ध्यान देने का अनुग्रह करें।

हिन्दी संसार में अब सर्वमान्य सर्वश्री अम्बिकादत्त व्यास, दुर्गा प्रसाद शर्मा, राय देवी प्रसाद पूर्ण, बालमुकुन्द गुप्त, रामचन्द्र शुक्ल,महावीर प्रसाद द्विवेद्वी, पद्मसिंह शर्मा, जगन्नाथ प्रसाद, सखाराम चतुर्वेदी, शिवनाथ शर्मा,मेहता लज्जाराम, गणेश देवत्कर, चन्द्रधर शर्मा गुलेरी, अमृत लाल चकवर्ती आदि तो हैं नहीं,जिनके समय में लेखकों को हिन्दी की चिन्दी करने का भी अवसर नहीं मिलता था। जरा-जरा सी भूल पर मर्मज्ञ आलोचकों को समयानुसार कनेठियां और चाबुक की फटकार मिलती थी। ‘अनस्थिरता और शेष’ शब्द पर कैसी तीखी मर्मभेदिनी आलोचनाओं का समाचार पत्रों में सर्वोपयोगी वाक्युद्ध चला था।

इस अवसर पर मेरे मित्रा माननीय रामचन्द्र वर्मा की ‘अच्छी हिन्दी’मुझे मिली, जिसको पढ़ते ही दिल की कली खिल उठी। वर्मा ने भी इस पुस्तक में बहुत सी बातें लिख दी हैं, जिसको मैं समय पर लिखना चाहता था, किन्तु लिख नहीं सका।

‘अच्छी हिन्दी’में वर्मा जी ने नवयुवक हिन्दी लेखकों के लिए ही नहीं सबके लिए अच्छी रहनुमायी की है। आशा है, इससे सब हिन्दी लेखकों का उपकार होगा। मैं आदरणीय वर्मा जी से यह कहने के लिए क्षमा चाहता हूँ कि आपने ऐसी भी भूलों का विवरण दिया है जो अब गमतुल क्षाम फसीहती आम हो गई, जैसे खिदमतगार आदि कुछ भूलें न जाने आपने क्यों छोड़ भी दी है, जिनका उल्लेख इस पुस्तक में अवश्य होना चाहिए था। जल्दी में या भूलों की अधिकता से ऐसा हुआ होगा।

आज कल लिखा जाता है ‘अमृत धारा आपकी मित्र है’। ‘अमुक स्त्री उसकी मालिक है’, भाषा राष्ट्र की प्राण है’, मिहनत करनी पड़ती है।

वर्मा जी की यह बात मुझे बहुत पसन्द आई आपने उदाहरण बहुत दिए हैं लेकिन उनके लेखकों का नाम कहीं नहीं दिया है। इससे कटुता और वाद विवाद पढ़ने के सिवाय और कुछ लाभ नहीं होता।

मेरी राय है कि इस तरह लिखा पढ़ी से यह उद्यम होगा कि सब माननीय महारथी एक राय होकर एक स्थान पर एकत्र हो इन त्रुटियों से हिन्दी को निर्मल कर देने का सुगम उपाय निर्धारित करके भाषा का इन संकटों से उद्धार करें। इस तरह शीघ्र और सुगमता से हिन्दी की चिन्दी से रक्षा हो जाएगी और अधिक विलम्ब अथवा अनेक कठिनाइयों का सामना नहीं करना पड़ेगा। इसके लिए समुचित स्थान नागरी प्रचारिणी सभा है, जहाँ अखिल भारतीय हिन्दी साहित्य सम्मेलन का जन्म हुआ था। उसके जन्मदाता माननीय महामना पण्डित मदन मोहन मालवीय हैं।

Gopal Ram Gahmari
Wikipedia

Gopal Ram Gahmari (1866–1946) was a great Hindi servant, novelist and journalist . He continued to run a magazine called 'Detective' for 38 years without any cooperation, wrote more than 200 novels , translated hundreds of stories, even the 'Chitraganda' poetry of Rabindranath Thakur (first translated by Ghamriji) Translated. He was a writer who rendered Hindi Ahnish service, encouraged people to read Hindi, created such works that people learned Hindi. If non- Hindi speakers learned Hindi to read the works of another writer after Devkinandan Khatri , then he was Gopalram Gahmari.

Gahmari initially translated plays, then started translating novels. His translation from Bangla to Hindi was then considered very authentic. Rich in versatility, Gopalaram Gahmari wrote in a variety of genres of poems, plays, novels, stories, essays and literature, but gained prominence in the field of detective novels. Launched a monthly magazine called 'Detective'. For this, he often had to write a novel every month. Ghamriji wrote over 200 detective novels. 'Awesome Corpse', 'Innocent hanging', 'Sarkati corpse', 'Double detective', 'Fierce theft', 'Killer hunt' and 'Guptabhed' are his major novels. The tradition of espionage novel writing, which Ghamri gave birth, could not develop in Hindi.

Introduction

Gopal Ram Ghmri born POUSH Krishna 8 Thursday Samvat 1923 (circa 1866 AD) Uttar Pradesh 's Ghazipur district was in Gahmar of. His great-grandfather, Mr. Jagannath Sahu, was a merchant of French Chintz. He had two sons - Raghunandan and Brijmohan. Raghunandanji had three sons, Ram Narayan, Kalicharan and Ramdas. Gopalram Gahmari was the son of Ramnarayanji. Kalicharan was a childless and Mahavir Prasad Gahmari had only one son of Ramdas. Gopalram Gahmari also had one son, Iqbal Narayan. Mahavir Prasad Gahmari had two sons, Deity Prasad Ghamri and Durga Prasad Ghamri. Devta Prasad Gahmari was associated with the daily 'Aaj' and 'Sanmarga' published from Kashi for a long time .

When Gopal Ram Gahmari was six months old, his father died and his mother moved to his Mache Gahmar . Gopal Ram was brought up in Gahmar itself. Early education and rites were concluded here. Due to his extra attachment to Gahmar, he added this nanihal with his name and started to be called Gopalaram Gahmari.

He had his early education in Gahmar. Educated at Vernacular Middle from there. Passed middle in 1879. Then at the Gahmar School, he continued to teach students for four years and also continued to practice Urdu and English . After this, Patna was admitted to the Normal School, where admission was made on the condition that upon passing, the middle pass students would have to teach for three years. Accepted this condition due to poor economic condition. But leaving middle school, Gahmari ji went to work at Betia Maharaja School instead of Head Pandit. In the year 1888, he discharged himself from all work and passed the examination of normal in the High First Grade. Soon after in 1889, RohtasgarhI was appointed headmaster. However, he could not survive here and moved to Bombay in 1891 at the invitation of Seth Gangavishnu Khemraj, the famous publisher of Bombay.

When Gahmari ji was in Rohtasgarh, he used to send his compositions to newspapers and magazines. When he started living in Bombay, his pen was also moving there. It is another matter that they could not stay there for long. Since Khemraj's business was the publication of books, there was no special place for creativity for him. Papers and magazines were not published from there. Therefore, not seeing his favorable opportunities here, resigned from there and went to Kalakankar. Gahmari ji was a regular writer of the daily ' Hindosthan ' originating from Kalankarkar ( Pratapgarh , Uttar Pradesh). Along with this, the best newspapers and magazines of that time used to write regularly in 'Bihar Bandhu', 'Bharat Jeevan', 'Saar Sudhanidhi'.

When Gahmari came to Kalakankar at the invitation of Raja Rampal Singh in 1892, he became associated with the editorial department here and stayed for a year. While working here, she learned Bangla and also tried to enrich literature through translation.

Gahmari ji did not last long in one place. Once again in 1893, he turned to Bombay and started editing the letter 'Bombay Business Sindhu' emanating from here. This letter was carried out by a fearless and infinitely courageous postman there. But say the misfortune of this letter or that of Ghamri ji that this letter stopped after six months, but Ghamri ji did not go in vain. At the same time, a Hindi lover SS Mishra called Ghamri ji and gave him the responsibility of editing 'Bhasha Bhushan'. This letter was monthly. But this letter also stopped. But there were no economic reasons behind this shutdown nor any other type of optical problems. Rather this letter had to be closed due to a riot.

After the closure of 'Bhasha Bhushan', they started searching for a new place. There was no dearth of those who loved them and loved them. Among them were Pt. Balmunkud Purohit. By the grace of him, Gahmari Ji MandlaTurned to But could not stay here for long. The publication of the monthly 'Guptakatha' started from here, but due to lack of meaning, this paper had to be stopped untimely. Gahramiji once again came to the crossroads. But this intersection led to a road leading to Bombay. Khemraj ji started publishing the letter named ‘Sri Venkateswara Samachar’. This paper became popular in a short time in the efficient editing of Gahmari ji. Meanwhile, in the 'Pradeep' (Bangla language) originating from Prayag, a detective story 'Hirar Price' was published by the tribune's editor Nagendranath Gupta. Gahamariji translated this story into Hindi and published it in several installments in Sri Venkateswara Samachar. This detective story found the readers so interesting that many readers subscribed to this letter.

At that time, there was a keen interest of readers in detective stories. It would have confounded such a tale of interestingness and mystery that aroused a kind of jugupas within the readers and forced them to read. Gahmari ji understood the minds and minds of the readers. He had become aware of the popularity of the translation of 'Hire Ka Mole' and the reactions of readers by writing 'Jodi Detective'. Due to this popularity, he started making many schemes. He had also understood that a vast section of readers could be created only through detective stories. Gahmari ji tended towards spying writing with complete preparation. It is also worth mentioning that some incidents that happened to him also pushed him towards espionage writing. In this way, in 1899, he wanted to come home and find the detective, but Balmukund GuptaK's son was to be married and went to his village Gurayani, giving the burden of editing 'Bharat Mitra' to Ghamri ji. For a few days, Ghamri ji edited 'Bharat Mitra' efficiently. Because of this, the publication of 'Detective' was postponed for a short time. He wished that along with ' Saraswati ', 'Detective' should also be published, but this desire remained in his mind. In this way, the spy was not published with 'Saraswati' in January 1900, but four months later i.e. in May 1900.

During the editing of 'Bharat Mitra', Ghamri ji had informed about the exit of the detective. The advantage was that hundreds of readers subscribed to the magazine before it was published. Another notable thing is that the credit of the word 'detective' in Hindi goes to Ghamri ji. He wrote that 'before 1892 no word spies appeared in any book'. He named his journal in such a way that the general reader could easily understand its subject matter. Though the word 'detective' suggests that it would have published detective stories, but this was not the case. In addition to a detective story in every issue, news, views and reviews of books were also published regularly. He needed some money to get the detective, which he completed by writing 'Manorama' and 'Mayavini'. 'Spy'Hariprakash came out from the press and in the first month he received a quarter to two hundred rupees from the VPP. It had touched the summit, crossing all the limits of popularity with its inception. Seeing its immense popularity, Gopalaram Gahmari did not look back when he turned to writing espionage stories and novels and did not care what the so-called scholars of literature thought of him. In his entry, the detective introduced something like this -

'Don't be afraid, this is not a travesty, don't run away, dhoti sariyakar, this is not a government CID. What is What is it? This is a fifty-page beautifully decorated monthly book, menstrual book that reaches every customer every first week. Each one has big, big, spicy, big juicy, very hot, big intoxicating cases. Every month a lot of interesting, big circling, big interesting happenings burst forth, good education and preaching novels come out ... The river of the story is such that the water falls, the waterfall of this river is such that the drowning of the joy of reading - Starts landing.

In this way, due to its readership and due to their immense affection, this magazine kept on coming out of a village like Gahmar for a full 38 years, not for two years. Just as Bal Krishna Bhatt kept 'Hindi Pradeep' illuminated for 33 years while battling hunger, similarly Gopal Ram Gahmari kept it alive for 38 years.

Meanwhile, he again got an opportunity to go to Bombay. Venkateswara newspaper was coming out. He needed an editor. Although at that time the editor of that paper was the famous writer Lajjaram Mehta ji. They were to go to Bundi at their home . Therefore the letter needed an editor. Gahmari ji went to his invitation and took charge, but the 'spy' did not stop. She was constantly leaving. Meanwhile, Seth Ranganath proposed to Gahmari ji that the detective be given to him and he should continue to live for Rs 50 as his life. Seth ji also proposed to him that there is no desire to stay in Bombay, who should send and write from Gahmar itself, I will keep publishing. However, Gahmari ji declined the offer and returned to his village.

During this period, Gahmari ji moved from espionage to writing two books on spiritual matters. 'Shakti Shakti' was a translation from his Bengali and 'Mohini Vidya', a unique work on Mascarism and possibly the first in Hindi. Both these books were well liked by Hindi readers. In later days, he was also disgusted by espionage writing and he turned to religion and spirituality.

Contribution

Gahmari ji said that 'whose reader has read the novel and understood that all sixteen is true, his writing should be considered successful.' Gahmari ji took special care of the readers' interest in his creations as to what kind of material he liked. In terms of literature, his views were also of high order. He also considered literature as history. He believed that literature has a deep connection with the era in which it is composed. He considered the novel as the history of his time. Detectives, execution of innocents, marriage of Ketaki, Hum hawala, three spies, whirling blood, Than Than Gopal, Gerua Baba, 'Death of the Dead', etc. are not only mystery adventures, but also the accompaniments and inconsistencies of the era Are present. The condition and direction of the society is also assessed. Saying that they are espionage and only amusing compositions cannot be dismissed, Neither their contributions can be turned away. Much credit goes to the popularity of Gahmari ji to the later generations.The same goes to Devkinandan Khatri and Ghamri ji. In his writings, he created conditions that people had moved towards studying. Gahmari ji alone translated hundreds of stories, novels.

Acharya Ramchandra Shukla praised Gopalram Gahmari's work in the history of his literature, but later critics ignored it. Gautam Sanyal wrote in a special episode of Hans that, 'Premchand's novel which has the highest position in terms of readability, many of the situations of' embezzlement 'are similar to a foreign crime thriller and translated by Gopalram Ghamri In 1906, the detective had done it in the magazine. There is no need to say more about Gopalram Gahmari from this quote.

Poverty does not deter you from self-respect

About 70 years ago, when I had passed the Secondary Examination, the novel writer used to read novels by Mr. Gopalram Gahmari. At that time, novels like "Chandrakanta," Chandrakanta-Santati "and" Bhootnath "were very well read, etc. Although these novels have played an important role in the propagation of Hindi, but we have grown old in our homes We used to refuse to read novels. But many of Gahmari ji's novels were available to us in those days to read from the local library and we got Pandit Sundarlal's writing "In India English Raj ", which was confiscated by the then British Government." Gahmar "- the name of the birth place of Gahmari ji, where he studied in the 5th grade in the" Madrasa ". The name" School "was not much in vogue - Urdu. The word Madrasa was understood by everyone. It is about 1873. "Gahmar" K had three teachers in that seminary. Babu Ramnarayan Singh was the Principal. The second one was Munshi ji, Yogeshwar Prasad and the third was Munshi Kali Prasad Srivastava. The boys used to call the teachers "Badaka Munshi ji" and "Chhotka Munshi ji". Students from the age of 5 to the age of 12 studied in the madrasa. Here Ghamari ji also used to study.

The remarkable thing was that Munshi Kali Prasad, the third teacher, did not get any salary at the end of the month. While Munshiji used to take the boys to madrasas everyday, then they used to leave them at their homes during the holiday. He was teaching very kindly. It seemed as if all those students were his children. The boys were very happy to see such behavior. The salary was Munshi ji's chana, Chabena which the boys of Madrasa used to bring with him for breakfast, from that same breakfast, the boys put some portion in Munshi ji's bag - every month also gave some money to the Munshi ji. Every day, the gram and chabana they got from those boys filled their big bag. Munshiji was satisfied with this - it was his salary for a month's teaching work. But if we think according to today's inflation, then we have to pay about six and a quarter thousand rupees to buy 11 and a quarter of the whole month. What is 1 rupee then? A penny of copper was also worth a lot. Once when Gahmari ji studied in the sixth grade, the then writer Raja Shiva Prasad "Stars Hind" came to that madrasa. Seeing the beautiful letter, script of Gahmari ji, King Shiva Prasad gave Ghamri in 1 rupee prize which was considered a big reward for a child at that time. Gahmari ji was studying in poverty. One day got to eat betel leaf from somewhere. After eating a paan, they came to the madrassa with red lips. Munshi Kali Prasad caught him and beat him a lot. By the way, he never beat the stick of a flower. Gahmari ji writes- "Guruji's death became a mantra for me because of eating betel leaf and that's why I was protected from tobacco-bidi-cigarette-Surti." Father left them for 6 months and passed away. Mother used to feed them bunnery of rice-salt-flour, but she also left them in her childhood and died. While dying, she had told the boy Gahamri that son! Stay hungry but don't borrow from anyone. "Gahmari ji learned this by tying the knot for a lifetime. In poverty, he read the government books of the madrasa. When he was hungry, he ate the breakfast of Munshi Yogeshwar Prasad, which Ghamri ji gave in gratitude. Wrote Juthan. Passed the upper primary examination at the age of 13. In 1879 Gahmari ji's fame spread that "he passed middle". Ghamri ji also became a writer by reading. Trust written and considered the author of the first line of his age. His life story, it inspires that poverty can not stop the way of a move. Which Gahmari ji wrote with gratitude. Passed the upper primary examination at the age of 13. In 1879, Gahmari ji's fame spread that he had "passed the middle". By reading and writing, Ghamri ji also became a writer. Wrote several novels and was considered the first-line author of his era. His life story gives inspiration that poverty cannot stop anyone from moving forward. Which Gahmari ji wrote with gratitude. Passed the upper primary examination at the age of 13. In 1879, Gahmari ji's fame spread that he had "passed the middle". By reading and writing, Ghamri ji also became a writer. Wrote several novels and was considered the first-line author of his era. His life story gives inspiration that poverty cannot stop anyone from moving forward.

By Vachnesh Tripathi

Gopalram Ghamri

Birth: Paush Krishna, Eight, Thursday, Samvat 1923, (1866), Gahmar, District Ghazipur, Uttar Pradesh.

Education: Normal examination, first class.

Editing: Bharat Bhushan (Bombay Weekly, 1893), Co-operative Editor: Sahitya Saroj (Meerut, Fortnightly, 01 December 1895), Guptakha (first Hindi detective monthly paper, Meerut), Bihar Bandhu (Patna, 1907 to 1909), substitute editor : In Bharatamitra (Calcutta, Weekly) for a few months in 1899. Co-operative Editor: Venkateswara Newspaper (Bombay 1897 to 1899), Dainik Hindosthan (Kalakankar, 1889 to 1890), Business Indus (Monthly Bombay). Went to Bombay again in 1892 and edited the letter for only one month. Detective: Monthly Papers, published from his village Gahmar from 1900 to 1939. Father of detective novels in Hindi.

Compositions: Creating over two hundred original espionage, social novels. Translation from Bangla. A translation of the story 'Hirale Ke Mol' from Bangla for the first time. The earliest translation of Rabindranath Tagore's work 'Chitrangada' in Hindi. Desh Dasha, Janmabhoomi, Babhruvahana and Vanveer (drama). Gold century and spring development (poetry). Statement of plague and talk of color (satirical humor).

Language knowledge: Hindi, Urdu, Persian, Sanskrit, Bangla, English.

Souvenirs: 20 June 1946, Benaras.

Gopal Ram Gahmari: A detective writer who learned Hindi to read

Gopal Ram Gahmari created a large section of Hindi readers. The tradition of espionage writing that he started later had many big names like Ibne Safi

(Death: 20 June 1946)

'Don't be afraid, this is not a travesty, do not run away, dhoti sariyakar, this is not a government CID. What is What is it? This is a fifty-page beautifully decorated monthly book, menstrual book that reaches every customer every first week. Each one has big, big, big, lush, big juicy, big drug cases. Every month there are big punches, big circles, big interesting events, big teachings, good education and preaching novels come out ... The river of Kahani is such a tremor, the waterfall of this story is such that the reading bliss is drowning Looks like.

This was an advertisement for Gopal Ram Gahmari's monthly magazine 'Detective' which came in his own editing newspaper 'Bharat Mitra' and which created a stir in the market at that time. The result was that hundreds of readers had already subscribed to it yearly before it was published. This was probably the first time in the history of a magazine. It is a matter of 1900. Even in that era, the amount received from this pre booking was Rs 175.

He was the only journalist who recorded the entire trial of Bal Gangadhar Tilak in his own words. Not only this, he also did the first official translation of Rabindra Nath Tagore's 'Chitrangada'.

Gopal Ram Gahmari was a journalist by profession. He was the only journalist who recorded the entire trial of Bal Gangadhar Tilak in his own words. Not only this, he also did the first official translation of Rabindra Nath Tagore's 'Chitrangada'. There is a long series of journals and magazines to be published in his edits. These include names ranging from Hindusthan Daily published from Kalakankar of Pratapgarh to Bombay Business Indus, Guptagatha, Sri Venkateswara Samachar and Bharat Mitra.

Although they did not last anywhere very much. One reason for this was the closure of many magazines under economic pressure. The second and important reason was that on the one hand there was an uneasiness to do something different and elaborate for the Hindi language and on the other hand, there was also a framework of 'spy' that thrives within them. However, spying out and doing something new in the service of Hindi language were not two separate issues. They wanted to do something new for this language only by taking out spies.

देवकी नंदन खत्री के बाद गोपाल राम गहमरी ही वे अकेला नाम हैं जिन्हें पढ़ने की खातिर कितने ही अहिंदी भाषा भाषियों ने हिंदी भाषा सीखी. जिसे हम हेय भाव के साथ लुगदी साहित्य कहते हैं हिंदी में खत्री जी के साथ गोपालराम गहमरी ही उसके प्रणेता रहे हैं. लुगदी साहित्य का स्वर्णकाल इन्हीं दोनों के नाम से जुड़ा हुआ है और जो भी मान सम्मान इस साहित्य का रहा वह भी इन दोनों तक ही रहा. बाद में अकादमिक और साहित्यिक भेदभाव ने इस विधा को अछूतों की श्रेणी में रख दिया. बिना यह सोचे कि आधुनिक हिंदी की यात्रा इसी से शुरू होती और फैलती है. उनके इस योगदान के लिए पंडित रामचंद्र शुक्ल ने भले ही अपने हिंदी साहित्य के इतिहास में इनकी सराहना की पर अधिकांशतः आलोचकों और साहित्य इतिहासकारों ने इन पर उपेक्षा भरी दृष्टि डालने से भी इनकार कर दिया.

हालांकि इन दोनों लेखकों की बची-खुची साख ही थी कि इन दोनों द्वारा शुरू ‘जासूसी लेखन’ की परंपरा साहित्यिक पंडितों की उपेक्षा और तिरस्कार के बावजूद लंबे समय तक चलती रही. इस परंपरा से इस विधा को न जाने कितने नए लेखक मिले. इब्ने सफी, कुशवाहा कान्त, रानू, गुलशन नंदा, कर्नल रंजीत, ओमप्रकाश शर्मा, सुरेन्द्र मोहन पाठक, वेद प्रकाश शर्मा जैसे नाम इसी परम्परा को आगे बढ़ाते हुए सामने आये.

इन दोनों लेखकों की बची-खुची साख ही थी कि इन दोनों द्वारा शुरू ‘जासूसी लेखन’ की परंपरा साहित्यिक पंडितों की उपेक्षा और तिरस्कार के बावजूद लंबे समय तक चलती रही

Gahmari ji's vision of writing was very clear and settled.


He used to condemn such a language which had to be raised to understand it. The standard for a story and novel to be good was for him 'to be true to the fact that sixteen people are coming, despite the fact that the story is completely fictitious'. Even he gave the name 'espionage' to the compositions of this genre first. Gopal Ram Ghamri understood the minds and minds of the readers very well. They had understood that a vast section of Hindi readers could be prepared only through detective stories. He came to detective writing with complete preparation and a detailed thinking. There was not only mystery and thrill in his works. There were also compatibilities and inconsistencies of the time. Even contrary to our original belief, that magazine called 'Detective' contained news, views and reviews related to contemporary times.

Actually, we express our time in fantasy by not expressing it directly. So 'espionage story' was the chosen fantasy of Gahmari ji in which he kept saying his point. It was not an ordinary thing that the village of his maternal grandfather, Gahmar, in which he was born, where he grew up after the death of his father, whom he loved and respected so much that he had added his name to him; From the same campaign, he continued to run Detective magazine for 38 years without any major and external support. In the past, his intentions for the magazine can only be compared to keeping 'Pradeep' illuminated while in Balakrishna Sharma's failure, or Rajendra Yadav's swan in recent times.

The example is enough to know his love and love for Hindi language and detective. When Lajjaram Mehta, the then editor of 'Venkateswara Patrika', who had been the editor, asked him to rejoin the magazine for a short period of time and stay in Bombay for some reason for some reason. Had taken The detectives continued to leave during that time and they also kept watching the editing load of that magazine. Meanwhile, Seth Ramdas once asked him to give the 'spies' to him and continue to practice his personal literature by taking 50 rupees a month as a pension from him throughout his life. Seth Ramdas also offered this to Gopalaram Gahmari, if he wants, he can also handle the detective as editor, if he is in Bombay or not while living in Gahmar. But despite his trouble Gopalram Gahmari refused to do so.

The number of original detective novels of Gopalram Gahmari is 64. Even if we translate the translated novels, then it reaches close to 200.

The number of original detective novels of Gopalram Gahmari is 64. Even if we translate the translated novels, then it reaches close to 200. His major creations are sliding corpse, marvelous corpse, hanging innocent, double spies, horrific theft, secret secrets, etc. One reason for writing in this abundance was also the pressure that a detective novel had to go to the detective every month. The impact of his writings can also be judged that in an early issue of 'Hans' magazine, Gautam Sanyal even wrote that' many situations of Premchand's novel embezzlement which is supreme in terms of readability, a foreign crime thriller. Which was translated and published by Gopal Ram Gahmari in his spy magazine in 1906. This also indicates that very big names have been included in the readers of Gopal Ram Gahmari.


Sahaj, Sugam, Sunder and Subodh Hindi-Prachar was the main objective of Gahmari Ji's Sahitya Seva. Just before Chhayavad, when the dialect of Khadi Boli Hindi and Brajbhasha was at its Uruj, the supporters of Ghamri ji Khadi Boli came not only in support of Sridhar Pathak, but also against the opposition of Hindi and pro-Brajbhasha, Pandit Pratap Narayan Mishra (who of Bharatendula period He was a strong creator and journalist) and he also did the risky task of bringing and standing in favor of Hindi on his own. We remember him with reverence for his unforgettable contribution to the Hindi language on his death anniversary.

Secret story
Gopalram Gahmari

First tableau

Detective life identity is also a unique way. Hyder was the son of Chirag Ali, a wealthy Muslim merchant. He had a deep explanation for the detective. Hyder would be four to five years younger than the detective in Omar, but both of the same Omar were seen from the body. Despite being a Muslim, Haidar did not live like that and Muslims go away from Hindus. When at work, Hyder would stay with the detective for eighteen days and the detective would sometimes go to Hyder's house to meet his father Chirag, sit and talk with him. Chirag Ali also lived in such a manner that the detective knew him like his elders.

In those days Chirag Ali had risen from the seventies. On seeing the bright white beard mustache on the body, all the body full of form, everyone can have devotion in Chirag Ali. Even in this old age, it seems that Chirag Ali must have been a beautiful young man in his ascending age.

Chirag Ali has never seen anyone speaking to anyone. Even if someone insults him, Chirag would bear him and would laugh and speak to him. No beggar left the lamp door empty handed.

It is heard that Chirag Ali started the work of the boat first and by the same work he became a famous rich man by the time. Chirag, with his muscle power, built a palace-like residence building and deposited a lot of money in the treasury.

There was always a crowd of men in Chirag Ali's palace. In his family, there was no one except Chirag for his wife, son, son's wife and some small children, but the wealth also increases in the world due to the wealth, that is why Chirag's house was filled with packed people. . Among them, there was a confluence of the maid of the father and the servant of the women and many such male women who came into the shadow of Chirag Ali due to their wealth. Chirag Ali did not nurture the poor who came to his house, but also used to feed the unhappy poor people outside. Instead of saying all these things, it would be so much better that Chirag Ali was a serious sociable and sweetest speaker, so was Dani too. His heart was full of mercy.

Hyder was not as sweet-spoken and a donor as the father, yet he was not a man of bad nature. Those who saw Haider's behavior and his equanimity on the afflicted, used to say in his mind that he too would become a kind and deenbandhu like the father.

Whatever we have said about the father son's movement here, there is no work to say anymore. We complete the chapter of his attribution by saying that Chirag Ali was like the lamp of his city. And his dignity was the same among all the people, he was equally magnified in his community. Wherever the caste gathering took place, Chirag Ali had to be the Chairman Editor. Wherever there was some kind of panchayati case, there was no response to Chirag Ali without his opinion. This means that Chirag Ali was the leader in all kinds of work.

Second tableau

Two or three months later, when the detective reached Calcutta after working outside, Hyder came to him as soon as the morning broke. Today, he did not meet like he used to get a detective. Seeing the face of Hyder, the detective took a note that today there is black in some lentils. Hyder talks to the mouth but is smitten inside. Looks with eyes, but they do not have the first light.

Seeing him, the detective asked - 'Why Hyder! Why is your face like this today? Is everyone efficient at home? Father is good, isn't it?

Hyder said - 'It is okay for you to understand. I am really sad. And I have come to say that sadness, my father has reached the stage of death. Now it should be known that then, this is the only thing happening, Dr. Vaidya does medicine, even for service, the servants have been handcuffed to him, but somehow his illness does not get interrupted. If you ask them any situation, they do not tell anything. Suffice it to say that no matter how much medicine is to be taken this time. Now the day has come for me to die. Now say what to do? My wisdom doesn't work. Just now I heard that you came from outside yesterday. I have run from this, that after listening to them, you will tell me something. '

The detective asked - 'Good! Tell me what has happened to them, then I will tell my opinion back. '

'Well, listen, I say all their condition.' Saying this, Hyder started saying -

'Tis three months. One day I was sitting in the verandah with my father on the evening. In this way, an old Muslim came to meet my father, as he came and sat on one of the many chairs lying next to us, as he said to the father - 'Why? You do not recognize me? '

The father said - 'We remember your face but do not remember where I met you.'

In response, the old man said - 'I will tell you one thing and you will remember that. I met you in a village in the state of Bombay. You will remember Ali Bhai's name there, I live there too. My name is Ibrahim Bhai. '

On hearing this, father's face changed. They said to me - 'Son! You will move away from here and I will talk to them.

After listening to my father, I left. Then I do not know what happened in those people. His age was higher than his father. He always used to live near his father, from this I could not even know anything about him, since then he started staying at my house. The father set up a cell to let them live, two servants were also given their rest.

When someone else came to ask his father's address, he used to say that he is the companion of boyhood.

Hearing from the very first day, I understood that his name is Ibrahim Bhai and is from one of the villages towards Bombay. Apart from this, I do not know anything else till date.

At first, he appeared to be very simple but when he got old, he gave a big boost. We started suppressing people. The servants started issuing unaccountable orders on the chakras. Those who did not obey their orders and delayed in obeying them, started beating them up in addition to calling them high in front of the father. Father did not speak anything after seeing his behavior. Because of this, the servants all started to suffer. Those who were not supported started leaving the job. Even, many old servants quit their jobs. We were deeply saddened by his departure. We did not know the reason why father had pity on that old man like this.

The servant who was in the hands of all the business, one day, the old man said very lowly and tortured him so badly that he was not endured. He told all his grief to Dad. At that time the old man was also sitting near Dad. In front of father too, the old man hit him with many things. When the father did not say anything there, the old believer left the job and went on saying that it was no longer a day to work in this court. The respect of good men is no longer here.

After he left all his work hit my head. I used to do everything that was made for me. One day the old man came to me and said, 'Haider! Fill up a small tobacco. '

After listening to him, I asked a servant to bring him a filling of tobacco.

On hearing this, the old fire broke out. He shouted - 'Why Hyder! Your heart is so much! Do not obey me? Instead of doing what I ordered to do, I ordered another servant to do it? What work did your father not do till today?

We already had a lot of pomp on that Ibrahim Bhai, but we could not say anything to him because of my father. But, that day I did not get it right and I got up with a shoe and said, OK, I will tell you to do it with my own hand. And near by, he deposited many on his head.

The old man woke up to a brinjal of burning oil, and left me very eggless. I did not even look at him again.

In this way, seeing how he was beaten by my hand and how happy everyone was in his mind, I cannot say.

Some time after this incident, father sent me to call. When I went in front of them, I saw the old man sitting there too. By showing him the father said -

'Why son! Have you hit them with shoes? '

I said - 'Yes Dad! I had to do this when the anger was no longer out of anger. Having said this, he told me everything that he had asked me to fill with tobacco and he told the father as far as he remembered what he had done to other servants. After listening to me, Dad kept quiet for a while and then said -

Oh! You have done a very bad job. See, if you were happy just by filling one of your tobacco, then it would have erased all the trouble. You have done a very bad thing by not doing like that.

Hearing the father's anger, my body trembled. I never said such a thing in front of the father. I was spoiled by what he said -

'Father! You never taught me how to fill tobacco, nor ordered me to fill tobacco, that I would have learned that work. Then, to do such a thing which I have never done, call me a man who feeds on food after eating food. Whether you are happy or not, I cannot do such a thing by saying that. Hearing this, Dad said -

'Hey, you have done such a bad thing that no one will do. To whom I respect you so much, you will apologize for your bad work and failure on those shoes, so what will you answer? You should understand that the shoes you killed are not lying on their heads. You have not killed them, I have killed them. Now you need to apologize to them in some way or else, it is not good in your right. ' I listened to them and said -

'Whether it is good or not in my favor, but I cannot say that in this matter. You are giving us absolutely unfair orders. I am unable to understand why you have been hurt by this. This is a lowly man, like an ordinary Pahune coming into the house, now he considers himself a master of the house and counts us all as servants. He does not remember his first condition. I have not yet given it the full results of its action. Let me say in front of you, if it does this again with us in this way, then I will color it before you. And I will hold it out on my own. ' Dad said after listening to me -

'Look Hyder! I understood that you are our child. In all things Daya Maya, people will look at you with respect like me. But now I see, I find you completely the opposite. It is also a sin to see the face of the son who avoids the father's talk. Get away from me right now. Old people have been saying that the son who disobeys the father is not the son. Now I listened to my father and said -

'Father, you are a rage on me. If punished then give both. And if not, you are our birth father, I have to obey your command with sheer eyes. I go away from here after obeying you, but this old person is taught to me every time.

Having said this, I took the shoe out of my foot and gave that Ibrahim brother a lot of market value. Father wanted to save them a lot, but due to old age the body is weak due to 'Arere! Hey Cad! Be far away! ' Could not say anything except to say so much. The father shouted and called the servants, but no one came there, then I went on arbitrary worshiping him with Jutan Das, saying that now even if you stay here, know that your hands are your time. '

Dad was so angry at me that he could not speak again from his mouth, he kept trembling while sitting there.

Moved away from there but left home. Hiding in a nearby room, he started listening to what happens there. I saw with a crack that the old man got up from there and said to Dad -

Look, Sir! I go but take revenge, then my name is Ibrahim, if not brother. The old man left from there. The father stopped him a lot but he did not accept anything. He disobeyed and went away from there.

Third tableau

The day the old man left my house, the color of his father changed. Kalimasi fell on his face. He always started living quietly in some worry. Along with the worry, his diet also decreased, now he could not eat even a tenth of what was his diet.

The day the old man came in front of his father with his shoes, I did no he lived, how his day passed, all the conditions of his servants. Used to take from Seeing this condition of my father, I too was afraid of what would happen. Has the father really considered his insult with the insult of Ibrahim Bhai or what? I was very worried about why Dad is so sad and why he is in such a situation. I started searching for this day by day but could not find out wht go in front of the father again the same day, but always kept an eye on what the father did, howat was the matter? One day, Dad was sitting in his meeting, seeing that it seemed that he was thinking something in his mind with some deep concern. In the meantime, the dakpian came and gave a letter in his hand. I was very upset to see him coming to the meeting and giving his hand to the father, Because until now he was always the gatekeeper and gave letters to the servants. I had never seen any dakpian before coming inside the meeting and giving my father a letter with my hand.

But when that letter came in my hand at the back, I saw that it was written on it, but do not give it in the hands of anyone except the one who has the letter.

After the dakpian left, Dad opened the letter and read it. Not once or not twice, after reading it with great enthusiasm, kept the letter in his pocket.

Dad's face changed after reading the letter. A bright line of laughter appeared on his somber body. The happiness of many days which had been removed from his body in a way, again came in my sight that day.

I was also very happy to see my father happy after reading the letter. I understood that the father has found some good news in the letter, which has removed his worries. But when I looked back that he was happy for a while, then he got very scared in his mind. I came to know that an extinguished lamp shines once in the end. Once upon a time like a human being gets rid of all diseases, father's happiness was exactly the same.

The father got happy after reading that letter and called a servant and ordered that my sick bath was not suitable for many eighteen days due to sickness, today to arrange bath food properly. My body is well today. The servant did the same after getting the order. Father happily ate his diet well that day. He had the practice of lying down for some time behind the diet, but I got very worried after seeing it upside down that day.

Father came to the meeting behind the diet and started writing the letter. This worried me more. Father always gave the task of writing letters to the servants. That day, writing my letter to Dad with my hand, I first saw the initiative. Father started writing the letter only after having food, but I do not know when he finished. Until two o'clock in the night, when I saw that his letter had not finished writing, I fell asleep then I did not know when his letter was completed.

The next day when I got up from the bed, I saw that my father was sleeping. Always a servant tried to wake him up when he did not get up even two or three hours later when he got up from the bed. Father told him that -

'My body is not good. Neither do I have the strength to get up from the SEZ.

'I could no longer listen to such a thing from the servant's mouth. I did not go in front of my father the day Ibrahim bhai used to put shoes on me, but when he heard his father's illness, he could not. Immediately he went to his room and sat in a corner on the SEZ. Turning his hand over his body, the entire body was on fire. I asked Dad what happened to you? How is the body

After listening to me, Dad said - 'Son! I myself cannot know what has happened and what I will tell you. But it seems so much that I have febrile fever and I will not be able to escape from this fever anymore. This is my age. After listening to them I said -

'Father! Fever happens to many people. Why are you so afraid of it? Then there is also no shortage of doctor practitioners in Calcutta. You will be cured with their medicine. ' Dad said after listening to me -

'When I am well aware that this time it is not written to be my rest, then what will be the benefit of throwing unaccounted money?' I said in his reply - 'For whom is the money. Whose wealth is it all? You have accumulated this money by earning a lifetime, then if this money is not spent for you, what will happen with this money? In which work will it be used? Whether you believe it or not, I will not delay it now. I will invest as much money as you can to improve your body and bless you. I will not accept your refusal in this. I just go and remedy it. ' Having said this, he left. And for his service help, he hired more maids than the slaves who were maids. After consulting with his old and trusted staff, the clever veteran of Calcutta called the doctor Vaidya and applied him to the father's treatment. But in spite of everything, Father's disease started increasing day by day. As much as the medicine was carefully done by the Vaidya and the doctors, the disease increased. There was no benefit from any medicine. Everyone showed upside down. There are no more famous doctors in this city who have not seen Dad once. His condition is very bad at this time. Now they have no faith in living. If you see them walking and dying too, then it is good. Better if you go with me now Do not trust. If you see them walking and dying too, then it is good. Better if you go with me now Do not trust. If you see them walking and dying too, then it is good. Better if you go with me now

Fourth tableau

The detective listened to Hyder's story. The detective believed Chirag Ali a lot, as soon as he heard Hyder, he got up from there and sat in Hyder's car to meet his father. But on the way, the detective began to get various types of anxiety. Ibrahim brother's arrival in Chirag Ali's house, Chirag Ali's treatment of him like a god, Hyder's putting on his shoes, Ibrahim's departure from anger, all these things have something to do with Chirag Ali's illness. Whether or not this idea came to the mind of the detective. Where did Chirag Ali get that letter, what was written in it? Why was the color changed after reading that letter? Then Chirag Ali sat for more than two nights and wrote with his hand, what was that? What was the answer to the letter they received or what? If the answer was the same, then how did they send it to him? Mindfully, the detective asked Haider -

'The letter that your father had received;

Haider - 'I had a desire to know what was written in that letter, where it came from, who had sent it. Even that letter came to me. We still have it with us, but I do not understand what is written in it. The person writing on it is also not right. You see, maybe you can understand.

Having said this, Hyder gave a letter to the detective. The detective read the letter several times, but nothing was understood. Which was written in the letter.

'Ali! Everything is done Now it is not too late. Get ready

City of Bombay. '


The detective read it and handed it to Hyder and said - 'Take it. Nothing can be understood from this letter. It is known that the writer of this letter asked your father to do something. He has written it to your father after completing that work, but there is no way to know as long as you do not tell him what work your father told you for. The reason that your father was happy after receiving this letter is that he showed happiness only after hearing the success in his work. Nothing written about this letter shows any attachment to his illness. Do you know anything about the long letter he wrote?

Haider - 'I did a lot to know, but could not know anything.'

Detective - 'Well, did you also know that for which that letter was sent to him or not?'

Haider - 'As far as I know, the night that it was completed, it did not leave that night, because till two o'clock in the night I kept myself awake and asked the servants later, they did not say any such thing, so that It would seem to leave.

Detective - 'So I understand what he wrote was not a letter. He would have written a will to manage his property behind his dead, presuming to have died of his illness and not even sent it out somewhere, lying somewhere in his house.

Hyder - 'I searched a lot but didn't find him anywhere in the house.' Similar things were happening in both of them that they came in front of Hyder's house.

Fifth tableau


Both Hyder and the detective get into the car and go inside to hear the cry from the Janankhana. It was known that Chirag Ali's body was left before we reached there.

Chirag wanted to return to the detective knowing Ali was dead, but in this case, leaving Hyder, did not make him return from the spy. The detective, who was in tears, went to Kuharampuri with Hyder but upon going there it was found that there was no way to go to Chirag Ali's room. Women who had never stepped outside from the inner palace, have also come to Chirag Ali's meeting and started screaming and tearing the sky. The servants are all wiping their tears standing apart. There is no one in the palace who does not have tears in his eyes.

Hyder went in with the detective, but after seeing the situation there was no longer with him, became impatient and wept like a boy. Now it is not an easy task to silence Hyder, considering that the detective called the two four old believing servants separately and told them to tell the women to go to the womb. After hearing the news of Chirag Ali's death, so many people of the city will come here in a while that there will be no place to keep mole. It is better to go inside immediately and do all their work as it happens in you.

Those servants did the same. Sent all women inside. When the meeting was empty of women, Chirag Ali's body was brought out. According to Muslim religion, many people took them to burial by placing them on the bed. Hyder also went along.

The only detective left in the meeting. Many good friends of Chirag Ali came there after leaving the dead body, but all went away. Two or three of them sat there with the detective.

After getting home, the detective started doing his work. At first, he slowly reached the house in which Chirag Ali fell ill. I saw that the bed on which Hyder's father was lying there was nothing in that house except two tables, chairs and tripods. Seeing the detective going into that house, a servant of Chirag Ali reached there. The detective saw him several times with Chirag Ali. They considered him an old and trusted servant of Chirag Ali. Seeing him, the detective asked him - 'Why! Is this Chirag Ali's bedroom? '

Servant - 'Yes sir, I slept in it for a few days. Except him, no one was ordered to sleep here. '

Detective - 'How long did he sleep in this house?'

Servant - 'We saw them sleeping in this house for five-seven years?'

Detective - 'In which house does his coffer live?'

Servant - 'I have never seen him keeping anything with his hand. When he needed what he needed, he would ask Hyder Ali Saheb or ask a servant.

Detective - 'Where did he keep his necessary paper sheets?'

Servant - 'We did not see him holding any paper with his hand.'

Detective - 'And money money?'

Servant - 'We never saw him touching his hand even with money. When needed, he used to fulfill the orders by ordering the servants.

Detective - 'Chirag Ali wrote a big paper in his hand before he saw you?'

Servant - 'Yes. One day, he wrote a lot, sitting day and night.

Detective - 'You know, where did they put it?'

Servant - 'I don't know what they did to him?'

Detective - 'Did he give it to anyone?'

Servant - 'Didn't even see anyone. It seems that he has not given it to anyone. We would have known if given.

Detective - 'Then what did he do?'

Servant - 'I understand you have been placed somewhere.'

Detective - 'Where can you be kept, you can know?'

Servant - 'I don't know any place to keep it. If it is kept then it will definitely be somewhere in this house. Could not keep out of it.

Detective - 'Well let us find you together and see if you can get the paper out of this house?'

Now both of them started looking for the long paper written by the same Chirag Ali in that house. There was not much stuff in that house. Except the bed, it did not take even five minutes to search the house.

Began to find a bed behind it. Even after looking at the five six pillows above, both of them did not find any paper. Then two sheets were laid, picked them up and threw them. Below were two tricks. He was also picked up, but nowhere was the paper detected. Three cushions were placed under Tosak. Even if I removed the cushion, nothing came.

When the detective hurried the second throne, what is seen is that there is a big envelope between the second and third padding. When the detective picked it up and saw it, it was written on it - 'If someone wins this envelope, return it to me without opening it.' Just below it is Chirag Ali's right. As soon as he read it, the detective understood that the paper which Chirag Ali had written by awakening day and night before he died, is within this envelope, the detective was excited to open the envelope and read it, but then after thinking something in his mind, that is exactly it Did not open or read until Hyder Ali returned from the cemetery.

Sixth tableau


When Hyder returned home with all the people burying his father, the detective gave him a large envelope found under the same pad in his hand and narrated everything as he had found it.

Hyder first read the above written on it, then immediately torn the envelope and took out a long letter from within, it was written in the same manner as the letter but it was very long. Seeing his handwriting, Hyder said - 'This paper is written by our Baba's own hand'.

Having said this, Hyder gave the long letter to the detective and said - 'I am very tired, you read it and see what is written?'

The detective started reading with a letter from Hyder. In it it was written:

'Son Hyder! You are my boy The owner has also given you a boy. By this you can understand very well how you are our love. I remember the day when I was unhappy on you and drove you away from the front? A man of an ordinary lifeless identity was killed. I insulted you for that, but who was that Ibrahim brother, so I did not tell you. Why did I believe in him so much, why did I forgive him many great mistakes, why did I respect so much like his man, that day was not an opportunity to tell it, today the opportunity has come to tell all those things.

'I know that he used to persecute you a lot, persecute our very old and faithful servants too, many times I have seen him brutally assaulting slaves, many deserving men have left our house from their oppression. . Even after those servants had gone away, you were very sad, even though I could not tell you their condition in those days, the opportunity has come now to say all that.

'Who were they and why do I bear such a crime of theirs, if you could know all those days, then you also do not pay any attention to their crimes, all the things that you would do, you would keep watching silently. But by not doing so, you are not guilty of anything in it. You don't have even a single fault in it. I now tell my own story before I tell them all, with that you will understand all.

'look son! My real name is not Chirag Ali nor am I born in Calcutta. My real name is Ali Bhai. The Madanpur village of Bombay Hatay is my birthplace. I am also born where Ibrahim's brother lives. My Baba was not very popular or even an ordinary man. Even when I am not born in the house of a very rich person, as the rich and the virgin people get involved in boyhood, the movement gets spoiled in the same way. son! I am ashamed to tell you all this and I understand that you will understand this. But what should I do if I do not tell you all these secret things, then you will be in doubt throughout your life. This is what I tell the father to the son that is outside the ethos, that is what I say today.

'There was a rich landowner in the village where I lived. He died leaving a boy equal to me. In those days I will be sixteen or seventeen years old. I had the friend of that rich son. It is often the same as that of Dhani's boys. Then, by staying with him forever, my behavior will deteriorate, what was the doubt. After owning a lot of money on his father's death, he made his move worse. Apart from me, there were two and four Kumaragi, all of them got together with their wealth and started committing so much misdeeds that it became difficult for good men in that village to live with a female son. The householder's daughter, whose daughter and sister had their eyes on us, could not be spoiled in any way, whether by force or by money. The messengers of our people were such that they used to fulfill the promise that they said immediately,

'In the village where I lived, there was a very rich man of our caste in another village. He had a beautiful young girl. Our beautiful friend caught her eye on that beauty. We took a lot of effort to bring it in hand, when it did not make sense in any way, then we started to post. One day the father of that beauty went out for some work, He was accompanied by several other servants of his household. We were spies. The same night we received this news, we prepared to fulfill our meaning. And right at midnight, we along with our colleagues entered her house and brought that beautiful girl. There was a huge breakup after this work was done. His father returned from outside after receiving the news. He came to the police station as soon as he came home. The police set out to search for the girl. He exhausted after searching a lot and reported that the robbery had been lost, it was a false thing that the robber's house was not robbed because not a speck went to his house. It seems that the rich widow Sundari has gone out. He insulted it in the same way by using it as an excuse for robbery. What he means is that the police will search for the bandits and if that girl is found in it, then her job will be done. Did not go to his house. It seems that the rich widow Sundari has gone out. He insulted it in the same way by using it as an excuse for robbery. What he means is that the police will search for the bandits and if that girl is found in it, then her job will be done. Did not go to his house. It seems that the rich widow Sundari has gone out. He insulted it in the same way by using it as an excuse for robbery. What he means is that the police will search for the bandits and if that girl is found in it, then her job will be done.

Here, our rich mite spent a few days with that young widow. So someone told them about another beautiful girl, then they gave their mind to that. And after spending a lot of money, she did that beauty in hand. When this second beauty came, she lost her love for that first widow. But I took them away from there and started raising them like a woman. I was not married in those days, so my love for him grew by the day. As I grew up, I started to know her as my marriage house and her actions also made me feel that she considered me like her master. Similarly, one year passed by both of us, even though his father could not find out anything about his girl. That girl also did not want to give her address to the father.

'Similarly, after a few more days, I got something wrong in his movement. Gradually I came to see such works from which I understood that my suspicion is not of unmatched feet. Yasin, the younger brother of this Ibrahim brother lived there where I had kept him. I know that Yasin has met that Papin. Now I was very upset with my unfortunate heart and when I would get both, I started spending days worrying about this. One day I went out with that Papini saying that I would go to another village with my friend, I would come back three to four days. Just walking from home, I stayed at my friend's house overnight. Stayed there the next day too. When my friend was asleep after having dinner, I took a big arm and left. Where the sinner was kept, but did not go inside and stood hidden like a theft at the door.

There was silence everywhere, then the beautiful snake came out of the house and stood at the door. Shortly afterwards Yasin also came from his home. The two then barged into the house together. Locked the door. I went inside by dripping back wall. I reach the hallway from the courtyard that Yasin was found in front. With the arm of my hand I hit him so hard that he fell there. Papin shouted seeing Yasin falling. I cut it all off and did all his work. And when the corpse of both of them came out, I see that many men of the locality are standing at the door. When I got out, they all ran to catch me, but nobody came near seeing the knife in their hands. I ran quickly after saving my life, but someone from behind came with a stick on my hand that the arm fell on the ground. Then I was caught empty handed and caught by several other runners. Getting the police got the news. And by handcuffing me, he locked me in lockup

'I had left both of them dead in my understanding, but when I went to lockup, I started hearing that both Yasin and that Papini won. After some time someone came and said that both of them died now.

'I was sued because of two bloodshed. At the same time, the father of that Kukarmini also received news that he also filed a petition in the government. Now I felt guilty that I had stolen the girl by robbing her in her house and now I have murdered her. His father just stood in the court and started trying to prove his case against me with his wealth. On the other hand, because of Yasin's blood, his brother was the same Ibrahim who pleaded to avenge his brother. I started rotting in the air.

'Prosecution took place after many days of increasing muscle on muscle. My father spent a lot of money to save me and raised a very famous lawyer barrister. That rich friend of mine also did not draw his hands for the expenses. He too was a great help to save me but nothing happened to anyone. On being proven guilty, the judge ordered me to be hanged. I did not think the judge was visiting in the district. I also thought in a village. When I got the idea, I started to be brought to the district, due to the night, I was kept in a police station. Two soldiers were guarded on the guard of the police station. When the night was too late Who knew the fate of the cold wind, both the guards slept there. When I saw him in his sleep from within the guard, he pulled his handcuffs out loud. My hand leather was very cut in it. Handcuffs left the same yard and started worrying about coming out, But after seeing it very well, it was found that there is no way to get out of the guard, which is closed. There are no iron rods in the gates, and both the guards are sleeping outside.

'I grabbed one of those sticks and started moving. It was found that the frame in which he is rooted is rotten. I pulled a rod vigorously, and it was separated from the wood from Satak. With the release of a single rod, my nickel escaped. I ran out of guard.

'Ran out, but one of the guard soldiers woke up. Both ran after me shouting 'Asami Bhaga'. I ran away as loud as I could. I do not care how the thorns fall under the feet. What greed for the person who has prepared to hang himself? I ran so dark that the pursuers could not find my address. I entered a jungle running, and after running for a while, that forest also ended. I then ran on the field and ran the same way all night.

'When I got up early in the morning, I found a dense forest and entered it. I did not know how much I went through the night. When the day came, he stayed in the same forest all day. Then I was out when the sun set. And went on the same night as the first night. After walking for two nights, I now believed that I had come too far, I did not go to the forest again when dawn. At daybreak, I found a colony. I went to the door of a householder, he respected me like a Pahun. After several days I rested after eating the grain of that householder. On inquiring, it was found that I have come forty kos away from my place. After resting for the whole day, he left again and stayed up in the morning.

'Now I have destroyed my fakery. Begging for a hand with a coconut in hand, he started begging. Wherever Sadvartta or Dharamshala would be found, there was a meal in the stomach and would spend the morning in the morning. After six months of running like this, I reached Calcutta. When I came to Calcutta when there were twenty five rupees left from me by begging.

'Calcutta was a city of lifeless identity for me in those days. I wandered throughout the day and roamed all night, but could not find a place to stay, there was no man of any identity. Many Muslims from Bombay came here to see, but I did not go to them for fear of getting caught.

'Walking in a myriad form, I understood that if I get a place for rent in the thatched houses outside the rich colony, then I can be able to spend two to three months to sit.

'On the fourth day I went to a Muslim house and found a closet near the outside door for a quarter and a quarter. When I started living at home, I left my fakery form and became an ordinary Muslim, but did not wear my previous style.

'I lived there in disguise of the ordinary Muslims of Calcutta. Now there was a worry in the mind that how the days will be cut. Who should work so that the stomach is full Ten-fifteen days passed while caring for it. He spent twenty-five rupees in the expenses of bedware, utensils and simple clothes and rice dal, but did not do any way to spend the day happily.

'One day I was sitting on the banks of Gangaji in the morning. It would have been good if I could have got some work on the ship, I used to think in my mind that an old Muslim came and asked me - 'Why is sitting here? I said in response - 'I am sitting on the job of filling my stomach.'

Hearing me, he said - 'Well, for one day I give you work. My man who used to work on a ship to look after them has not come to work today. If you can do that work then come with me, I will keep you for that work for today. '

'I obeyed the old man and went with him. He must have been working on a ship, above a hundred porter or a hundred. The old man walked away from there keeping me there for his care. The old man said that I will come before the time of vacation.

'The old man returned at the right time. Very happy to see my work. For that day and days, that old man had a double job. The old man gave fare to all porters and gave me one rupee and hired a servant for twenty rupees a month on the same work. He became happier with my work day by day. Even for five years I kept doing the same thing. In the fifth year he paid me fifty rupees salary. He died the same year. His work also stopped after he died. From the money I had accumulated, I bought a boat and started to hire it. I benefitted greatly from that. I bought ten boats even after one and I got so much income from them that I became rich. I started being counted among the eminent priests. I left the house of thatch and opened a six-storey house in it, I married myself in those days. My day turned around so that you were also born with the benefit of money. Now my business has grown a lot. I changed my name as soon as I came to Calcutta. Everyone here knows the same name. I am a hangman. I have escaped by breaking handcuffs from the guard, so no one here knows.

I wrote to my father and mother from here that I have not run away. Am well here I will not come there, I will not meet you, but I will send money to you, I will not write a letter either. After that, I did not write to him again nor did I meet him. He used to send so much money every year that he did not have any problem. I did not send money from Calcutta, sometimes I went to Madras, sometimes Rangoon, sometimes I went to some far away city and sent money from there and then went here.

'For so many days, no one was cut off from happiness here, but did not know how Ibrahim brother came here after getting my news. You must now understand why I believed him and tolerated him so much. Now he has deteriorated from here to Bombay and has written a letter to the police there telling me all the situation.

'The police will now immediately come here and take me to Bombay. I am ready to hang here. Son haider This is our secret.

'When the police come here, then they will quietly return in vain. Because I will not live here. Because of this there will be some breakup in your dignity. I will not live here. Now it's time for me to die. I leave the world happily. son! Say goodbye to me I have done everything I want for you. Don't get caught in any misdeeds like I do.

Everyone was amazed after reading the entire letter. The detective said in mind. Oops! What a terrible Leela. This old man was also an amazing man.

Fifteen days later, policemen arrived from Bombay. When he heard that Ali Bhai alias Chirag Ali is no longer in the world, everyone returned unhappy.

(Sincerely)
Gopalram Ghamri's compositions in Hindi time

Stories
Gangadhar Pantawane
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia


Gangadhar Pantawane
Born 28 June 1937
NagpurBritish India
(now in Maharashtra, India)
Died March 27, 2018 (aged 80)
Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
Occupation Writer, social activist
Language Marathi
Nationality Indian
Education D.C. Mission School, Nagpur
Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University,
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University
Genre Ambedkarite movement
Notable works Dhammacharcha (1963)
Mulyavedha (1972)
Mooknayak (1978)
Leni (1997)
Children 2 daughters: Nandita and Nivedita

Gangadhar Vithoba Pantawane (28 June 1937 – 27 March 2018) was an Indian Marathi language writer, reviewer and Ambedkarite thinker from the state of Maharashtra. He was the follower of B. R. Ambedkar, polymath and the father of the Indian Constitution. He is one of the pioneers of the dalit literary movement" in Maharashtra. In 2008, he was elected president of the first Marathi Vishwa Sahitya Sammelan that was held in the United States. His pioneering journal, Asmitadarsh, galvanised generations of Dalit writers and thinkers. In 2018, he was honored with the Padma Shri by the Government of India.

Life and career

Gangadhar Pantawane was born on 28 June 1937 in a dalit family in the Pachpawali area of Nagpur city. His father Vithoba Pantawane was not well-educated but he was linked to Babasaheb Ambedkar's egalitarian movement. Their lives have been spent in poverty. Gangadhar completed his elementary education from D.C. Mission school and secondary education from Navyug Vidyalaya and Patwardhan High School, Nagpur. When Babasaheb Ambedkar had come to Nagpur in 1946, when he was 9 years old, he was very impressed by seeing them. For the second time when Babasaheb came to Nagpur, he got a chance to meet and talk to him. After matriculation examination in 1956, Gagangadhar Pantawane got BA and MA degree from Nagpur College. in 1987, he got PhD from Marathwada University (now Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University. His PhD's thesis research is about on journalism of Ambedkar named "Patrakar Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar" (English: Journalist Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar). Before moving to Aurangabad in the early 1960s as a professor in Milind College, Aurangabad where he spent 15 years of service and than worked as a professor of Marathi at Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad for 20 years. He used to write articles and plays with studies, teachers and editorials. "Mrutyu Shala" (School of Death) is a drama written by him. He also organized the Asmitadarsh Sahitya Sammelan every year.

Conversion

With the presence of 6,00,000 Ambedkarite people Pantawane embraced Buddhism at the hands of Babasaheb Ambedkar at DeekshabhoomiNagpur on 14 October 1956.

Death

Pantawane died on 27 March 2018 in city of Aurangabad due to illness.

Writings

Pantawane, had written 16 books and edited 10 books in Marathi language. He was also a founder of journal called 'Asmitadarsh'.

Marathi books

Ambedkari Janivanchi Aatmapratyayi Kavita (Goda publication)
Sanity: Shod ani Samvadh (2002)
Sahitya Nirmiti: Charcha ani Chikitsa
Sahitya: Prakruti ani Pravruti (1999)
Arth ani Anvayarth
Chaitya Dalit Vaicharik Wangmay
Dusrya Pidhiche Manogat
Kille Panhala te Kille Vishalgad
Dhamma Charchha
Patrakar Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar (1987)
Mulyavedhleni (1972)
Lokrang
Wadlache Vanshaj
Vidrohache Pani Petale Aahe (1976)
Smrutishesh (Suvidya publication)
Dalitanche Prabodhan (1978)
Prabodhanachya Disha (1984)
Editing

Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Yanche Nivdak Lekh
Asmitadarsh
Dalit-Gramin Marathi Shabdkosh
Dalit Atmakatha
Dalit Sahitya
Charcha ani Chintan
Lokrang
Shtri Atmakatha
Maharancha Sanskrutik Itihas

Honors & awards

List of awards and honours won by Gangadhar Pantawane.
Padma Shri, 2018
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Jivan Gaurav Award, 2016
Maharshi Vittal Ramaji Shinde Award, 2006, Wai, Satara
Phadakule Pursakar, 2018
Aurangabad Bhushan Award, 2014, Rotary club of Aurangabad
Ganpatrao Jadhav

From Wikipedia

Ganpatrao Jadhav
Born 5 May 1908
Gaganbavada
Kolhapur district
India
Died 20 May 1987
Other names Ganpatrao Govindrao Jadhav
Occupation Journalist
Writer
Years active 1930-1987
Known for Pudhari
Spouse(s) Indira Devi
Children Pratapsinh Jadhav and six daughters
Awards Padma Shri
Kakasaheb Limye Award
Acharya Atre Award


Ganpatrao Govindrao Jadhav was an Indian freedom activist, journalist and writer. He was the founder of Pudhari, a Marathi daily started publishing in 1937. The Government of India awarded him the fourth highest Indian civilian honour of Padma Shri in 1984 and issued a commemorative postage stamp depicting his image on 12 November 2009.
Biography

Ganpatrao Jhadav was born on 5 May 1908 at Gaganbavada, a small hamlet in the Kolhapur district of the western Indian state of Maharashtra. His education at the local school did not go beyond the primary levels due to financial constraints but Jhadav taught himself by reading books. He started his career as a journalist at Tej, a weekly published from Mumbai and later worked at other local publications.

During this period, he was involved with Satyashodhak Samaj, a social organization founded in 1873 by Jyotirao Phule, in their reformist activities and this gave him the opportunity to interact with several known Marathi personalities such as Keshavrao Jedhe, Dinkarrao Jawalkar, Achyutrao Kolhatkar, Bhaskarrao Jadhav, Bhargavaram Viththal Varerkar and M. G. Ranganekar. Soon, he launched a daily, Daily Kaiwari, with the assistance from Bhaskarrao Jadhav and became its editor. His association with Jyotirao Phule and Satyashodhak Samaj influenced him to participate in the Dandi March in March 1930 and he established the Kolhapur district chapter of the Satyashodhak Samaj.During the Indian civil disobedience movement of 1930, he oversaw the information flow between the Indian National Congress leadership and the frontline and underground activists. When Dinkarrao Jawalkar, one of the leaders of the movement in Maharashtra was arrested by the British government, Jhadav stayed underground and organized the picketing movements at Wadi Bunder and Carnak Bunder. He continued clandestine activities till the Gandhi-Irwin Pact was signed on 5 March 1931, granting dominion status to India. During this period, he was also associated with B. R. Ambedkar for the upliftment of the dalit communities and was involved in the temple entry protest at the Kalaram Temple in March 1930.

The latter half of 1930s saw Jhadav getting involved with journalism with renewed vigour and started a weekly by name, Sevak, which was renamed Pudhari on 13 May 1937. The publication is reported to have gained popularity and from the New Year's Day of 1939, it turned a daily to become the largest circulated daily in the western Maharashtra and north Karnataka, with an online edition. Around this time, he founded the Journalists' Association of Kolhapur (Kolhapur Patrakar Sangha) and became its founder president. He also served as the president of the Satyashodhak Samaj and was involved with the Samyukta Maharashtra Movement of 1956. His involvement with the farmers led to the establishment of Kolhapur District Agriculturist Co-operative Society of which he was a founder member. His contributions are also reported in the establishment of educational institutions such as Shivaji University, Tararani Vidyapeeth and Mouni Vidyapeeth.
Awards and honours

Jhadav was awarded the Kakasaheb Limye Award by the Pune Press Club in 1983. The Government of India awarded him the civilian honour of Padma Shri in 1984.He received the Acharya Atre Award of the Mumbai Marathi Patrakar Sangh in 1985 and the next year, the Shivaji University selected him for the DLitt degree (honoris causa). On 12 November 2009, the government issued a commemorative postage stamp with his image on it.

Personal life

Jhadav was married to Indira Devi and the couple had a son and six daughters. He died on 20 May 1987 at the age of 79. His son, Pratapsinh Jadhav, is the incumbent head of Pudhari and is a recipient of Padma Shri in 2003.

G. Sankara Kurup


Widely regarded as a harbinger of new line of thought after the towering literary legacy of the triumvirate poets, G. Sankara Kurup with his large volume of work, phenomenal ideas and inimitable style has left an indelible imprint on Malayalam literature. G. Sankara Kurup entered into the arena of literature at a time when literature was flaring up with romanticism and Marxian ideology.

Known throughout his life as ‘G’, the great poet was born on June 3, 1901 at Nayathodu near Kalady, as the son of Nellikkappilli Varieth Shankara Warrier and Vadakkini Veetl Lakshmikuttyamma. When the poet was five years old, his father passed away and it was his mother’s resilience and hard work that helped tide over the crisis.

G was raised under the strict discipline of his uncle Govinda Kurup, a Sanskrit Pandit as well as an astrologer, who forbade the poet from playing games or making friends. The loneliness thus induced helped the poet forge an irrevocable bond with nature and that has significantly influenced and moulded the poet. It is this influence which is reflected immensely in his works and earned him the name as a mystic poet. G was taken into the world of knowledge by this uncle who taught him lessons from Sanskrit and also verses from Raghuvamsha.

G completed his schooling till fourth standard from a primary school in Nayanthode village and continued his studies till seventh standard from a school at Perumbavoor. In those times, completing seventh standard qualified one to teach in primary classes. However G joined a school in Muvattupuzha to prepare for Vernacular Higher Exam. After successfully passing the Vernacular Higher Exam, he prepared for the Malayalam Pandits’ examination and passed it in flying colours. However his thirst for knowledge never subsided and he passed the Vidwan examination as well.

He started his official career as soon as he passed the Vernacular Higher Exam. G was just 16 when he joined as the head master of Kottamathu Convent School and in the later years he served in many schools. He served as the Malayalam Pandit at Thiruvilluamala High School in 1921. In 1927 he served as a teacher at Thrissur training school and then in 1931 he served as a lecturer at Ernakulam Maharajas College and later retired as a professor in 1956.

G’s first anthology ‘Sahitya Kouthukam’ was published in the year 1923 which includes his poems from 1917 to 1922. The second part of this collection was published in 1925, the third in 1927, while the fourth was published in 1930. One of his works titled ‘Suryakanthi’ published in 1946 with a preface by famous playwright Kainikkara Kumara Pillai is widely regarded as a noted work. ‘Poojapushpam’, ‘Nimisham’, ‘Navathidhi’, ‘Ithalukal’, ‘Pathikante Paattu’, ‘Muthukal’, ‘Anthardaham’, ‘Chenkathirukal’, ‘Odakkuzhal’, ‘Vishwadarshanam’, ‘Madhuram Soumyam Deeptham’, and ‘Sandhya Ragam’ figure among the important works of the poet.

Of these, Odakkuzhal earned him the renowned Jnanpith award in 1965 and was translated and published in Hindi as ‘Bansuri’. Kendra Sahitya Academy has published G’s important works in English under the title “Selected Poems”. Many of his poems have been translated to Russian as well.

One of G’s works titled ‘Meghachaya’ is a translation of the Sanskrit poem ‘Meghasandesham’ of Kalidas while ‘Vilasalahari’ is a translation of the Persian poem Rubáiyát by Omar Khayyám. He has also translated the collection of poems ‘Gitanjali’ by renowned poet Rabindhranath Tagore into Malayalam.

Gadhyopaharam, Lekhanamala, Rakkuyilukal are some of the major articles penned by G. He has also contributed immensely in the field of children’s literature. He also served as an editor of a journal of Sahitya Parishad and the later years also saw him publish a periodical titled ‘Thilakam’. ‘Anthivenmukil’, which was published in the magazine Manorajyam was the last poem penned by G.

On February 2, 1978, the litterateur who ushered in a new era and made unsurpassable contribution to Malayalam literature breathed his last. (http://www.keralaculture.org/g-sankara-kurup/676)
Gurdas Alam
(29.10.1912-1989)

First SC Punjabi Language Poet

Gurdas Ram Alam was born in Bundla village, Jalandhar, Punjab. His mother's name was Gionee and father's name was Shri Ram. They lived in a small mud house in the village. He did not go to school, learned to read and write Gurmukhi from his friends. Being a labor family, he started working as a bhatta laborer at a very young age, and started writing poems from his childhood. His first source of inspiration to get into writing was the oppression of the poor people by the rich which he experienced while working as child labor (child laborers). Despite being illiterate, he emerged as a popular name in Punjabi folk poetry before the partition of India. Alam ji is recognized as an SC activist poet and voice of the underprivileged, exploited castes and communities.

Writing

Alam ji was a progressive poet and an active poet of SC standing at the margins of society. He was the poet of the literary movement Progressive Poetry. His notable writing work is Alam Kava (1965). His writing subjects were inequality, revolution, social change.

As a poet of SC-consciousness, he was also inspired by the thoughts and philosophy of Dr. Ambedkar. He wrote a poem "Bada Shor Dardada Gariaban de Vahan" which was recited in 1956 in the presence of Dr. Ambedkar during a public meeting at Buta Mandi Jalandhar, Punjab.
Gurram Jashuva
Wikipedia


Portrait of Gurram Jashuva
Born September 28, 1895

Died July 24, 1971 (aged 75)

Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
Occupation Poet
Spouse(s) Mariyamma

Gurram Jashuva (or G Joshua) (September 28, 1895 – July 24, 1971) was a Telugu poet. His real name was Anil Kumar.
Early life
Jashuva was born to Virayya and Lingamma in Vinukonda, Guntur, Andhra PradeshIndia to a community of leather workers. His father belonged to the Yadav caste and his mother belonged to the Madiga caste. Due to poverty and the intercaste marriage of his parents, his childhood was difficult in a society in which some castes were considered "untouchable." Jashuva and his brother were raised by his parents as Christians. In order to fulfill the requirements of higher education, Jashuva obtained the diploma Ubhaya Bhasha Praveena as a scholar of Telugu and Sanskrit languages later in his life.
Career
Protests against "untouchability," Dalit rights, and segregation have been common themes in all of Jashuva's works. Some of the more notable entries into his literary canon include Gabbilam (A Bat), Firadausi (A Rebel) and Kandiseekudu (A Refugee). A number of verses from Jashuva's work have been incorporated into the popular mythological play, Harischandra, most notably during a scene set in the midst of a cremation ground.

Dalit communities in Andhra Pradesh consider Jashuva to be the first modern Telugu Dalit poet, and actively protest his erasure from Telugu and Indian literary history. In 1995, Dalit communities in Andhra Pradesh began to organize various centennial celebrations for Jashuva's birth, and have recently begun efforts to revive the remembrance of his literary contributions.
Literary works
Gabbilam (1941) is Jashuva's best known work, fashioned after Kālidāsa's Meghadūta (The Cloud Messenger), in which an exiled lover attempts to communicate his affections to his beloved wife.
In one stanza, Jashuva writes, "To this friendly bat he began telling his life-story with a heart scorched by sorrow. In this senseless and arrogant world, other than lowly birds and insects, do the poor have any intimates or neighbors, any noble swans to explain his warm tears?"
The man in the poem muses at the irony of his situation, wherein a bat is allowed inside a temple, yet not within a human being, requesting that the bat convey his message to Siva with caution. As the bat travelled to Lord Siva in Kasi, Jashuva utilized the feeling of patriotism, another theme significant to his work, through vivid descriptions of various historical locations throughout India from the perspective of the bat.
Firadausi (1932) is another of his more recognized works. The story details the Persian poet Firdousi under the rule of King Mahmud of Ghazni, who promises compensation for his work in the form of one gold mohur for every word that the poet is commissioned to write. Despite the poet toiling day and night for ten consecutive years compiling the magnum opus of his literary career, King Mahmud, swayed by the influence of jealous courtiers, dishonors his agreement with his subordinate, offering only silver coins, and leading the poet to commit suicide. Jashuva's depiction of the poet's struggles resonated with Indian audiences, leading to Firadausi becoming one of his most widely acclaimed works.(Joshua, Gurram (1996). Piradausi. Jāṣuvā Phauṇḍēṣan.)
Baapoojee (1948) is an expression of Jashuva's personal anguish related to the assassination of Mahatma Gandhi. His enormous love and respect for Gandhiji is poignantly expressed in the collection of poems eulogizing his life and work, as well as lamenting his death as one of India's greatest misfortunes.(Joshua, Gurram (1963). Bāpūjī. Buk Lavars.)
Timeline
Rukmini Kalyanam (1919)
Chidananda Prabhatham and Kushalavopakhyanam (1922)
Kokila (1924)
Dhruva Vijayam, Krishna Nadi and Samsara Saagaram (1925)
Shivaji Prabandham, Veera Bai, Krishna Deva Raayalu, Vemana Yogeendrudu and Bhaarata Maatha (1926)
Bhaarata Veerudu, Suryodayam, Chandrodayam and Gijigaadu (1927)
Ranachyuthi, Aandhrudanu and Thummeda Pendlikoduku (1928)
Sakhi, Buddhudu, Telugu Thalli, Sishuvu and Baashpa Sandesham (1929)
Deergha Nishwasamu, Prabodham, Shilpi, Hechcharika, Saaleedu and Maathru Prema (1930)
Bheeshmudu, Yugandhara Manthri, Sama Dhrushti, Nela Baaludu, Nemali Nelatha, Loka Baandhavudu, Anasuya, Shalya Saaradhyamu and Sandeha Dola (1931)
Swapna Katha, Anaadha, Firdousi, Mumtaj Mahal, Sindhuramu, Budha Mahima, Kreesthu, Gunturu Seema, Vivekananda, Cheetla Peka, Jebunnisa and Paschatthapam (1932)
Ayomayamu, Akhanda Gouthami, Aashwasam, Meghudu and Smashana Vaati (1933)
Aandhra Bhojudu (1934)
Gabbilam (1941) [12]
Kandiseekudu (1945)
Thera Chaatu (1946)
Chinna Naayakudu, Baapuji and Nethaji (1948)
Swayam Varam (1950)
Kottha Lokam (1957)
Christhu Charithra (1958)
Raashtra Pooja and Musafirulu (1963)
Naagarjuna Saagaram and Naa Katha (1966)
Awards
Jashuva was presented the Sahitya Akademi Award for his work titled Kreesthu Charitra in 1964.
Jashuva was appointed to the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council as a member in 1964.
Jashuva was awarded the honorary doctorate degree of Kala Prapoorna by Andhra University in 1970.
Jashuva was awarded the Padma Bhushan by the Government of India in 1970.
Critical studies
Endluri Sudhakar researched Gurram Jashua's literature and published a book on his outlook and impact.
Awards instituted in his memory
The Jashuva Sahitya Puraskaram was established by the Jashuva Foundation to distribute an annual prize to poets from varying Indian backgrounds for enriching Indian literature with their contributions. The founder and secretary, Hemalatha Lavanam, is Jashuva's daughter. Nilmani Phukan, an Assamese poet, received the award in 2002.
Padma Bhushan Dr Gurram Jashuva Research Centre of Telugu Akademi distributes three awards to poets and writers for contributions to Telugu literature. These are the "Jashuva Jeevita Saphalya Puraskaram" for male poets aged sixty or above, the "Jashuva Visishta Mahila Purasakaram" for female poets aged fifty or above, and the "Jashuva Sahitya Visishta Puraskaram" for any contributor to Dalita sahityam (Dalit literature). The first of these awards was presented on September 28, 2013, during the one-hundred-and-eighteenth anniversary of Gurram Jashuva's birth. A payment of two-hundred-thousand rupees are included with each award. Dasaradhi Rangacharya was awarded the "Jashuva Jeevita Saphalya Puraskaram" award, Kolakakuli Swaroopa Rani the "Jashuva Visishta Mahila Purasakaram" award, and Kaluva Mallaiah the "Jashuva Sahitya Visishta Puraskaram" award. Damodar Raja Narasimha, Deputy Chief Minister of India, Dokka Manikya Vara Prasad, Minister for Rural Development of India, Kaki Madhava Rao, former Chief Secretary of India, and Medasani Mohan all either hosted or participated in various award-related functions. A commemorative book on the poet was released during one of the functions.
Gurcharan Das
From Wikipedia

Gurcharan Das

Gurcharan Das
Born 3 October 1943
Lyallpur, British India
Occupation Author, Commentator, public speaker, Intellectual.

Gurcharan Das (born 3 October 1943) is an Indian author, commentator and public intellectual. He is the author of The Difficulty of Being Good: On the subtle art of dharma which analyses the epic, Mahabharata. His international best-seller, India Unbound, is a narrative account of India from independence to the "global information age", and has been published in many languages and filmed by BBC.

He is a regular columnist for six Indian newspapers in English, Hindi, Telugu and Marathi. He writes periodic pieces for the New York Times, Wall Street Journal, Financial Times, Foreign Affairs, and Newsweek.

Gurcharan Das graduated with honours from Harvard University in Philosophy. He later attended Harvard Business School (AMP), where he is featured in three case studies. He was CEO of Procter & Gamble India and later managing director, Procter & Gamble Worldwide (Strategic Planning). In 1995, he took early retirement to become a full-time writer.

His other literary works include a novel, A Fine Family, a book of essays, The Elephant Paradigm, and anthology, Three English Plays.

Early life

Gurcharan Das was born in Lyallpur, India (now Faisalabad, Pakistan). His mildly autobiographical novel, A Fine Family, sheds light on his early life. After the partition of India, Das's family migrated to India. His father was an engineer with the government and he spent his childhood in Shimla and Delhi. When staying in Delhi he studied in Modern School, he also went to a high school in Washington D.C. when his father was posted there in the mid-1950s. He attended Harvard University and graduated with honours in Philosophy. He wrote his thesis under John Rawls. Later he attended Harvard Business School's Advanced Management Program, where he is featured in three case studies.

Career

Gurcharan Das was the CEO of Procter & Gamble India and Vice-President for Procter & Gamble Far East between 1985 and 1992. He was later Vice-President and managing director, Procter & Gamble Worldwide, responsible for global strategic planning. Prior to P&G, he was chairman and managing director of Richardson Hindustan Limited from 1981 to 1985, the company where he started as a trainee.

At the end of 1994, after a 30-year career in six countries, he took early retirement to become a full-time writer.

He began to write a regular column on Sundays for The Times of India and continued to do so for 15 years. Gradually, he added Dainik Bhaskar, Prabhat Khabar, Eenadu, Sakal, andMathrubhumi. He also wrote occasional guest columns for Time and Newsweek magazines and occasional pieces for The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, Financial Times,and Foreign Affairs .

Books

Gurcharan Das has published India Grows at Night: A liberal case for a strong state in 2012. He is also general editor for a 15 volume series, The Story of Indian Business (Penguin) of which three volumes such as Arthashastra: The Science of Wealth, Merchants of Tamilakam: Pioneers of International Trade, The East India Company: The World's Most Powerful Corporation have already appeared.

He is now mainly known for his two best-selling books, India Unbound and The Difficulty of Being Good. India Unbound, is a narrative account of India from Independence to the global information age, and has been published in over a dozen languages and filmed by BBC. The Difficulty of Being Good: On the subtle art of dharma (Penguin 2009) examines contemporary moral failures through the lens of the millennia year old epic, the Mahabharata.

India Unbound is mainly about the transformation of India from birth of the writer in (1942) to (1999). The author majorly speaks about the Indian politics and the economy of India. He categorises the complete timeline from 1942 to 1999 in three major sections: 'Spring of Hope (1942–65)', 'the Lost Generation (1966–91)' and 'Rebirth of Dream (1991–99)' and tells various stories (memoirs) and the historical facts of that time.

Gurcharan Das began to write soon after college. He wrote three plays in his twenties, which have been published as an anthology, Three English Plays (Oxford University Press, 2001). It consists of Larins Sahib, a prize-winning play about Sir Henry Lawrence and the British in India, which has been presented by Akademeia Repertory Theatre (ART) and its producer and artistic-director Rumi Palsetia, as the first-ever Indian theatre production in English, in the then 40-year history of the Edinburgh Festival Fringe, in 1991; Mira, which was produced off-Broadway to critical acclaim from New York critics; and 9 Jakhoo Hill which has been performed in major Indian cities. A new edition of the anthology, titled Three Plays, was published by Penguin India in 2011.

He wrote a novel in his thirties, A Fine Family, which follows the stories of several generations of a Punjabi family beginning with the Partition

The Elephant Paradigm is a book of essays which covers subjects such as Panchayati raj, national competitiveness, and the sacred and philosophical concerns of the average Indian consequent to India's entry into what the author calls the "age of liberation."

Personal life

Gurcharan Das is married and lives with his wife in New Delhi, and has two children. He is a Classical Liberal.
Gaddar
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia



Gaddar in a meeting in Nizam College Grounds- 2005
Personal details
Born 1949 (age 68–69)
Toopran, Hyderabad State, India
(now in Telangana, India)
Political party Telangana Praja Front
Residence Hyderabad, Telangana, India

Gummadi Vittal Rao, popularly known as Gaddar (born 1949), is a poet, revolutionary Telugu balladeer and local Naxalite activist from what is now the state of Telangana, India. The name Gaddar was adopted as a tribute to the pre-independence Gadar party which opposed British colonial rule in Punjab during the 1910s.

Telangana separatism



Gaddar protests against arrest of Varavara Rao- 2005

With the resurgence of Telangana movement, Gadar expressed his support for the cause of a separate Telangana state and those people who were advocating it with the intention of uplifting the lower castes, particularly dalits and also backward castes. He said he was strongly with those who are for a Telangana of social justice where Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes have political representation on par with the OCs and BCs of the state. He expressed his solidarity with Devendar Gouds NTPP (Nava Telangana Praja Party) in spite of being shot at by the police during Goud's term as AP Home Minister.

Gadar's song "Amma Telanganama Akali kekala gaanama" has been selected as the state song of Telangana.


Gaddar performing in Kolkata in 2010 against the Operation Green Hunt

Awards

Nandi Awards:

2011 - Nandi Award for Best Male Playback Singer for Jai Bolo Telangana
G. N. Devy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Ganesh Narayandas Devy
Born 1 August 1950
Occupation Critic, thinker, editor, educator, cultural activist
Nationality Indian
Notable awards

Padmashri 2014

Ganesh N. Devy (born 1 August 1950) is an Indian literary critic and former professor. He is known for the People's Linguistic Survey of India and the Adivasi Academy created by him. He is credited to start the Bhaashaa research and Publication Centre. He writes in three languages—Marathi, Gujarati and English. His first full length book in English After Amnesia (1992). He has written and edited close to ninety books in areas including Literary Criticism, Anthropology, Education, Linguistics and Philosophy.

Biography

G. N. Devy was educated at Shivaji UniversityKolhapur and the University of LeedsUK. Among his many academic assignments, he held fellowships at Leeds University and Yale University and has been THB Symons Fellow (1991–92) and Jawaharlal Nehru Fellow (1994–96). He was a Professor of English at the Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda from 1980 to 96. In 1996, he gave up his academic career in order to initiate work with the Denotified and Nomadic Tribes (DNT) and Adivasis. During this work, he created the Bhasha Research and Publication Centre at Baroda, the Adivasis Academy at Tejgadh, the DNT-Rights Action Group and several other initiatives. Later he initiated the largest-ever survey of languages in history, carried out with the help of nearly 3000 volunteers and published in 50 multilingual volumes.

Dakshinayan

In response to the growing intolerance and murders of several intellectuals in India, he launched the Dakshinayan (Southward) movement of artists, writers, and intellectuals. In order to lead this movement and to initiate his work on mapping the world's linguistic diversity, he moved to Dharwad in 2016. Devy returned his Sahitya Akademi Award in October 2015 as a mark of protest and in solidarity with other writers sensing a threat to Indian democracy, secularism and freedom of expression and "growing intolerance towards differences of opinion" under the right-wing government. The Dakshinayan movement follows the ideas of Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar. The movement has spread to several states in India such as Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Goa, Telangana, West Bengal, Uttara Khand, Punjab and Delhi.

Awards

G. N. Devy has received several Lifetime Achievement Awards. He was awarded Padma Shri on 26 January 2014 in recognition of his work with denotified and nomadic tribes and endangered languages. He was awarded the Sahitya Akademi Award (1993) for After Amnesia, and the SAARC Writers’ Foundation Award (2001) for his work with denotified tribals. He was given the reputed Prince Claus Award (2003) for his work for the conservation of tribal arts and craft. His Marathi book Vanaprasth received eight awards including the Durga Bhagwat Memorial Award and the Maharashtra Foundation Award. Along with Laxman Gaikwad and Mahashweta Devi, he was one of the founders of The Denotified and Nomadic Tribes Rights Action Group (DNT-RAG). He won the 2011 Linguapax Prize for his work for the preservation of linguistic diversity.

Works

Critical Thought (1987)
After Amnesia (1992)
Of Many Heroes (1997)
India Between Tradition and Modernity (co-edited, 1997)
In Another Tongue (2000)
Indian Literary Criticism: Theory & Interpretation (2002).
Painted Words: An Anthology of Tribal Literature (editor, 2002).
A Nomad Called Thief (2006)
Keywords: Truth (contributor, date unknown)
Vaanprastha (in Marathi, date unknown)
Adivasi Jane Che ( Tribal People Knows, in Gujarati, date unknown).
The G. N. Devy Reader (2009)
The Being of Bhasha (2014)
Samvad ( in Gujarati, 2016)
The Crisis Within: On Knowledge and Education in India (2017)
Trijyaa (in Marathi, 2018)
The question of Silence (2019)
Countering Violence (2019)
Gangadhar Meher
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Swabhaba Kabi

Gangadhara Meher
Swabhaba Kabi Gangadhara Meher
Born 9 August 1862(On the full moon day of Sravana Purnima)

Died 4 April 1924 (aged 61)
Nationality Indian
Education Std V
Occupation Judicial Moharir (Accountant)

Notable work Tapaswini, Rasa-Ratnakara, Balarama-deba, Pranaya Ballari, Kichaka Badha, Indumati (First Published work), Ayodhya Drusya, Padmini (Last work); genre (Poet)
Spouse(s) Shanta Devi, Champa Devi (After the death of Shanta Devi)
Children Arjuna Meher (died at the age of 12), Bhagaban Meher (Famous as Kabi-Putra), Basumati Meher, Lakhmi Meher
Parents
Chaitanya Meher (father)
Sevati Devi (mother)

Swabhaba kabi Gangadhara Meher (Odiaସ୍ୱଭାବକବି ଗଙ୍ଗାଧର ମେହେର) was a renowned Odia poet of the 19th century. Though poor in wealth and education, he remained one of the most prolific and original contributor to Odia literature.

Childhood

Gangadhara was born in 1862 on the full moon day of Shravana Purnima at Barpali of present-day Bargarh district of Odisha. Chaitanya Meher was working as a village Vaidya (Ayurvedic doctor) besides his family profession of weaving. But as he could not maintain his family with the income of these works, he opened a village school and began to teach a few children. Gangadhara Meher could read up to the Middle Vernacular Standard hurdling over diverse disadvantages, and his keen eagerness for literature eventually sparked his skills in writing poems.

As a young boy, he heard the Jagamohana Ramayana composed by Balarama Dasa and afterwards he himself read it as well as the Odia Mahabharata by Sarala Dasa. He also read and mastered a great number of Sanskrit books; of which ‘Raghuvamsham’, deserve mention. Tulasi Ramayana in Awadhi used to be held by him in great respect. He used to read Bengali magazines and newspapers.

Gangadhara got married at the age of 10. As his father’s pecuniary condition was not satisfactory, Gangadhar used to go to school in the morning and help his father in weaving in the afternoon. His clear and beautiful hand writing also garnered attention from many people willing to get their transcribed by him. The pecuniary condition of the family improved a bit due to his hard labour when to the misfortune of the family, the ancestral house caught fire.

Career

The then Zamindar of Barpali, Lal Nruparaj Singh offered him the post of an Amin (Patwari). Coming to learn of amicable behaviours and good virtues of Gangadhara, the Zamindar promoted him to the post of a Moharir. He continued to serve in the said post and was transferred to Sambalpur, Bijepur and Padmapur and at last transferred to him own native place Barapali on a salary of Rs.30/- per month.

The poet was very liberal and progressive socially. During the last age of his life, the poet organized an All Odisha Social Conference of Mehers with a view to uplifting the entire weaver society. Nearly three thousand Mehers from different parts of Odisha assembled in the Conference. The poet put up twelve proposals for the reform of the society and all were passed unanimously.

Literary career

Gangadhara started composing poems from a very tender age. His first writings follow the style and technique of the ancient Odia writers. His first kabya (poetic work) was “Rasa-Ratnakara”. Then being persuaded by some friends he changed his ways and wrote poems and kabyas in the modern Odia style. Kabibara Radhanatha Ray praised his writing very much. The works produced by Gangadhara Meher are marked by vivid imagination, in beauty and clarity of language, in the novelty of style, in point of forceful character painting and in the lively description of nature from different perspectives. His writings remain as some of greatest creations in Odia literature..His literary career was frequently influenced by the writings of Radhanath Rai, who wrote in western influences. A research was conducted in North orissa University which reveals many similarities between Gangadhar Meher and western romantic poets like P.B Shelley, Lord Byron, John Keats.The treatment of nature is equally same in their poetries.

Institution and award named after Gangadhar Meher

In 1949, Sambalpur College which is in Sambalpur district, opened in 1944 was renamed Gangadhar Meher College in his honour later upgraded to a university, now it is known by Gangadhar Meher University. In 2015, this college was upgraded to a university. Sambalpur University, Burla, instituted the Gangadhar Meher National Award for Poetry which is conferred annually on the foundation day of Sambalpur University. In January 2020 the Gangadhar Meher National award will be conferred to Viswanath Prasad Tiwari.
Geetha Hiranyan
From Wikipedia
Geetha Hiranyan
Born Geetha Potti
20 March 1958
Kottavattom, KottarakkaraKollam districtKerala, India
Died 2 January 2002 (aged 43)
ThrissurKerala, India
Occupation Writer, author
Notable works

Ottasnappil Othukkanavilla Janmasathyam
Asangaditha
Iniyum Veedaatha Hridayathinte Kadam
Notable awards

1994 Kunju Pilla Smaraka Award
2001 G. Sankara Kurup Janmasathabdhi Kavitha Award
2001 T. P. Kishor Award
2001 Ankanam Award
Spouse K. K. Hiranyan
Children Uma and Anand
Relatives

Sreedharan Potti (father)
Vasumathy Devi (mother)

Geetha Hiranyan (20 March 1958 – 2 January 2002) was an Indian writer of Malayalam literature. Known for her short stories, compiled in three books, Ottasnappil Othukkanavilla Janmasathyam, Asangaditha and Iniyum Veedatha Hrudayathinte Kadam, she was a recipient of a number of honours including G. Sankara Kurup Janmasathabdhi Kavitha Award and Kunju Pilla Smaraka Award.

Biography

Geetha Hiranyan, née Geetha Potti, was born on 20 March 1956 at Kottavattom, near Kottarakara in Kollam district of the south Indian state of Kerala to Thottavttath C. Sreedharan Potti and Vasumathy Devi; she was related to the noted writer and social reformer, Lalithambika Antharjanam. After earning master's and MPhil degrees, she started her career as a lecturer at Malabar Christian College, simultaneously continuing her doctoral studies. Later she taught at various government colleges in MalappuramKalpettaPerinthalmannaThrissurPattambi and Kodungalloor before joining Kerala Sahitya Akademi as the publications officer on deputation. It was at this time, she became ill due to which she could not continue her service.

Geetha was married to K. K. Hiranyan, a writer, critic and an academic, and the couple had a daughter, Uma and a son Ananthakrishnan. She died on 2 January 2002, aged 43, at Thrissur and the body was cremated at Ullannoor Mana, her ancestral house.

Legacy and honours

Geetha participated in a literary competition organized by Mathrubhumi for their Vishu edition in 1979 and her story, Deerghapankan, was selected for the consolation prize. Two decades later, in 1999, she published her first short story anthology, Ottasnappil Othukkanavilla Janmasathyam (It is not Possible to Frame Life's Truth in a Single Shot). Her next two anthologies, Iniyum Veedaattha Hridayathinte Kadam and Asangaditha were published in 2002, shortly after her death. Her last story, Shilpa is Writing a Story, was included in Asangaditha. In 2008, a complete collection was published under the title, Geetha Hiranyante Kathakal (The Stories Of Geetha Hiranyan). Her story was also included in the book, Daughters of Kerala : twenty-five short stories by award-winning authors, which contains the English translations of stories by women writers of Kerala.

Geetha received the Kunju Pilla Smaraka Puraskaram in 1994. She received three awards in 2001, the Ankanam Award, G. Sankara Kurup Centenary Award for Poetry and T. P. Kishore Award. Kerala Sahitya Akademi has instituted an annual award, Geetha Hiranyan Endowment Award, in her honour, for writers below the age of 35, to recognize excellence in Malayalam literature. Kerala Bhasha Institute has published her biography, under the title, Geetha Hiranyan:Jeeva Charithram, written by Sheeba Divakaran.

Bibliography
Sukham, the poem of Geetha Hiranyan in Prathibhavam newspaper.

Stories

Geetha Hiranyan (1999). Otta Snapil Othukkanavilla Oru Janmasathyam. Current Books, Thrissur: Current Books.
Geetha Hiranyan (2002). Asankhatitha. Current Books, Thrissur: Current Books.
Geetha Hiranyan (2002). Iniyum Veedatha Hridayathinte Kadam. Kottayam: DC Books. ISBN 8126404485OCLC 51086224.
Geetha Hiranyan (2008). Geetha Hiranyante kadhakal. Thrissur: Current Books.

Poems

Sukham (Prathibhavam-2000)
Girija Kumar Mathur
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Girijakumar Mathur
गिरिजाकुमार माथुर
Born 22 August 1919
Died 10 January 1994 (aged 75)
Occupation Writer, Poet
Nationality Indian
Notable works Nash aur Nirman, Nayi Kavita: Seemae aur Sambhavnae
Notable awards Sahitya Akademi Award
Children Pawan Mathur, Amitabh Mathur , Ashok Mathur

Girija Kumar Mathur (Hindi: गिरिजाकुमार माथुर) (22 August 1919 - 10 January 1994) was a notable Indian writer of the Hindi language. He is noted for his translation of the popular English song "We Shall Overcome" into Hindi (हम होगें कामयाब). His father, Devicharan Mathur, was a teacher in a local school and greatly admired music as well as literature. His mother name was laxmidevi Girijakumar Mathur is considered one of the most important writers in Hindi due to his efforts to modernise Hindi literature and promote it through many of his works.

Early life

Girijakumar Mathur was born in Ashoknagar which was tehsil of guna before 2003 Madhya Pradesh, on 22 August 1919. He was homeschooled by his father in History, Geography and English. After obtaining his primary education in Jhansi, he was awarded a degree of M.A (English) and L.L.B from Lucknow University. After practicing law for a few years, he started working in All India Radio and later Doordarshan.

Professional and musical career

On obtaining his law degree, Mathur initially worked as a lawyer, but subsequently joined the Delhi office of All India Radio. After a few years there, he moved on to join the then only television broadcasting organization of India, Doordarshan.

Mathur published his first collection of poems, Manjir in 1941.

It was during his service in Doordarshan that mathur translated the popular gospel and civil rights movement song "We shall overcome" into Hindi as "Honge Kaamyab" (होंगे कामयाब). It was sung by a female singer of the Doordarshan orchestra and the music was arranged by Satish Bhatia using Indian musical instruments. This version of the song was subsequently released by TVS Saregama. This Hindi rendition was released in 1970 as a song of social upliftment and was often broadcast by Doordarshan in the 1970s and 1980s. Doordarshan at that time was the only television station of India, and this song was especially played on days of national significance.

Mathur continued to work in Doordarshan, retiring in 1978 as the Deputy Director general.

Works

Girijakumar Mathur started his career in literature in 1934 in the Braj language.Greatly influenced by authors such as Makhanlal Chaturvedi and Balkrishna Sharma 'Navin', he published his first anthology, 'Manjir' in 1941. He was an important contributor to Hindi literature and used his works to spread moral messages through society. His notable works include:

Nash aur Nirman
Dhup ke Dhan
Sheilapankh Chamkile
Bhitri Nadi Ki Yatra (Anthology)
Janm Kaid (Play)
Nayi Kavita:Seemae aur Sambhavnae

Girijakumar Mathur was one of the seven eminent Hindi poets included in Tar Saptak, an anthology edited and published by Agyeya in 1943. Apart from poems, he wrote many plays, songs as well as essays. In 1991, he was awarded the Sahitya Akademi Award for his anthology, "Main Vakt ke Hun Samne" as well as the Vyas Samman[9] in the same year. He is noted for his translation of the popular English song "We Shall Overcome" into Hindi.

Mathur described his life's journey in his autobiography Mujhe aur abhi kehna hai (मुझे और अभी कहना है) (I still have to say something).

Death

Girijakumar Mathur died on 10 January 1994, aged 75 in New Delhi.
हीरा डोम
मुक्त ज्ञानकोश विकिपीडिया से

हीरा डोम (जन्म- 1885 ई॰ के आसपास) उन्नीसवीं सदी के पूर्वार्द्ध में विद्यमान प्रथम दलित कवि के रूप में विख्यात हैं जिनकी एकमात्र उपलब्ध भोजपुरी कविता सुप्रसिद्ध साहित्यिक पत्रिका सरस्वती में छपी थी और जिसमें तत्कालीन सामाजिक, आर्थिक एवं धार्मिक विसंगतियों-विडम्बनाओं की विवेकपूर्ण अभिव्यक्ति मार्मिक रूप में हुई है।

जीवन-परिचय

हीरा डोम का जन्म बिहार राज्य के पटना जिले के दानापुर में सन् 1885 के लगभग हुआ था। इनका जीवन-विवरण प्रायः अनुपलब्ध है। डॉ॰ माताप्रसाद ने इन्हें वाराणसी का निवासी बताया है, परन्तु डॉ॰ रामविलास शर्मा[2] से लेकर रमणिका गुप्ता तक इन्हें पटना का निवासी ही मानते हैं।

रचना

इनकी लिखी हुई एकमात्र कविता 'अछूत की शिकायत' उपलब्ध है। यह कविता महावीर प्रसाद द्विवेदी द्वारा संपादित ‘सरस्वती’ (सितंबर 1914, भाग 15, खंड 2, पृष्ठ संख्या 512-513) में प्रकाशित हुई थी। कवि-समीक्षक मदन कश्यप के अनुसार "हालांकि, सरस्वती में प्रकाशित होना ही इस बात का सुबूत है कि इस कविता को उस समय भी महत्व दिया गया था। फिर भी, समय रहते हिन्दी संसार ने हीरा डोम की खोज खबर नहीं ली अन्यथा उनकी कुछ और रचनाएं, उनके बारे में कुछ और सूचनाएं-- हमारे सामने होतीं।"

अछूत की शिकायत

हीरा डोम तथा उनकी कविता 'अछूत की शिकायत' को प्रकाशन के लम्बे समय बाद व्यापक हिन्दी संसार में चर्चित करने का श्रेय डॉ॰ रामविलास शर्मा को है। "1977 में प्रकाशित अपनी पुस्तक 'महावीर प्रसाद द्विवेदी और हिन्दी नवजागरण' में डॉ॰ रामविलास शर्मा ने इस कविता को उद्धृत किया। उसके बाद ही इसकी ओर लोगों का ध्यान गया।"

डॉ॰ शर्मा ने इस कविता का परिचय देते हुए लिखा था कि "सितम्बर १९१४ की सरस्वती में पटना के हीरा डोम की कविता 'अछूत की शिकायत' प्रकाशित हुई। यह भोजपुरी में है और सम्भवतः उस भाषा में लिखी हुई यह एकमात्र कविता है जो द्विवेदी जी की सरस्वती में प्रकाशित हुई थी। यह कविता उनके पास भेजी गई थी क्योंकि कविता के ऊपर कोष्ठकों में छपा है-- 'प्राप्त'। हिन्दी में इससे पहले (और बाद को भी) किसी डोम-बन्धु की लिखी कविता मेरे देखने में नहीं आई।"

आगे पूरी कविता उद्धृत करने के बाद डॉ॰ शर्मा की टिप्पणी है कि "हीरा डोम ने किसी से सरस्वती का नाम सुना होगा। मैथिलीशरण गुप्त की तरह सरस्वती में कविता प्रकाशित कराके प्रसिद्ध कवि बनने का स्वप्न तो उन्होंने न देखा होगा पर अपनी शिकायत सरस्वती के माध्यम से शिक्षितजनों तक उन्हें जरूर पहुँचानी थी। द्विवेदी जी ने साहसपूर्वक वह कविता अपनी उस पत्रिका में छापी जिसमें बड़े-बड़े लोग रचनाएँ छपाने को तरसते थे।"

यह कविता पहली दलित कविता के रूप में प्रतिष्ठित है। इसमें निहित गहरी वैचारिकता इसका रचनात्मक वैशिष्ट्य है। सुप्रसिद्ध दलित साहित्यकार शरणकुमार लिंबाले के अनुसार "इसे दलित सोच की वर्तमान धारा की पहली रचना कहा जा सकता है चूँकि इसमें केवल दलितों की शिकायत या व्यथा ही दर्ज नहीं की गई बल्कि आक्रोश और विरोध भी जताया गया है।"

महत्त्व

मदन कश्यप के अनुसार "इस कविता को पढ़ने से स्पष्ट हो जाता है कि यह रात-दिन दुख भोगने वाले जन की करुणा नहीं ताकत की अभिव्यक्ति है और इसका शीर्षक 'अछूत की शिकायत' निश्चित रूप से सम्पादक अथवा किसी अन्य व्यक्ति का दिया हुआ है। अन्यथा इसका शीर्षक 'अछूत की हुंकार' होना चाहिए था।"

डॉ॰ रामविलास शर्मा के अनुसार:

"गाँव के सर्वहारा-समुदाय की वर्ग-चेतना यहाँ पहली बार साफ-साफ प्रतिबिम्बित हुई है।... हीरा डोम कि उक्त रचना में जो प्रतिरोध का स्वर है, शोषण-चक्र के भीतरी तंत्र की जो पहचान है, श्रम करने वालों के महत्व का जो ज्ञान है, करुणा और व्यंग्य के साथ आत्म सम्मान की जो भावना है, वह सब हिन्दी कविता में अभी दूसरी जगह व्यक्त नहीं हुआ।"

मदन कश्यप के अनुसार:

"...अपने गुस्से का इजहार करने के साथ-साथ हीरा डोम ने धर्म-परिवर्तन की चालाकी और निरर्थकता को भी रेखांकित कर दिया है। सामन्ती समाज में श्रम को सबसे निचले पायदान पर रखा जाता है। और जिसके कर्म जितने श्रम विरोधी होते हैं, उसे उतना ही श्रेष्ठ समझा जाता है। हीरा डोम ने इस कविता में श्रम की प्रतिष्ठा और अपकर्मों की निन्दा के माध्यम से सामन्ती समाज के एक बड़े विपर्यय को उजागर किया है। ... इसकी दूसरी बड़ी विशेषता यह है कि यह कविता बिना किसी बौद्धिक विमर्श के सिर्फ अपने सहज अनुभव के आधार पर, यह स्थापित करने में सफल होती है कि ईश्वर एक वर्गीय अवधारणा है।..।"

हमनी के राति दिन दुखवा भोगत बानी,

हमनी के सहेब से मिनती सुनाइबि

हमनी के दुख भगवानओं न देखता ते, हमनी के कबले कलेसवा उठाइबि

पदरी सहेब के कचहरी में जाइबिजां, बेधरम होके रंगरेज बानि जाइबिजां

हाय राम! धसरम न छोड़त बनत बा जे, बे-धरम होके कैसे मुंहवा दिखइबि

Prof. Hari Narke 
Prof. Hari Narke (मराठीः प्रा. हरी नरके) Born on 1 June 1963 is a Scholar, Author and Orator of International repute. He is serving as professor and Head of Mahatma Phule Chair, in the University of Pune, India.

Early life

Prof. Hari Narke was born on 1 June 1963 in Ramchandra Narke and mother Sonabai Narke a very poor Mali caste family at Talegaon Dhamdhere, Tal. Shirur, Dist. Pune, Maharashtra, India. Prof. Narke's education was mostly in Pune. He has attended. He has completed his education by working in a graveyard

He is married to Sangita. They have a daughter Pramiti. Pramiti is attending her higher education.

List of works

Prof. Hari Narke is one of the prominent author of post globalized period of India. Till date he has penned 35 books on different issues in all three languages that are in Marathi, Hindi & English.
Books
Marathi
Mahatma Phule yanchi Badnaami - Ek Satyashodhan
Jnyanajyoti Savitribai Phule in second edition
OBC chya Bhavitavyavar Kurhad
Dalit Sahityachya Shodhat (Published at the hands of the then President of India K.R.Narayanan)
Mahatma Phule Shodhachya Navya Vata (Fifth edition)
Hindi
Mahatma Phule Sahitya aur Vichaar - Published at the hands of the then President of India, Dr. Shankar Dayal Sharma)
Mahatma Phule Samasta Sahitya - Vols. 1 to 4
English
Editor of Dr. Ambedkar’s speeches and writings, Vols. 17 to 22
Collected Works of Mahatma Phule, Vols. 1 to 3
Speeches

Prof. Hari Narke has delivered 6,000 lectures in the last 30 years, lectures at London, Birmingham, Manchester, Bedford, Dubai, Sharjah, Abu Dhabi, Al-ain, Kathmandu, Lumbini were widely acclaimed.

Awards

‘Samajbhushan Award’ by the Shahu Phule Ambedkar Vichaar Manch, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh.
‘Karandikar Trust’s award for researched writing’, Dharwad, Karnataka.
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Dalitmitra award’ by the Government of Maharashtra.
‘Best Orator award’ of the Aagya Publication Trust, Kolhapur.
‘Dainik Mahanagar Award’ for scholarly writing.
‘Samata Award’ by All India Mahatma Phule Samata Parishad.
‘Best Professional Excellence Award’ by Rotary Club, Pune.

Special Contribution

Full-time contribution to the publication of Phule, Shahu, Ambedkar’s literature. Till date, Ambedkar’s literature has been translated and published in 13 languages and Phule’s in 9 languages.
Published 400 articles in well-known national newspapers and periodicals in the country. Participated in 70 programmes on television.
Presented research papers and delivered lectures at National Seminars in 40 Universities.
Taken initiative for the building of Mahtama Phule memorial at Pune, Savitribai Phule memorial at Naigaon (Satara) and the erection of Mahatma Phule’s statue at the Parliament of India.

Initiated the commemoration of 11 April Phule Jayanti and 14 April Dr.Ambedkar Jayanti jointly as well as commemoration of 3 January Savitribai Phule Jayanti and 12 January Jijau Jayanti jointly. Also initiated the government commemoration of Shahu Jayanti.
Chairperson of the Third All India Satyashodhak Literature Conference, Nagpur and First Satyashodhak Round Table Conference, Pune 2010.
Personal collection of Ten Thousand rare and precious books.

Additional responsibilities

Member-Secretary of Mahatma Phule Source Material Publication Committee, Govt. of Maharashtra, Mantralaya, Mumbai.
Member of MAaharashtra State Commission for backward classes.
Harjeet Atwal
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Harjeet Atwal
Born September 8, 1952 (age 68)

Nationality Indian
Occupation Writernoveliststoryteller
Known for Literature

Harjeet Atwal (Punjabi: ਹਾਰਜੀਤ ਅਤਵਾਲ, born 8 August 1952) is a British Punjabi writer and novelist. He has written more than 20 books and he is also the editor of Punjabi magazine 'Shabad'. He is also known as a storyteller and poet. Now he lives in London with his wife and three children. He received runner-up Dhahan Prize for his novel 'Mor Udari' in 2015.

Early life

Harjeet Atwal, a well known Punjabi writer was born on 8 September 1952, in village Pharala, district Jallandhar now district Nawanshahar in PunjabIndia. His father's name was Darshan Singh and mother name was Balbir Kaur. He is eldest brother of three sisters and a late brother. He was brought up at his native village Pharala. He got his secondary education from Govt. High School Pharala, and graduation from Sikh National College, Banga. After his degree in law he started his legal practice in Nawanshahar courts but he migrated to U.K. in July, 1977. Since then he is living in U.K. with his family. He has his interest in literature since his childhood and started writing short stories and poems in his school days. He has written more than two dozens books in Punjabi. His work is a part of universities courses. He lives in London since he moves to U.K. He has three grown up children, two daughters and one son.

Writing career
Work

Harjeet Atwal has written more than two dozens of books which includes novels, poetry, short stories, biography, travelogue, essays and articles, literary analytical articles, editing the books, editing the magazines etc. His work is also available in other languages like Hindi, English and other Indian languages. He has been writing columns for few daily newspapers and magazine as well. He, regularly, delivers his lectures on the concerns about modern literature in Indian universities and other educational institutions. He is President of 'Adara Shabad' which is a Punjabi writers association based in London and Chandigarh. Here are main books written by Harjeet Atwal

'Sard Pairan di udik' (A wait with naked feet). a collection of poems.
'Suka Pata Te Hawa', (A dead leaf in wind) a collection of short stories.
'Kala lahu', (Black blood). a collection of short stories.
'Sapan Da Bhar Bartainia', (Britain, full of snakes)[citation needed] a collection of short stories.
'Khuh Wala Ghar', (A house with well). a collection of short stories.
'Ik Sach Mera Vi', (One truth from me). a collection of short stories.
'Nawen Geet Da Mukhra', (First stanza of new song). a collection of short stories.
'Ik Gal Je Dil Lage, (a matter if you feel right) a collection of short stories.
'Das Darvaze', (Ten doors) a collection of short stories.
'Focus', (The focus). a travelogue.
'Pachasi Variyan Da Jashan', (The celebration of 85 years) a biography of his father Mr Darshan Singh.
'One Way', a novel.
'Ret', (The sands) a novel.
'Swari', (The passenger) a novel.
Southall, a novel.
'British Born Desi', (Indians born in Britain). a novel.
'Akal Sahai', (God helps) a historical novel
'Aapana' (My own). a historical novel.
'Geet', (The song). a novel.
'Mudri Dot Com', (mundri.com) a novel.
'Mor udari', (A flight of peacock) a novel.
'Kale rang gulaban de', (Black roses), a novel.
'Jetthu', (a name). This novel was advertised as name Shalmai
'A Collection of Diasporas Punjabi Short Stories', an edited book. And he has edited few more books.

He is co-editor of tri-monthly Punjabi magazine named 'Shabad' (The word) He has done lot of translation work as well.
Hira Bansode
“Slave” by Hira Bansode: Study Notes
About the Poet

Hira Bansode. born in 1939 in Maharashtra, is one of the early Dalit women writers. She talked for the working class Dalit women who experienced double marginalisation in their work space as well as domestic space. Her poetry carries themes of alienation, freedom from all kinds of bondage and subjugation, estrangement, search of identity and dignity both as a Dalit and as a woman. She often blended ancient myths of women who underwent discrimination with contemporary situations of the Dalit women.

Summary of the Poem

The poet says that woman is still a slave/ servant (the apt translation of the Marathi word ghulam which is the original title of the poem is servant) in spite of the auspicious ritualistic practices which are based on the stories of Sita and Ahalya who were known for their tests and challenges of their chastity. The poet is angry when she states that to be born as a woman in ‘unjust’ since she is still a slave to everyone regardless of time period. The identity of a woman fades like flowers and her emotions are taken for granted and called as mere ‘dreams’. Her desire is not given due importance and her protests are nipped in the bud. A woman is dried up by tradition where her growth is stunted and forever she has to remain as someone’s shadow. When festivals celebrate the stories of lords the stories of women in it are painful.

Re-reading of the Poem

The poem “Slave” weds women of two generation bringing their atrocities as a common platform to discuss what has significantly changed in the world of women even when the term ‘modernity’ is attached to women these days. For Hira Bansode religion ad tradition have never offered equality to women. They were marginalised and made second class beings in the name of customs and purity. The second reason-purity- has been used and abused in order to portray women often as trouble makers. Women had to take responsibility for the mistakes and insecurities of men and their bodies and minds had to be tested in fire to prove the worth of their husbands. The chastity of a wife was often seen as a protective tool to defend her husband’s life in battles and other dangerous expeditions.

According to Bansode, in her attempts to live her life to make the life of men around her fulfilled, woman loses her identity. Her emotions are considered as the temporary and weak reflections of being a woman. Her freedom was cut short and she was leashed to her house and her close relatives. Manu famously said that a woman had to be protected by her father in her adolescence, by her husband in her youth and by her son in her old age. Even when this quotation is discussed in another way where Manu is pictured as the champion of feminism the nature of Manusmriti proves that Manu meant nothing about the security of women for their sake but he was talking about guarding women to maintain the purity of one’s caste.

The poem ends with a strong and thought provoking statement where the poet laments that to be born a woman in ‘unjust’. The world offers woman an unjust situation from her birth to death. She is chained in the name of religion, tradition and purity. The poem is a dirge for all women regardless of caste.
H. Govindaiah
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
H. Govindaiah (born 1954) is a prominent Dalit poet writing in Kannada. He was associated with Dalit Sangharsha Samiti (DSS) and was the publisher of Panchama, a fortnightly magazine of DSS for ten years until 1985. He has worked as a lecturer at Mysore Universityand the Karnataka Open University and was Deputy Registrar of the latter for two years.

Further reading

Satyanarayana, K & Tharu, Susie (2011) No Alphabet in Sight: New Dalit Writing from South Asia, Dossier 1: Tamil and Malayalam, New Delhi: Penguin Books.
Satyanarayana, K & Tharu, Susie (2013) From those Stubs Steel Nibs are Sprouting: New Dalit Writing from South Asia, Dossier 2: Kannada and Telugu, New Delhi: HarperCollins India.
Haldhar NagIndian

Date of Birth: 31-Mar-1950
Place of Birth: Bargarh, Odisha, India
Profession: writer, poet
Nationality: India
Zodiac Sign: Aries

About Haldhar Nag

Dr.
Haldhar Nag (Born: 31 March 1950) is a Sambalpuri poet and writer from Bargarh, Odisha, India.
Popularly known as "Lok kabi Ratna" .
He was awarded Padma Shri, the fourth highest civilian award of India by Government of India in 2016.
He was born in a poor family of Ghens.
He is best known for his work Kavyanjali, an anthology of English translation of Nag's selected poetry which was launched in 2 October 2016.
In 2019 Haldhar Nag get Doctorate Degree by Sambalpur University.Sambalpur University is coming up with a compilation of his writings — Haldhar Granthabali-2 — which will be a part of its syllabus.
Hemendra Singh Panwar
Born 22 March 1937

India
Awards Padma Bhushan

Hemendra Singh Panwar is an Indian conservationist and civil servant, known for his efforts in the fields of wild life and conservation. He was the first director of the Wildlife Institute of India and was the director of Project Tiger. The Government of India honoured him, in 2013, with Padma Bhushan, the third-highest civilian award, for his services to the environment and conservation.

Biography

Hemendra Singh Panwar was born on 22 March 1939. He started his career in Indian Forest Service, which took off with his posting at Mandla. In 1969, he was transferred to South Mandla which covered the forest areas of Kanha which had a sparse head count of 30 tigers and Barasinghas (swamp deer) numbering 66. Panwar's efforts on deear conservation was given a boost when he was put in charge of barasingha conservation as an independent unit.

During his stint at Kanha, Panwar is reported to be successful in converting the park into an efficiently managed unit, and the park won the award for the best managed park in India in 1976. The headcount of tigers grew to 150 and the deer to over 400 and the park management was able to relocate 22 interior villages.

In 1981, Panwar was transferred to Delhi, as the head of Project Tiger, a project conceptualised in 1973, for the protection of tiger population in India. He worked for 4 years on the project, till 1985, during which time, the project brought seven additional reserves under its umbrella. The population of tigers in India rose from 1900 to 3000. He was also invited to present a paper on the subject by the Smithsonian Institution

At this time, the idea of setting up an institute focusing wildlife conservation was being mooted by V. B. Saharia, and as a result of his efforts, the Wildlife Institute of India was established in 1985 with Hemendra Singh Panwar as its first director. Panwar established the institute into a full-fledged learning centre with specialised focus on wildlife biology, management, and extension. Research facilities were also set up in the topics of focus. The Wildlife Institute of India is rated as one of the six best conservation research institutions by the World Conservation Union and has won Rajiv Gandhi Conservation Award. Panwar retired as its director in 1994.

Awards and recognition

Hemendra Singh Panwar has won several awards and honours for his services.
Padma Bhushan – 2013
The Duke of Edinburgh Conservation Medal – WWF International – 2002
Rajiv Gandhi Wildlife Conservation Award – 1998
Tree of Learning Award – World Conservation Union (WCA-IUCN) – 1996
Fred M. Parker International Parks Merit Award – World Conservation Union (WCA-IUCN) – 1996
Prime Minister's Memento in 1992 for Project Tiger
Government of Madhya Pradesh Gold Medal – 1981
Hem Raj Phonsa



Occupation

Consulting

Occupation Executive Engineer (Retd),Chairman J&K Branch of the Institution of Valuers, All India Spokes Person the Bhartiya Dalit Sahitya Akademy Delhi& J&K Jammu

Location Jammu, Jammu & Kashmir, India

Introduction Author of the book - Dr Ambedkar and His Associates.Spokesman of the Bhartiya Dalit Sahitya Akademy Delhi, J&K (Regd) Recipient of Dr Ambedkar National Award 2012 Dr. B.R. Ambedkar State Award ( J&K State) 1994 Dr. B.R. Ambedkar State Award ( J&K State) 1994 Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Distinguished Service Award 2003 Babu Jagjivan Ram centenary state( J&K) Award Dr B.R. Ambedkar Plaque of

Interests Civil Structural Designing and Planning, Registered/Empanelled Valuer with I-Tax and many Banking Institutions including Nationalized Banks, Free lance writing on Technical topics, social and religious problems, Reading and writing of History and Biographies of Dalit Political, social and religious personalities. Many essays have been published in Dailies and Magazines country over in English and Hindi. Contributing Technical papers as well with having won many honors. I also give talks, interviews on Radio and TV Channels, Composing Poems in Dogri and Hindi, Striving for establishing universal brotherhood based on equal rights and privileges. Dalit problems have particularly concern and interests.

Favorite Books W&S of Dr. Baba Sahib Ambedkar. Life and Mission of Dr.Ambedkar by D. Keer. Any other book on Dr. Ambedkar, Dalit Saints, social, political personalities

Indira Dangi
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Indira Dangi
Born 13 February 1980 
Datia, Madhya Pradesh, India
Occupation Novelist, playwright, writer
Education MA
Notable works Haweli Sanatanpur, Ek Sou Pachas Premikayen, Acharya, Rapatile Rajpath Rai, Rani Kamalapati
Notable awards Yuva Puraskar

Indira Dangi (Hindi: इन्दिरा दाँगी) (born 13 February 1980) is a Hindi novelist, playwright and short story writer She has published one novel, one theatrical play and two books of short stories. Her works are widely acclaimed and acknowledged. She is a recipient of the Yuva Puraskar and Jnanpith Navlekhan Anushansa Award.
Imayam
Imayam (pen name of V. Annamalai) is a school teacher in Viluppuram district of Tamil Nadu, Imayam is the author of five novels and five short story collections. He is known among Tamil readers for his novels “Koveru Kazhudaigal” (The Mules) and “Arumugam”. He is the recipient of multiple awards such as the Tamil Nadu Progressive Writers’ Association Award, the Agni Akshara Award, and the Autham Adigal Award.

Early Life

Imayam was born in 1964. The family lived in Meladanur, but later shifted to Vriddhachalam. He finished his higher studies in Periyar E.V.R. College, Tiruchirappalli. During his college days, he got books from some Sri Lankan Tamils on the ethnic crisis in their country and also attended the exhibitions and photo displays that they put up. In addition, he bought and read Russian Literature in translation. Imayam's first piece was written for a competition in St Joseph's college in Trichy around 1984-1985. For Imayam, it was S. Albert, a professor from Trichy, who 'opened the door to the world'. He went on to attend a thirty-day writer's workshop organized by the All India Catholic Universities Federation. This set Imayam thinking seriously about his own writing and its themes.

Works

TitleYearPublication
Koveru Kazhudhaigal (Novel) 1994 Cre-A, Chennai – 41
Arumugam (Novel) 1999 Cre-A, Chennai – 41
ManBaram (Short Stories) 2002 Cre-A, Chennai – 41
Sedal (Novel) 2006 Cre-A, Chennai – 41
Video Mariamman (Short Stories) 2008 Cre-A, Chennai – 41
Kolai Cheval (Short Stories 2013 Cre-A, Chennai – 41
Pethavan (Novella) 2013 Bharathi Puthagalayam, Chennai – 18.
Savu Soru(Short stories) 2014 Cre-A, Chennai – 41
En Kathe (Novel) 2015 Cre-A, Chennai – 41
Narumanam 2016 Cre-A, Chennai – 41
Selladha Panam 2018 Cre-A, Chennai – 41

About his works

His first novel Koveru Kazhudhaigal created heated debates on issues like the role of a Dalit writer in the context of oppression seen in Dalit community. This novel is now included in the digitalisation project of the University of Chicago and Columbia University, the first Tamil novel to be made available via the Internet, at least at that address. This novel is considered as one of the classic of modern Tamil literature specially in Dalit writing. It is the realistic chronicle of a family of launderers who wash the clothes of other untouchables, receiving grain and other food in return. The novel is constructed between two journeys: a pilgrimage of hope at the beginning; a routine trip to the washing pool in drudgery and despair in the end. Imayam invents for Arokkyam a particular spoken style, which is not quite formal lament, but is very similar, often depending on a string of related exclamations. He presents an ebullient mix of the past, present and future in his works. About his novel Koveru Kazhudaigal the writer Sundara Ramasamy wrote "There is no novel that equals this one in the last 100 years of Tamil writing." However Dalit intellectuals like Raj Gauthaman have criticized the novel for focusing only on shortcomings of Dalits and being the kind of novel that "upper"-castes praised.. 'Koveru Kazhudhaigal' won many awards including Agni Aksara Award, award from TamilNadu Progressive Writers' Forum (1994), Amudhan Adigal Ilakkiya Award for Literature (1998) and honored with a state award. The English translation of this novel appeared as 'Beasts of Burden' in 2001 and the second one appeared in 2006 and also translated into Malayalam. Imayam's second novel, 'Arumugam', appeared in 1999, and translated into French, won him accolades from doyens of Tamil literature. 'Manbaram', a collection of stories was published in 2002. 'Sedal', another novel, published in 2006, deals with a dalit community whose women are designated as oracles. These women, appointed during droughts, fix the date for village festivals, perform koothu, participate in death rituals, and are not allowed a marital relationship. The novel tracts the life of Sedal, given over to the temple during the 1945-46 drought in Tamilnadu, whose family leaves her behind and migrates to Sri Lanka. This novel is also translated into English. His novella 'Pethavan' was first published in September 2012 in Uyirmai (Tamil literary Magazine). November 2012 saw its appearance as a little book through Oviya Publications TVS, Villupuram, which reprinted it five times in three months. Bharati Publications published the novella in February 2013 and, has since, sold more than 1,00,000 copies, reprinting ten times.

This novella is set against the back of rural Tamil Nadu, and is the story of a father who is faced with the brutal realities of caste and communal prejudice as he is ordered by the panchayat to murder his daughter for being firm in her resolve to marry a Dalit boy. The narrative is an unflinching account of the stress and ugliness that await those who dare to transcend caste borders. When Bhakkiyam falls in love with a Dalit sub-inspector, death is the only punishment that will satisfy her village panchayat. Pazhani, her father, is ordered to kill her. But how can a father murder his own daughter? Imayam's tale eerily preceded an actual event that occurred two months later in the year 2012 in Dharmapuri in Tamil Nadu. The animals in the story stand apart from humans who seem to exist with no humanity. The bullock licks Pazhani's face and calms him down. He allows his face to be licked by the bullock, and slowly, his trembling stops. His dog hovers around, concerned and unwilling to leave him in this trying moment. About 'Pethavan', Ambai wrote "I have cried when the father feeds his daughter, places her head on his chest, and hugs her. His language is abusive and abrasive throughout, but his words, when he bids Bhakkiyam goodbye and tells her to go live with her life, make not only his daughter and his future son in lay, who speaks to him on the mobile, cry, but also the readers. When a story rises above the public image of the writer, it has truly succeeded in having an existence of its own that goes beyond the writer." This novella is translated into Malayalam, Telugu

Awards

Agni Akshara Award (1994)
Amudhan Adigal Literature Award (1998)
Junior Fellowship – Department of Cultural, Govt. of India, New Delhi (2002)
Thamizh Thendral Thiru.V.Ka. Award, Govt. of Tamil Nadu (2010)
Puthiya Thalaimurai (Nambikkai Natchathiram) Award (2015)
Tamil Peravai Award - SRM (2016)
Anantha Vikatan Award (2016)

Award for Contemporary Tamil Literature - The Hindu (Tamil) - (2018)
Anita Bharti



Prof. Inderjeet Parmar


Professor Inderjeet Parmar

Professor of International Politics

School of Arts and Social Sciences Department of International Politics

Contact details
+44 (0)20 7040 4517
inderjeet.parmar.1@city.ac.uk

Address
Professor Inderjeet ParmarD502, Rhind building
City, University of London
Northampton Square
London EC1V 0HB
United Kingdom

Professor Inderjeet Parmar read Sociology at the London School of Economics, and Political Sociology at the University of London. His doctorate, from the University of Manchester, was in the fields of political science and international relations. Prior to appointment at City, University of London in 2012, he taught at the University of Manchester (1991-2012), mainly in its Department of Government which, between 2006-09, he served as Head of Department.

Other professional activities

Professor Inderjeet Parmar is past president, chair and vice chair of the British International Studies Association.

He is currently Visiting Professor at LSE (2019-2022) and a Visiting Research Fellow at the Rothermere American Institute, Oxford.

2013 – 2014 he was Visiting Research Scholar at the Empires Research Community, Princeton University
He held visiting fellowships at Princeton and Oxford (1998, 1999, 2010).


He is co-editor of a book series, Routledge Studies in US Foreign Policy.

He served as Principal Investigator and co-ordinator of the AHRC Research Network on the Presidency of Barack Obama. He is currently working with colleagues to establish the Trump Project: http://ucdclinton.ie/trump-project/

Professor Parmar was a member of the Working Group on Think Tanks of the Social Science Research Council, New York, 2007, and co-convenor of the BISA Working Group on US Foreign Policy, 2005-09.

Media work and appearances

Professor Parmar appears regularly on numerous TV and radio stations, including Al Jazeera, CNN, BBC, RT, TRT; TalkRadio, and Sputnik

He is a columnist for The Wire: https://thewire.in/author/iparmar/
Teaching
Undergraduate

- US Foreign Policy
- Theories of Global Politics
- Foreign Policy Analysis
Postgraduate
- US Foreign Policy
Inderjeet Parmar
Jayant Parmer
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jayant Parmar (born 11 October 1954) is an Indian Urdu language poet known for raising Dalit issues in his poetry. Parmar was born in a poor family. At a young age, he began to paint miniature paintings for a frame maker. Parmar realized that the frame maker had a separate pot for him because he was Dalit. This saddened Parmar and he quit.

Parmar taught himself Urdu from a language learning guide at age 30 after he developed an appreciation for Urdu poetry while living in a Muslim-dominated area in the walled city area of Ahmedabad. He has published a number of poetry collections: Aur in 1998, Pencil Aur Doosri Nazmein in 2006, Manind in 2008, Antaral in 2010 and Giacometti ke sapne in 2016. Parmar won the 2008 Sahitya Akademi Award in Urdu for Pencil Aur Doosri Nazmein. His work has been translated into Kashmiri, Punjabi, Hindi, Marathi, Bangla, Kannada, Gujarati, Oriya and Slovenian
Jatin Bala

Born 5 May 1949 in East Pakistan, Bala had lost both his parents by 1953 and had to bear the tribulations of the Bengal partition without the support of a family. Despite having to live in refugee camps, he educated himself.

The Bengali writer is the author of several anthologies of poetry and short stories as well as well as a novel. He also edited multiple periodicals from the 1970s. He has been awarded the Nitish Smriti Sahitya Puroshkar, Dabdaho Sahityo Potrika Puroshkar, Kobi Nikhilesh Sahitya Puroshkar, etc.

Jatin Bala is a Dalit author who was born Parhiyali, Manirampur in Jessore in the then East Pakistan on 5 May 1949.

One of his stories, "On firm ground", is included in translation in Survival and Other Stories: Bangla Dalit Fiction in Translation. 2012.

Works

Poetry

Jeebaner Naam Jantrana (The name of Life is Pain)
Minati Keu Rakheni (Nobody Has Kept Request)
Aamar Shabdai Shanita Astra (My Words as Sharpened Weapon)
A Verse as a Sharpened Weapon (Translated into English by Satya Debnath)

Short Story

Nepo Nidhan Parba (Nepo Slain Episode)
Gondir Bandhe Bhangan (Dissolution in the Barrage of Circle)
Vanga Banglar Dui Mukha (Two faces of Broken Bengal)
Samaj Chetanar Galpo
Stories of Social Awakening: Reflections of Dalit Refugee Lives of Bengal(translated from Bangla into English by Jaydeep Sarangi)

Novel

Aamriter Jiban Kotha (Life of Elixir)
Shikarh Chhenrha Jeeban(Root Severing Life) (Autobiographical)Research Articles

Dalita Sahitya Aandalan (Dalit Literary Movement)
Bastu Badi Motua Aandalan (Materialistic Motua Movement)
Satya Aannetion (In Search of Truth)
Itihasher Aloke Sri Hari Guruchand o Matua Aandalan (Sri Hari Guruchand in the light of History and Matua Movement)

Jogesh Das
Indian writer

From Wikipedia
Jogesh Das
Born 1 April 1927
Lakhimpur Assam
Died 9 September 1999
Occupation Writer, Journalist, Lecturer
Language Assamese
Education MA
Alma mater Gauhati University
Period 1953 - present
Genre Fiction
Notable works Prithivir Axukh
Daawor Aru Nai
Notable awards 1980: Sahitya Akademi Award
1994: Assam Valley Literary Award
 Literature portal

Jogesh Das (Assamese: যোগেশ দাস; 1 April 1927 – 9 September 1999) was an Indian short-story writer and novelist from Assam. He was born in 1927. He won the Sahitya Akademi Award for his book Prithivir Oxukh. He is also associated with many cultural organization including the Asom Sahitya Sabha.

Education and career

Das was the first Sonowal Kachari who was elected as a president in Asom Sahitya Sabha. Das completed his MA in Assamese literature from Gauhati University in 1953 and then started working as a journalist.

As a writer
Das emerged as a fiction writer in the early fifties. He has written short stories and novels with equal distinction. His first novel is Kolpotuwar Mrityu published in 1953. His second novel Daawor aru nai in 1955 established him as a powerful novelist. This book has been translated into all other major Indian language by National Book Trust. His short-story collection Prithivir Oxukh brought him the prestigious Sahitya Akademi Award. His "Folklore of Assam" which was originally in English and then in other Indian language, is a simple and comprehensive book on Assamese folklore.

Literary works

Some of his notable works are:
Novels
1953: Kolpotuwar Mrityu (Death of Kolpotuwa)
1955: Daawor aaru naai (No more cloud is there)
1959: Jonakir Jui (Flame of the Firefly)
1963: Nirupai-Nirupai (Helpless... Helpless)
1965: Emuthi Dhuli (A Handful of Dust)
1967: Haazaar Phul (Thousands of Flowers)
1972: Nedekha Juir Dhowa (Smoke of an unseen fire)
1972: Obidha (Illegitimate)
1977: Naresh Maloti Aru (Naresh, Maloti and...)
Story books
1956: Popiya Tora (Falling Star)
1958: Andharor Are Are (Under the Shadow of Darkness)
1961: Triveni (Confluence of Three)
1963: Modaror Bedona (Grief of the Sunshine Tree)
1965: Haazaar Lokor Bhir (A crowd of thousands)
English books
1972: Folklore of Assam

Awards
In 1980, Das received the prestigious Sahitya Akademi Award for his collection of short stories Prithivir Oxukh.
In 1994 Das received the Assam Valley Literary Award for his contribution to Assamese literature.
Joseph Edamaruku
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Joseph Edamaruku
Born September 7, 1934

India
Died June 29, 2006 (aged 71)
Occupation Journalist, author, activist
Organization Indian Rationalist Association
Spouse(s) Solley Edamaruku
Children Sanal Edamaruku

Joseph Edamaruku (7 September 1934 – 29 June 2006), popularly identified by his surname Edamaruku, was a journalist and rationalist from Kerala. He was the Delhi Bureau chief of the Malayalam magazine Keralasabdam for more than twenty years, and the founder-editor of Therali, a rationalist periodical in Malayalam. He was president of the Indian Rationalist Association from 1995 to 2005.

Joseph Edamaruku influenced a generation of freethinkers in 1970s and 1980s. His books were best-sellers in Kerala during those times. As a rationalist and an atheist, he wrote over 170 books on various subjects ranging from religion to philosophy to miracles. His autobiography, The Times that Raised the Tempest, won a Kerala Literary Academy award. He also translated and published in Malayalam the complete works of Abraham Kovoor. His son, Sanal Edamaruku, is an Indian rationalist and president of the Rationalist International, who is currently in exile in Finland. Some of his works are:
Kristhuvum Krishnanum Jeevichirunnilla (Christ & Krishna Never Lived)
Upanishathukal Oru Vimarsana Patanam 1(Upanishands: A Critical Study)
Upanishathukal Oru Vimarsana Patanam 2
Quran Oru Vimarsana Patanam (Quran: A Critical Study)
Bhagavad Gita Oru Vimarsana Patanam (Bhagavad Gita: A Critical Study)
Yukthivada Rashtram (Rationalist Nation)
Kovoorinte Sampoorna Krithikal (Complete Works of Abraham Kovoor: Translation)
Jaina Matham
Naveena Brahmana Matham
Ivar Matha Nishedhikal
India Gazetteer and Bhoomisasthra Nighandu
Kodumkattuyarthiya Kalam
Samsarikkunna Kuthira
Jogesh Das
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jogesh Das
Born 1 April 1927
Lakhimpur Assam
Died 9 September 1999
Occupation Writer, Journalist, Lecturer
Language Assamese
Nationality Indian
Citizenship Indian
Education MA
Alma mater Gauhati University
Period 1953 - present
Genre Fiction
Notable works Prithivir Axukh
Daawor Aru Nai
Notable awards 1980: Sahitya Akademi Award

Jogesh Das (Assamese: যোগেশ দাস; 1 April 1927 – 9 September 1999) was an Indian short-story writer and novelist from Assam. He was born in 1927. He won the Sahitya Akademi Award for his book Prithivir Oxukh.He is also associated with many cultural organization including the Asom Sahitya Sabha.

Education and career

Das was the first Sonowal Kachari who was elected as a president in Asom Sahitya Sabha Das completed his MA in Assamese literature from Gauhati University in 1953 and then started working as a journalist.

As a writer

Das emerged as a fiction writer in the early fifties. He has written short stories and novels with equal distinction. His first novel is Kolpotuwar Mrityu published in 1953. His second novel Daawor aru nai in 1955 established him as a powerful novelist. This book has been translated into all other major Indian language by National Book Trust. His short-story collection Prithivir Oxukh brought him the prestigious Sahitya Akademi Award. His "Folklore of Assam" which was originally in English and then in other Indian language, is a simple and comprehensive book on Assamese folklore.

Literary works

Some of his notable works are:

Novels
1953: Kolpotuwar Mrityu (Death of Kolpotuwa)
1955: Daawor aaru naai (No more cloud is there)
1959: Jonakir Jui (Flame of the Firefly)
1963: Nirupai-Nirupai (Helpless... Helpless)
1965: Emuthi Dhuli (A Handful of Dust)
1967: Haazaar Phul (Thousands of Flowers)
1972: Nedekha Juir Dhowa (Smoke of an unseen fire)
1972: Obidha (Illegitimate)
1977: Naresh Maloti Aru (Naresh, Maloti and...)

Story books

1956: Popiya Tora (Falling Star)
1958: Andharor Are Are (Under the Shadow of Darkness)
1961: Triveni (Confluence of Three)
1963: Modaror Bedona (Grief of the Sunshine Tree)
1965: Haazaar Lokor Bhir (A crowd of thousands)

English books

1972: Folklore of Assam

Awards

In 1980, Das received the prestigious Sahitya Akademi Award for his collection of short stories Prithivir Oxukh.
In 1994 Das received the Assam Valley Literary Award for his contribution to Assamese literature

Jibanananda Das

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jibanananda Das

The most widely used portrait of Jibanananda Das (date unknown)
Born Jibanananda Dasgupta
17 February 1899
BarisalBengal PresidencyBritish India
(present day Bangladesh)
Died 22 October 1954 (aged 55)
Calcutta, West Bengal, India
Occupation Poet, writer, and professor
Language Bengali
Nationality British Indian (1899–1947)
Indian (1947–1954)
Alma mater Brajamohan College
University of Calcutta
Genre Poetry, novels, short stories, criticism
Literary movement Bengali Modernism
Notable works Banalata SenRupasi Bangla, "Akashlina", "Banalata Sen", "Campe", "Bodh"
Notable awards Rabindra Puraskar Award (1952)
Sahitya Akademi Award (1955)
Spouse Labanyaprabha Das (née Gupta)
Children 2
Relatives Kusumkumari Das (mother)

Signature 


Jibanananda Das (/dʒɪbɒnʌnɒndɔː dʌʃ/) (17 February 1899 – 22 October 1954) was an Bengali poet, writer, novelist and essayist in the Bengali language. Popularly called "Rupashi Banglar Kabi'' (Poet of Beautiful Bengal), Das is the most read poet after Rabindranath Tagore and Kazi Nazrul Islam in Bangladesh and West Bengal. While not particularly recognised initially, today Das is acknowledged as one of the greatest poets in the Bengali language.

Born in Barisal to a Vaidya-Brahmo family, Das studied English literature at Presidency College, Kolkata and earned his MA from Calcutta University. He had a troubling career and suffered financial hardship throughout his life. He taught at many colleges but was never granted tenure. He settled in Kolkata after the partition of India. Das died on 22 October 1954, eight days after being hit by a tramcar. The witnesses said that though the tramcar whistled, he did not stop, and got struck. Some deem the accident as an attempt at suicide.

Jibanananda Das was very underrated poet in his time; he wrote profusely, but as he was a recluse and introvert, he did not publish most of his writings during his lifetime. Most of his work were hidden, and only seven volumes of his poems were published. After his death, it was discovered that apart from poems, Das wrote 21 novels and 108 short stories. His notable works include Ruposhi Bangla, Banalata Sen, Mahaprithibi, Shreshtha Kavita. Das's early poems exhibit the influence of Kazi Nazrul Islam, but in the latter half of the 20th century, Das's influence became one of the major catalysts in the making of Bengali poetry.

Das received Rabindra-Memorial Award for Banalata Sen in 1953 at All Bengal Rabindra Literature Convention. Das's Shrestha Kavita won the Sahitya Academy Award in 1955.

Biography

Poetry and life are two different outpouring of the same thing; life as we usually conceive it contains what we normally accept as reality, but the spectacle of this incoherent and disorderly life can satisfy neither the poet's talent nor the reader's imagination ... poetry does not contain a complete reconstruction of what we call reality; we have entered a new world.
— Jibanananda Das
Early life


Young Jibanananda Das

Jibanananda Das was born in 1899 in a Baidya family in the small district town of Barisal. His ancestors came from the Bikrampur region of Dhaka district, from a now-extinct village called Gaupara on the banks of the river Padma. Jibanananda's grandfather Sarbānanda Dāśagupta was the first to settle permanently in Barisal. He was an early exponent of the reformist Brahmo Samaj movement in Barisal and was highly regarded in town for his philanthropy. He erased the -gupta suffix from the family name, regarding it as a symbol of Vedic Brahmin excess, thus rendering the surname to Das. Jibanananda's father Satyānanda Dāś (1863–1942) was a schoolmaster, essayist, magazine publisher, and founder-editor of Brôhmobadi, a journal of the Brahmo Samaj dedicated to the exploration of social issues

Jibanananda's mother Kusumakumārī Dāś (1875-1948) was a poet who wrote a famous poem called Adôrsho Chhēlē ("The Ideal Boy") whose refrain is well known to Bengalis to this day: Āmādēr dēshey hobey shei chhēlē kobey / Kothae nā boṛo hoye kajey boro hobey. (The child who achieves not in words but in deeds, when will this land know such a one?)

Jibanananda was the eldest son of his parents, and was called by the nickname Milu. A younger brother Aśōkānanda Dāś was born in 1901 and a sister called Shuchoritā in 1915. Milu fell violently ill in his childhood, and his parents feared for his life. Fervently desiring to restore his health, Kusumkumari took her ailing child on pilgrimage to LucknowAgra and Giridih. They were accompanied on these journeys by their uncle Chandranāth.

In January 1908, Milu, by now eight years old, was admitted to the first grade in Brojomohon School. The delay was due to his father's opposition to admitting children into school at too early an age. Milu's childhood education was therefore limited to his mother's tutelage.

His school life passed by relatively uneventfully. In 1915 he successfully completed his matriculation examination from Brajamohan College, obtaining a first division in the process. He repeated the feat two years later when he passed the intermediate exams from Brajamohan College. Evidently an accomplished student, he left his home at rural Barisal to join University of Calcutta.

Life in Calcutta: first phase

Jibanananda enrolled in Presidency College, Kolkata. He studied English literature and graduated with a BA (Honours) degree in 1919. That same year, his first poem appeared in print in the Boishakh issue of Brahmobadi journal. Fittingly, the poem was called Borsho-abahon (Arrival of the New Year). This poem was published anonymously, with only the honorific Sri in the byline. However, the annual index in the year-end issue of the magazine revealed his full name: "Sri Jibanananda Das Gupta, BA".

In 1921, he completed the MA degree in English from University of kolkata, obtaining a second class. He was also studying law. At this time, he lived in the Hardinge student quarters next to the university. Just before his exams, he fell ill with bacillary dysentery, which affected his preparation for the examination.

The following year, he started his teaching career. He joined the English department of City College, Calcutta as a tutor. By this time, he had left Hardinge and was boarding at Harrison Road. He gave up his law studies. It is thought that he also lived in a house in Bechu Chatterjee Street for some time with his brother Ashokanananda, who had come there from Barisal for his MSc studies.

Travels and travails

His literary career was starting to take off. When Deshbondhu Chittaranjan Das died in June 1925, Jibanananda wrote a poem called 'Deshbandhu' Prayan'e' ("On the Death of the Friend of the nation") which was published in Bangabani magazine. This poem would later take its place in the collection called Jhara Palok (1927). On reading it, poet Kalidas Roy said that he had thought the poem was the work of a mature, accomplished poet hiding behind a pseudonym. Jibanananda's earliest printed prose work was also published in 1925. This was an obituary entitled "Kalimohan Das'er Sraddha-bashorey," which appeared in serialised form in Brahmobadi magazine. His poetry began to be widely published in various literary journals and little magazines in Calcutta, Dhaka and elsewhere. These included Kallol, perhaps the most famous literary magazine of the era, Kalikalam (Pen and Ink), Progoti (Progress) (co-edited by Buddhadeb Bose) and others. At this time, he occasionally used the surname Dasgupta as opposed to Das.

In 1927, Jhara Palok (Fallen Feathers), his first collection of poems, came out. A few months later, Jibanananda was fired from his job at the City College. The college had been struck by student unrest surrounding a religious festival, and enrolment seriously suffered as a consequence. Still in his late 20s, Jibanananda was the youngest member of the faculty and therefore regarded as the most dispensable. In the literary circle of Calcutta, he also came under serial attack. One of the most serious literary critics of that time, Sajanikanta Das, began to write aggressive critiques of his poetry in the review pages of Shanibarer Chithi (the Saturday Letter) magazine.

With nothing to keep him in Calcutta, Jibanananda left for the small town of Bagerhat in the far south, there to resume his teaching career at Bagerhat P. C. College. But after about three months he returned to the big city, now in dire financial straits. To make ends meet, he gave private tuition to students while applying for full-time positions in academia. In December 1929, he moved to Delhi to take up a teaching post at Ramjas College; again this lasted no more than a few months. Back in Barisal, his family had been making arrangements for his marriage. Once Jibanananda went to Barisal, he failed to go back to Delhi – and, consequently, lost the job.

In May 1930, he married Labanyaprabhai Das, a girl whose ancestors came from Khulna. At the subsequent reception in Dhaka's Ram Mohan Library, leading literary lights of the day such as Ajit Kumar Dutta and Buddhadeb Bose were assembled. A daughter called Manjusree was born to the couple in February of the following year.

Around this time, he wrote one of his most controversial poems. "Camp'e" (At the Camp) was printed in Sudhindranath Dutta's Parichay magazine and immediately caused a firestorm in the literary circle of Calcutta. The poem's ostensible subject is a deer hunt on a moonlit night. Many accused Jibanananda of promoting indecency and incest through this poem.[citation needed] More and more, he turned now, in secrecy, to fiction. He wrote a number of short novels and short stories during this period of unemployment, strife and frustration.

In 1934 he wrote the series of poems that would form the basis of the collection called Rupasi Bangla. These poems were not discovered during his lifetime, and were only published in 1957, three years after his death.

Back in Barisal

In 1935, Jibanananda, by now familiar with professional disappointment and poverty, returned to his alma mater Brajamohan College, which was then affiliated with the University of Calcutta. He joined as a lecturer in the English department. In Calcutta, Buddhadeb BosePremendra Mitra and Samar Sen were starting a brand new poetry magazine called Kobita. Jibanananda's work featured in the very first issue of the magazine, a poem called Mrittu'r Aagey (Before Death). Upon reading the magazine, Tagore wrote a lengthy letter to Bose and especially commended the Das poem: "Jibanananda Das' vivid, colourful poem has given me great pleasure." It was in the second issue of Kobita (Poush 1342 issue, Dec 1934/Jan 1935) that Jibanananda published his now-legendary "Banalata Sen". Today, this 18-line poem is among the most famous poems in the language.

The following year, his second volume of poetry Dhusar Pandulipi was published. Jibanananda was by now well settled in Barisal. A son Samarananda was born in November 1936. His impact in the world of Bengali literature continued to increase. In 1938, Tagore compiled a poetry anthology entitled Bangla Kabya Parichay (Introduction to Bengali Poetry) and included an abridged version of Mrityu'r Aagey, the same poem that had moved him three years ago. Another important anthology came out in 1939, edited by Abu Sayeed Ayub and Hirendranath Mukhopadhyay; Jibanananda was represented with four poems: Pakhira, Shakun, Banalata Sen, and Nagna Nirjan Haat.

In 1942, the same year that his father died, his third volume of poetry Banalata Sen was published under the aegis of Kobita Bhavan and Buddhadeb Bose. A ground-breaking modernist poet in his own right, Bose was a steadfast champion of Jibanananda's poetry, providing him with numerous platforms for publication. 1944 saw the publication of Maha Prithibi. The Second World War had a profound impact on Jibanananda's poetic vision. The following year, Jibanananda provided his own translations of several of his poems for an English anthology to be published under the title Modern Bengali Poems. Oddly enough, the editor Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya considered these translations to be sub-standard, and instead commissioned Martin Kirkman to translate four of Jibanananda's poems for the book.
Life in Calcutta: final phase

The aftermath of the war saw heightened demands for Indian independence. Muslim politicians led by Jinnah wanted an independent homeland for the Muslims of the subcontinent. Bengal was uniquely vulnerable to partition: its western half was majority-Hindu, its eastern half majority-Muslim. Yet adherents of both religions spoke the same language, came from the same ethnic stock, and lived in close proximity to each other in town and village. Jibanananda had emphasized the need for communal harmony at an early stage. In his very first book Jhora Palok, he had included a poem called Hindu Musalman. In it he proclaimed:

আবার আসিব ফিরে
আবার আসিব ফিরে ধানসিঁড়িটির তীরে – এই বাংলায়


হয়তো মানুষ নয় – হয়তো বা শাঁখচিল শালিকের বেশে,
হয়তো ভোরের কাক হয়ে এই কার্তিঁকের নবান্নের দেশে
কুয়াশার বুকে ভেসে একদিন আসিব কাঁঠাল ছায়ায়।
হয়তো বা হাঁস হবো – কিশোরীর – ঘুঙুর রহিবে লাল পায়
সারাদিন কেটে যাবে কলমীর গন্ধভরা জলে ভেসে ভেসে।
আবার আসিব আমি বাংলার নদী মাঠ ক্ষেত ভালোবেসে


জলঙ্গীর ঢেউ এ ভেজা বাংলার এ সবুজ করুণ ডাঙ্গায়।

However, events in real life belied his beliefs. In the summer of 1946, he travelled to Calcutta from Barisal on three months' paid leave. He stayed at his brother Ashokananda's place through the bloody riots that swept the city. Violence broke out in Noakhali and Tippera districts later in the autumn, and he was unable to return to Barisal. Just before partition in August 1947, Jibanananda quit his job at Brajamohan College and said goodbye to his beloved Barisal. He and his family were among the 10 million refugees who took part in the largest cross-border migration in history. For a while he worked for a magazine called Swaraj as its Sunday editor. However, he left the job after a few months.

In 1948, he completed two of his novels, Mallyaban and Shutirtho, neither of which were discovered during his life. Shaat'ti Tarar Timir was published in December 1948. The same month, his mother Kusumkumari Das died in Calcutta.

By now, he was well established in the Calcutta literary world. He was appointed to the editorial board of yet another new literary magazine Dondo (Conflict). However, in a reprise of his early career, he was sacked from his job at Kharagpur College in February 1951. In 1952, Signet Press published Banalata Sen. The book received widespread acclaim and won the Book of the Year award from the All-Bengal Tagore Literary Conference. Later that year, the poet found another job at Barisha College (now known as Vivekananda College, Thakurpukur). This job too he lost within a few months. He applied afresh to Diamond Harbour Fakirchand College, but eventually declined it, owing to travel difficulties. Instead he was obliged to take up a post at Howrah Girl's College (now known as Bijoy Krishna Girls' College), a constituent affiliated undergraduate college of the University of Calcutta. As the head of the English department, he was entitled to a 50-taka monthly bonus on top of his salary.

By the last year of his life, Jibanananda was acclaimed as one of the best poets of the post-Tagore era. He was constantly in demand at literary conferences, poetry readings, radio recitals etc. In May 1954, he was published a volume titled 'Best Poems' (Sreshttho Kobita). His Best Poems won the Indian Sahitya Akademi Award in 1955.
Love and marriag

Young Jibanananda fell in love with Shovona, daughter of his uncle Atulchandra Das, who lived in the neighbourhood. He dedicated his first anthology of poems to Shovona withou
t mentioning her name explicitly. He did not try to marry her since marriage between cousins was not socially acceptable. She has been referred to as Y in his literary notes. Soon after marrying Labanyaprabha Das (née Gupta) in 1930, a personality clash erupted and Jibanananda Das gave up the hope of a happy married life. The gap with his wife never narrowed. While Jibanananda was near death after a tram accident on 14 October 1954, Labanyaprabha did not visit her husband on his deathbed more than once. At that time she was busy in film-making in Tallyganj.

Death


One poet now dead, killed near his fiftieth year ... did introduce what for India would be "the modern spirit" – bitterness, self-doubt, sex, street diction, personal confession, frankness, Calcutta beggars ect [sic] – into Bengali letters.
— Allen Ginsberg

On 14 October 1954, he was crossing a road near Calcutta's Deshapriya Park when he was hit by a tram. Jibanananda was returning home after his routine evening walk. At that time, he used to reside in a rented apartment on the Lansdowne Road. Seriously injured, he was taken to Shambhunath Pundit Hospital. Poet-writer Sajanikanta Das who had been one of his fiercest critics was tireless in his efforts to secure the best treatment for the poet. He even persuaded Dr. Bidhan Chandra Roy (then chief minister of West Bengal) to visit him in hospital. Nonetheless, the injury was too severe to redress. Jibanananda died in hospital on 22 October 1954 eight days later, at about midnight. He was then 55 and left behind his wife, Labanyaprabha Das, a son and a daughter, and the ever-growing band of readers.

His body was cremated the following day at Keoratola crematorium. Following popular belief, it has been alleged in some biographical accounts that his accident was actually an attempt at suicide. Although none of the Jibanananda biographers have indicated such, it appears from circumstantial evidence that it was an attempt to end his own life.

The literary circle deeply mourned his death. Almost all the newspapers published obituaries which contained sincere appreciations of the poetry of Jibanananda. Poet Sanjay Bhattacharya wrote the death news and sent to different newspapers. On 1 November 1954, The Times of India wrote:

The premature death after an accident of Mr. Jibanananda Das removes from the field of Bengali literature a poet, who, though never in the limelight of publicity and prosperity, made a significant contribution to modern Bengali poetry by his prose-poems and free-verse. ... A poet of nature with a serious awareness of the life around him Jibanananda Das was known not so much for the social content of his poetry as for his bold imagination and the concreteness of his image. To a literary world dazzled by Tagore's glory, Das showed how to remain true to the poet's vocation without basking in its reflection."

In his obituary in the Shanibarer Chithi, Sajanikanta Das quoted the poet:

When one day I'll leave this body once for all −
Shall I never return to this world any more?
Let me come back
On a winter night
To the bedside of any dying acquaintance
With a cold pale lump of orange in hand.

Jibanananda and Bengali poetry
Influence of Tagore

As of 2009, Bengali is the mother tongue of more than 300 million people living mainly in Bangladesh and India. Bengali poetry of the modern age flourished on the elaborate foundation laid by Michael Madhusudan Dutt (1824–1873) and Rabindranath Tagore (1861–1941). Tagore ruled over the domain of Bengali poetry and literature for almost half a century, inescapably influencing contemporary poets. Bengali literature caught the attention of the international literary world when Tagore was awarded the 1913 Nobel Prize in Literature for Gitanjali, an anthology of poems rendered into English by the poet himself with the title Song Offering. Since then Bengali poetry has travelled a long way. It has evolved around its own tradition; it has responded to the poetry movements around the world; it has assumed various dimensions in different tones, colours and essence.

Contemporaries of Jibanananda

In Bengal, efforts to break out of the Tagorian worldview and stylistics started in the early days of the 20th century. Poet Kazi Nazrul Islam (1899–1976) popularised himself on a wide scale with patriotic themes and musical tone and tenor. However, a number of new -ration poets consciously attempted to align Bengali poetry with the essence of worldwide emergent modernism, starting towards the end of the 19th century and attributeable to contemporary European and American trends. Five poets who are particularly acclaimed for their contribution in creating a post-Tagorian poetic paradigm and infusing modernism in Bengali poetry are Sudhindranath Dutta (1901–1960), Buddhadeb Bose (1908–1974), Amiya Chakravarty (1901–1986), Jibanananda Das (1899–1954) and Bishnu Dey (1909–1982). The contour of modernism in 20th-century Bengali poetry was drawn by these five pioneers and some of their contemporaries.

However, not all of them have survived the test of time. Of them, poet Jibanananda Das was little understood during his lifetime. In fact, he received scanty attention and some considered him incomprehensible. Readers, including his contemporary literary critics, also alleged faults in his style and diction. On occasions, he faced merciless criticism from leading literary personalities of his time. Even Tagore made unkind remarks on his diction, although he praised his poetic capability. Nevertheless, destiny reserved a crown for him.

Growth of popularity


During the later half of the twentieth century, Jibanananda Das emerged as one of the most popular poets of modern Bengali literature. Popularity apart, Jibanananda Das had distinguished himself as an extraordinary poet presenting a paradigm hitherto unknown. Whilst his unfamiliar poetic diction, choice of words and thematic preferences took time to reach the hearts of readers, by the end of the 20th century the poetry of Jibanananda had become a defining essence of modernism in 20th-century Bengali poetry.

Whilst his early poems bear the undoubted influence of Kazi Nazrul Islam and other poets like Satyendranath Dutta, before long Jibananda had thoroughly overcame these influences and created a new poetic diction. Buddhadeb Bose was among the first to recognise his style and thematic novelty. However, as his style and diction matured, his message appeared obscured. Readers, including critics, started to complain about readability and question his sensibility.

Only after his accidental death in 1954 did a readership emerge that not only was comfortable with Jibanananda's style and diction but also enjoyed his poetry. Questions about the obscurity of his poetic message were no longer raised. By the time his birth centenary was celebrated in 1999, Jibanananda Das was the most popular and well-read poet of Bengali literature. Even when the last quarter of the 20th century ushered in the post-modern era, Jibanananda Das continued to be relevant to the new taste and fervour. This was possible because his poetry underwent many cycles of change, and later poems contain post-modern elements.
Poetics

Jibanananda Das started writing and publishing in his early 20s. During his lifetime he published only 269 poems in different journals and magazines, of which 162 were collected in seven anthologies, from Jhara Palak to Bela Obela Kalbela Many of his poems have been published posthumously at the initiative of his brother Asokananda Das, sister Sucharita Das and nephew Amitananda Das, and the efforts of Dr. Bhumendra Guha, who over the decades copied them from scattered manuscripts. By 2008, the total count of Jibananda's known poems stood at almost 800. In addition, numerous novels and short stories were discovered and published about the same time.

Jibanananda scholar Clinton B. Seely has termed Jibanananda Das as "Bengal's most cherished poet since Rabindranath Tagore". On the other hand, to many, reading the poetry of Jibanananda Das is like stumbling upon a labyrinth of the mind similar to what one imagines Camus's 'absurd' man toiling through. Indeed, Jibanananda Das's poetry is sometimes an outcome of profound feeling painted in imagery of a type not readily understandable. Sometimes the connection between the sequential lines is not obvious. In fact, Jibanananda Das broke the traditional circular structure of poetry (introduction-middle-end) and the pattern of logical sequence of words, lines and stanzas. Consequently, the thematic connotation is often hidden under a rhythmic narrative that requires careful reading between the lines. The following excerpt will bear the point out:

Lepers open the hydrant and lap some water.
Or maybe that hydrant was already broken.
Now at midnight they descend upon the city in droves,
Scattering sloshing petrol. Though ever careful,
Someone seems to have taken a serious spill in the water.
Three rickshaws trot off, fading into the last gaslight.
I turn off, leave Phear Lane, defiantly
Walk for miles, stop beside a wall
On Bentinck Street, at Territti Bazar,
There in the air dry as roasted peanuts.
(Night – a poem on night in Calcutta, translated by Clinton B. Seely)

বনলতা সেন
হাজার বছর ধরে আমি পথ হাঁটিতেছি পৃথিবীর পথে,


সিংহল সমুদ্র থেকে নিশীথের অন্ধকারে মালয় সাগরে
অনেক ঘুরেছি আমি; বিম্বিসার অশোকের ধূসর জগতে
সেখানে ছিলাম আমি; আরো দূর অন্ধকারে বিদর্ভ নগরে;
আমি ক্লান্ত প্রাণ এক, চারিদিকে জীবনের সমুদ্র সফেন,
আমারে দুদণ্ড শান্তি দিয়েছিলো নাটোরের বনলতা সেন।


চুল তার কবেকার অন্ধকার বিদিশার নিশা,
মুখ তার শ্রাবস্তীর কারুকার্য; অতিদূর সমুদ্রের 'পর
হাল ভেঙে যে নাবিক হারায়েছে দিশা
সবুজ ঘাসের দেশ যখন সে চোখে দেখে দারুচিনি-দ্বীপের ভিতর,
তেমনি দেখেছি তারে অন্ধকারে; বলেছে সে, 'এতোদিন কোথায় ছিলেন?'
পাখির নীড়ের মত চোখ তুলে নাটোরের বনলতা সেন।


সমস্ত দিনের শেষে শিশিরের শব্দের মতন
সন্ধ্যা আসে; ডানার রৌদ্রের গন্ধ মুছে ফেলে চিল;
পৃথিবীর সব রঙ নিভে গেলে পাণ্ডুলিপি করে আয়োজন
তখন গল্পের তরে জোনাকির রঙে ঝিলমিল;
সব পাখি ঘরে আসে—সব নদী—ফুরায় এ-জীবনের সব লেনদেন;


থাকে শুধু অন্ধকার, মুখোমুখি বসিবার বনলতা সেন।

Though Jibanananda Das was variously branded at times and was popularly known as a modernist of the Yeatsian-Poundian-Eliotesque school, Annadashankar Roy called him the truest poet. Jibanananda Das conceived a poem and moulded it up in the way most natural for him. When a theme occurred to him, he shaped it with words, metaphors and imagery that distinguished him from all others. Jibanananda Das's poetry is to be felt, rather than merely read or heard. Writing about Jibanananda Das' poetry, Joe Winter remarked:

It is a natural process, though perhaps the rarest one. Jibanananda Das's style reminds us of this, seeming to come unbidden. It has many sentences that scarcely pause for breath, of word-combinations that seem altogether unlikely but work, of switches in register from sophisticated usage to a village-dialect word, that jar and in the same instant settle in the mind, full of friction – in short, that almost becomes a part of the consciousness ticking.

A few lines are quoted below in support of Winter's remarks:

Nevertheless, the owl stays wide awake;
The rotten, still frog begs two more moments
in the hope of another dawn in conceivable warmth.
We feel in the deep tracelessness of flocking darkness
the unforgiving enmity of the mosquito-net all around;
The mosquito loves the stream of life,
awake in its monastery of darkness.
(One day eight years ago, translated by Faizul Latif Chowdhury)

Or elsewhere:

... how the wheel of justice is set in motion
by a smidgen of wind -
or if someone dies and someone else gives him a bottle
of medicine, free – then who has the profit? -
over all of this the four have a mighty word-battle.
For the land they will go to now is called the soaring river
where a wretched bone-picker and his bone
come and discover
their faces in water – till looking at faces is over.
(Idle Moment, translated by Joe Winter)

Also noteworthy are his sonnets, the most famous being seven untitled pieces collected in the publication Shaat-ti Tarar Timir ("The Blackness of Seven Stars), where he describes, on one hand, his attachment to his motherland, and on the other, his views about life and death in general. They are noteworthy not only because of the picturesque description of nature that was a regular feature of most of his work but also for the use of metaphors and allegories. For example, a lone owl flying about in the night sky is taken as an omen of death, while the anklets on the feet of a swan symbolises the vivacity of life. The following are undoubtedly the most oft-quoted line from this collection:

বাংলার মুখ আমি দেখিয়াছি, তাই আমি পৃথিবীর রূপ খুঁজিতে যাই না আর...

Jibanananda successfully integrated Bengali poetry with the slightly older Eurocentric international modernist movement of the early 20th century. In this regard he possibly owes as much to his exotic exposure as to his innate poetic talent. Although hardly appreciated during his lifetime, many critics believe that his modernism, evoking almost all the suggested elements of the phenomenon, remains untranscended to date, despite the emergence of many notable poets during the last 50 years. His success as a modern Bengali poet may be attributed to the facts that Jibanananda Das in his poetry not only discovered the tract of the slowly evolving 20th-century modern mind, sensitive and reactive, full of anxiety and tension, bu that he invented his own diction, rhythm and vocabulary, with an unmistakably indigenous rooting, and that he maintained a self-styled lyricism and imagism mixed with an extraordinary existentialist sensuousness, perfectly suited to the modern temperament in the Indian context, whereby he also averted fatal dehumanisation that could have alienated him from the people. He was at once a classicist and a romantic and created an appealing world hitherto unknown:


Banalata Sen's Cover by Satyajit Ray.

For thousands of years I roamed the paths of this earth,
From waters round Ceylon in dead of night
to Malayan seas.
Much have I wandered. I was there
in the grey world of Asoka
And Bimbisara, pressed on through darkness
to the city of Vidarbha.
I am a weary heart surrounded by life's frothy ocean.
To me she gave a moment's peace –
Banalata Sen from Natore.
(Banalata Sen)

While reading Jibanananda Das, one often encounters references to olden times and places, events and personalities. A sense of time and history is an unmistakable element that has shaped Jibanananda Das's poetic world to a great extent. However, he lost sight of nothing surrounding him. Unlike many of his peers who blindly imitated the renowned western poets in a bid to create a new poetic domain and generated spurious poetry, Jibanananda Das remained anchored in his own soil and time, successfully assimilating experiences real and virtual and producing hundreds of unforgettable lines. His intellectual vision was thoroughly embedded in Bengal's nature and beauty:

Amidst a vast meadow the last time when I met her
I said: 'Come again a time like this
if one day you so wish
twenty-five years later.'
This been said, I came back home.
After that, many a time, the moon and the stars
from field to field have died, the owls and the rats
searching grains in paddy fields on a moonlit night
fluttered and crept! – shut eyed
many times left and right
have slept
several souls! – awake kept I
all alone – the stars on the sky
travel fast
faster still, time speeds by.
Yet it seems
Twenty-five years will forever last.
(After Twenty-five Years, translated by Luna Rushdi)

আকাশলীনা
– জীবনানন্দ দাশ
সুরঞ্জনা, অইখানে যেয়োনাকো তুমি,
বোলোনাকো কথা অই যুবকের সাথে;
ফিরে এসো সুরঞ্জনা :

নক্ষত্রের রুপালি আগুন ভরা রাতে;
ফিরে এসো এই মাঠে, ঢেউয়ে;
ফিরে এসো হৃদয়ে আমার;
দূর থেকে দূরে – আরও দূরে
যুবকের সাথে তুমি যেয়োনাকো আর।


কী কথা তাহার সাথে? – তার সাথে!
আকাশের আড়ালে আকাশে
মৃত্তিকার মতো তুমি আজ :
তার প্রেম ঘাস হয়ে আসে।

সুরঞ্জনা,
তোমার হৃদয় আজ ঘাস :
বাতাসের ওপারে বাতাস –
আকাশের ওপারে আকাশ।

Thematically, Jibanananda Das is amazed by the continued existence of humankind in the backdrop of eternal flux of time, wherein individual presence is insignificant and meteoric albeit inescapable. He feels that we are closed in, fouled by the numbness of this concentration cell (Meditations). To him, the world is weird and olden, and as a race, mankind has been a persistent "wanderer of this world" (Banalata Sen) that, according to him, has existed too long to know anything more (Before death, Walking alone) or experience anything fresh. The justification of further mechanical existence like Mahin's horses (The Horses) is apparently absent: "So (he) had slept by the Dhanshiri river on a cold December night, and had never thought of waking again" (Darkness).

As an individual, tired of life and yearning for sleep (One day eight years ago), Jibanananda Das is certain that peace can be found nowhere and that it is useless to move to a distant land, since there is no way of freedom from sorrows fixed by life (Land, Time and Offspring). Nevertheless, he suggests: "O sailor, you press on, keep pace with the sun!" (Sailor).

Why did Jibanananda task himself to forge a new poetic speech, while others in his time preferred to tread the usual path? The answer is simple. In his endeavours to shape a world of his own, he was gradual and steady. He was an inward-looking person and was not in a hurry.

I do not want to go anywhere so fast.
Whatever my life wants I have time to reach
there walking
(Of 1934 – a poem on the motor car, translated by Golam Mustafa)

In the poet's birth centenary, Bibhav published 40 of his poems that had been yet unpublished. Shamik Bose has translated a poem, untitled by the poet. Here is the Bengali original, with Bose's translation in English:

ঘুমায়ে পড়িতে হবে একদিন আকাশের নক্ষত্রের তলে
শ্রান্ত হয়ে-- উত্তর মেরুর সাদা তুষারের সিন্ধুর মতন!
এই রাত্রি,--- এই দিন,--- এই আলো,--- জীবনের এই আয়োজন,---
আকাশের নিচে এসে ভুলে যাব ইহাদের আমরা সকলে!
একদিন শরীরের স্বাদ আমি জানিয়াছি, সাগরের জলে
দেহ ধুয়ে;--- ভালোবেসে ভিজইয়েছি আমাদের হৃদয় কেমন!
একদিন জেগে থেকে দেখিয়েছি আমাদের জীবনের এই আলোড়ন,
আঁধারের কানে আলো--- রাত্রি দিনের কানে কানে কত কথা বলে
শুনিয়াছি;--- এই দেখা--- জেগে থাকা একদিন তবু সাংগ হবে,---


মাঠের শস্যের মত আমাদের ফলিবার রহিয়াছে সময়;
একবার ফলে গেলে তারপর ভাল লাগে মরণের হাত,---
ঘুমন্তের মত করে আমাদের কখন সে বুকে তুলে লবে!---
সেই মৃত্যু কাছে এসে একে একে সকলেরে বুকে তুলে লয়;---
সময় ফুরায়ে গেলে সব চেয়ে ভাল লাগে তাহার আস্বাদ!---

Under this sky, these stars beneath --
One day will have to sleep inside tiredness --
Like snow-filled white ocean of North Pole! –

This night – this day – O this light as bright as it may! --
These designs for a life – will forget all --
Under such a silent, fathomless sky! –

Had felt theragrance of a body one day, --
By washing my body inside sea water --
Felt our heart so deep by falling in love! --
This vigor of life had seen one day awaken –
Light stoking the edge of darkness --
Have heard the passionate whispers of a night – always for a day! –

This visit! This conscious vigil that I see, I feel --
Yet will end one day --
Time only remains for us to ripe like a harvest in green soil --
Once so ripen, then the hands of death will be likeable –
Will hold us in his chest, one by one --
Like a sleeplorn --
Fugitive lovelorn --
Inside tender whispers! –

When that time wi prosper to an end and he will come --
That savor will be ... the most relishing.

ch literary evaluation of his poetry has been produced since Jibanananda Das's untimely death, beginning with the ten-page Introduction of Naked Lonely Hand, an anthology of 50 of the poet's poems rendered into English. Winter appears to have caught the essence of the poet, who appeared to be subtle, mysterious and bizarre even to native readers and critics of his time. He was also known as a surrealist poet for his spontaneous, frenzied overflow of subconscious mind in poetry and especially in diction.

Prose style

During his lifetime Jibanananda remained solely a poet who occasionally wrote literary articles, mostly on request. Only after his death were a huge number of novels and short stories discovered. Thematically, Jibanananda's storylines are largely autobiographical. His own time constitutes the perspective. While in poetry he subdued his own life, he allowed it to be brought into his fiction. Structurally his fictional works are based more on dialogues than description by the author. However, his prose shows a unique style of compound sentences, use of non-colloquial words and a typical pattern of punctuation. His essays evidence a heavy prose style, which although complex, is capable of expressing complicated analytical statements. As a result, his prose was very compact, containing profound messages in a relatively short space.
Major works

Poetry

Jhôra Palok (Fallen Feathers), 1927.
Dhushor Pandulipi (Grey Manuscript), 1936.
Banalata Sen, 1942.
Môhaprithibi (Great Universe), 1944.
Shaat-ti Tarar Timir, (Darkness of Seven Stars), 1948.
Shreshtho Kobita, (Best Poems), 1954: Navana, Calcutta.
Rupasi Bangla (Bengal, the Beautiful), written in 1934, published posthumously in 1957.
Bela Obela Kalbela (Times, Bad Times, End Times), 1961, published posthumously but the manuscript was prepared during lifetime.
Sudorshona(The beautiful), published posthumously in 1973: Sahitya Sadan, Calcutta.
Alo Prithibi (The World of Light), published posthumously in 1981: Granthalaya Private Ltd., Calcutta.
Manobihangam (The Bird that is my Heart), published posthumously in 1979: Bengal Publishers Private Ltd. Calcutta.
Oprkashitô Ekanno (Unpublished Fifty-one), published posthumously in 1999, Mawla Brothers, Dhaka.
Novels
Bashmatir Upakhyan
Bibhav
Biraaj
Chaarjon
Jiban-Pronali
Kalyani
Karu-Bashona
Malyabaan (novel), New Script, Calcutta, 1973 (posthumuously published)
Mrinal
Nirupam Yatra
Pretinir rupkatha
Purnima
Sutirtha
joyoti
Short stories
Pogi Ako
Aekgheye Jibon
Akankha-Kamonar Bilas
Basor Sojyar pase
Bibahito Jibon
Bilas
Boi
Britter moto
Chakri Nei
Chayanot
Hater Tas
Hiseb-nikes
Jadur Desh
Jamrultola
Kinnorlok
Kotha sudhu Kotha, Kotha, Kotha
Kuashar Vitor Mrityur Somoy
Ma hoyar kono Saadh
Mangser Kanti
Meyemanuser Ghrane
Meyemnus
Mohisher Shingh
Nakoler Khelae
Nirupam Jatra
Paliye Jete
Premik Swami
Prithibita Sishuder Noy
Purnima
Raktomangsohin
Sadharon Manus
Sango, Nisongo
Sari
Sheetrater Andhokare
Somnath o Shrimoti
Taajer Chobi
Upekkhar Sheet
Non-fiction
"Aat Bachor Ager Din" prosonge
Adhunik Kobita
Amar Baba
Amar Ma
Asomapto Alochona
Bangla Bhasa o Sahittyer Bhobshiyot
Bangla Kobitar Bhobishyot
"Camp"-e
Desh kal o kobita
"Dhusor Pandulipi" prosonge
Ekti Aprokashito Kobita
Ektukhani
Jukti Jiggasha o Bangali
Keno Likhi
Ki hisebe Saswato
Kobita o Konkaboti
Kobita Prosonge
Kobitaar Kôtha (tr. On Poetry), Signet Press, Calcutta, 1362 (Bengali year)
Kobitapath
Kobitar Alochona
Kobitar Atma o Sorir
Lekhar Kotha
Matrachetona
Nazrul Islam
Prithibi o Somoy
Rabindranath o Adhunik Bangla Kobita
Rasoranjan Sen
Ruchi, Bichar o Onnanyo kotha
Saratchandra
Sikkha-Dikkha
Sikkha, Dikkha Sikkhokota
Sikkha o Ingrezi
Sikkhar Kotha
Sottendranath Dutt

Sottyo Biswas o Kobita
Swapno kamona'r bhumika
Sworgiyo Kalimohon Daser sradhobasore
Uttoroibik BanglakabbyoEnglish essays
Aongikar: Krishna Dhar
Doctor Faustus: Thomas Mann
Gioconda Smile: Aldous Huxley
Journal: Gide
Konkaboti: Buddhadeb Basu
Sheete Upekkhita: Ranjan
The Bengali novel today
The Bengali Poetry today
Three Voices of Poetry: T. S. Eliot
Major collected texts
Bandopdhaya, Deviprasad : Kabya Songroho − Jibanananda Das (tr. Collection of Poetry of Jibanananda Das), 1993, Bharbi, 13/1 Bankim Chatterjje Street, Kolkata-73.
Bandopdhaya, Deviprasad : Kabya Songroho − Jibanananda Das (tr. Collection of Poetry of Jibanananda Das), 1999, Gatidhara, 38/2-KA Bangla Bazaar, Dhaka-1100, Bangladesh.
Bandopdhaya, Deviprasad : Jibanananda Das Uttorparba (1954–1965), 2000, Pustak Bipani, Calcutta.
Chowdhury, Faizul Latif (editor) (1990), Jibanananda Das'er Prôbôndha Sômôgrô, (tr: Complete non-fictional prose works of Jibanananda Das), First edition : Desh Prokashon, Dhaka.
Chowdhury, Faizul Latif (editor) (1995), Jibanananda Das'er Prôbôndha Sômôgrô, (tr: Complete non-fictional prose works of Jibanananda Das), Second edition : Mawla Brothers, Dhaka.
Chowdhury, F. L. (ed) : Oprokashito 51 (tr. Unpublished fifty one poems of Jibanananda Das), 1999, Mawla Brothers, Dhaka.
Shahriar, Abu Hasan : Jibanananda Das-er Gronthito-Ogronthito Kabita Samagra, 2004, Agaami Prokashoni, Dhaka.
Jibanananda in English translation

Translating Jibanananda Das (JD) poses a real challenge to any translator. It not only requires translation of words and phrases, it demands 'translation' of colour and music, of imagination and images. Translations are a works of interpretation and reconstruction. When it comes to JD, both are quite difficult.

However people have shown enormous enthusiasm in translating JD. Translation of JD commenced as the poet himself rendered some of his poetry into English at the request of poet Buddhadeb Bose for the Kavita. That was 1952. His translations include Banalata Sen, Meditations, Darkness, Cat and Sailor among others, many of which are now lost. Since then many JD lovers have taken interest in translating JD's poetry into English. These have been published, home and abroad, in different anthologies and magazines.

Obviously different translators have approached their task from different perspectives. Some intended to merely transliterate the poem while others wanted to maintain the characteristic tone of Jibanananda as much as possible. As indicated above, the latter is not an easy task. In this connection, it is interesting to quote Chidananda Dasgupta who informed of his experience in translating JD:

Effort has of course been made to see that the original's obliqueness or deliberate suppression of logical and syntactical links are not removed altogether. Sometimes Jibanananda's very complicated and apparently arbitrary syntax has been smoothed out to a clear flow. On occasion, a word or even a line has been dropped, and its intention incorporated somewhere just before or after. Names of trees, plants, places or other elements incomprehensible in English have often been reduced or eliminated for fear that they should become an unpleasant burden on the poem when read in translation.

Small wonder that Chidananda Dasgupta took quite a bit of liberty in his project of translating JD.

Major books containing poems of Jibanananda in English translation, as of 2008, are given below:

Ahmed, Mushtaque : 'Gleanings from Jibanananda Das', 2002, Cox's Bazaar Shaitya Academy, Cox's Bazaar, Bangladesh
Alam, Fakrul : 'Jibanananda Das – Selected poems with an Introduction, Chronology, and Glossary', 1999, University Press Limited, Dhaka
Banerji, Anupam : 'Poems : Bengal the Beautiful and Banalata Sen by Jivanananda Das', (Translated and Illustrated by Anupam Banerji), 1999, North Waterloo Academic Press, 482 Lexington Crescent, Waterloo, Ontario, N2K 2J8, 519-742-2247
Chaudhuri, Sukanta (ed): 'A Certain Sense – Poems by Jibanananda Das', Translated by Various Hands, 1998, Sahitya Akademi, Kolkata
Chowdhury, F. L. (ed) : 'I have seen the Bengal's face – Poems from Jibanananda Das' (An anthology of poems from Jibanananda Das translated in English), 1995, Creative Workshop, Chittagong, Bangladesh
Chowdhury, F. L. and G. Mustafa (ed) : 'Beyond Land and Time' (An anthology of one hundred selected poems of Jibanananda Das, translated into English), 2008, Somoy Prokashan, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Dashgupta, Chidananda : 'Selected Poems – Jibanananda Das', 2006, Penguin Books, New Delhi.
Gangopadhyay, Satya : Poems of Jibanananda Das, 1999, Chhatagali, Chinsurah, West Bengal, India
Seely, Clinton B. : 'A Poet Apart' (A comprehensive literary biography of Jibanananda Das), 1990, Associated University Press Ltd, USA
Seely, Clinton B. : 'Scent of Sun' (An anthology of poems of Jibanananda Das in English translation), 2008, — upcoming
Winter, Joe : 'Bengal the Beautiful', 2006, Anvil Press Poetry Ltd., Neptune House, 70 Royal Hill, London SE10 8RF, UK
Winter, Joe : 'Jibanananda Das – Naked Lonely Hand' (Selected poems : translated from Bengali), 2003, Anvil Press Poetry Ltd., London, UK
Tribute

" After Rabindranath, Jibanananda was the creator of a new kind of modernity in Bengali poetry. He gave birth to a completely new kind of language. In this context all of his anthologies are important. But, I like most 'Dhusar Pandulipi', 'Rupasi Bangla', 'Bela Abela Kalbela'...all of them are good. Actually in good poetry, the mind is transformed...Actually, the life of poet cohabits both solitude and ambition. So was Jibananda's...it is difficult to defy and condradict the revered poets of the world. Jibananda, is one such revered poets."—Binoy Majumdar.

" In the Post-Tagore era, Jibanananda was the most successful in creating a ring of poetry of uniqueness." – Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee

" Whenever I started reading Jibanananda, I found known poems in a new light." – Joy Goswami.

" Death has never been a unidimensional concept in Jibanananda's poetry. It has multiple meanings, multiple scopes."—Pabitra Sarkar.

" Pure and layered symbol is the speciality of Jibanananda's poetry. By exploring the unnamed expressions of the poetry, readers get bewitched into the symbols, images."—Dilip Jhaveri

" Postmodernism in Bengali poetry started with Jibanananda Das's poem Paradigm. " Malay Roy Choudhury

Quotation

" Calcutta, with all its blemishes and bad names, is, after all, even in its odd architectural medley not so graceless as many strangers and Indians are disposed to think of it."

" Despite important differences, Calcutta seemed as its intricate map of body and mind would be laid open to bear a rather near resemblance to Paris."

" A mature artist...does not propose to evade the riddles around him. He takes stock of the significant directions and the purposes of his age and of their more clear and concrete embodiments in the men of his age. He arrives at his own philosophy and builds his own world, which is never a negation of the actual one, but is the same living world organized more truly and proportionately by the special reading of it by the special poet."

" Garnered so much of experience when I reached Calucutta; got several possibilities regarding literary, trade etc."

" There were so many myths regarding my elder brother. He escaped from life. He could not tolerate human company. He was solitary. Away from the all hustle-bustle...may be most of them have already proved wrong."—Sucahrita Das on her elder brother, the poet.

" Among our modernist poets, Jibanananda is the most solitary, most independent."—Buddhadeb Basu
Books on Jibanananda
(1965) 'Ekti Nakkhatro Ase', Ambuj Basu, Mousumi.
(1970) 'Kobi Jibanananda Das', Sanjay Bhattacharya, Varbi.
(1971) 'Jibanananda(ek khando)', Gopal Chandra Roy, Sahittya Sadan;'Mauns Jibanananda', Labanya Das, Bengal Publishers; 'Jibanananda Sriti', Debkumar Basu edited, Karuna Prokasani.
(1972) 'Suddhatamo Kobi', Abdul Mannan Saiyad, Knowledge Home, Dhaka; 'Rupasi Banglar Kobi Jibanananda', Bijan Kanti Sarkar, Bijoy Sahitya Mandir; 'Rupasi Banglar Kobi Jibanananda', Shaymapada Sarkar, Kamini Prokasan.
(1973) 'Jibanananda das', edited by Birendra Bhattacharya, Onnisto.
(1975) 'Kobi Jibanananda', Suddhaswatto Basu, Sankha Prokasan.
(1976) 'Jibanishilpi Jibanananda Das', Asadujjan, Bangladesh Book Corporation, Dhaka.
(1979) 'Rupasi Banglar Kobi Jibanananda', Bijan Kanti Sarkar, Bijoy Sahitya Mandir; 'Rupasi Banglar Kobi Jibanananda', Shyamapada Sarkar, Kamini Prokashan.
(1980) 'Rupasi Banglar Dui Kobi', Purnendu Patri, Ananda Publishers Ltd.
(1983) 'Kacher Manus Jibanananda', Ajit Ghose, Bijoy Krishna Girls’ College Cheap Store;'Rabindranath Najrul Jibanananda ebong aekjon Probasi Bangali', Kalyan Kumar Basu, Biswagaen;'Adhunikata, Jibanananda o Porabastob', Tapodhir Bhattacharya and Swapna Bhattacharya, Nobark;'Jibananander Chetona Jagot', Pradumno Mitra, Sahityshri;'Jibanananda Das:Jiboniponji o Granthoponji', Provat Kumar Das, Hardo;'Prosongo:Jibanananda', Shibaji Bandopadhaya, Ayon.
(1984) 'Jibanananda', Amalendu Basu, Banishilpo,;'Uttor Probesh', Susnato Jana;'Jibanananda', edited by Abdul Manna Sayad, Charitra, Dhaka;'Jibanananda Prasongiki', Sandip Datta, Hardo,
(1985) 'Ami sei Purohit', Sucheta Mitra, A.Mukherji and Co;'Probondhokar Jibananada', Subrata Rudro, Nath Publishing;'Jibanananda Jiggasa', edited by Tarun Mukhopadhaya, pustok Biponi.
(2003) 'Jibananda : Kabitar Mukhamukhi', Narayan Haldar.
(2005) 'Amar Jibanananda', Dr. Himabanta Bondopadhyay, Bangiya Sahitya Samsad.
(2009) 'Etodin Kothay Chilen', Anisul Hoque.
(2014) 'Jibananander Andhokaare', Rajib Sinha, Ubudash, Kolkata-12.
Ekjon Komolalebu (Reincarnation as an Orange: The Story of Jibanananda), Sahaduzzaman
Joseph Macwan 
Jiddu Krishnamurti
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jiddu Krishnamurti

J. Krishnamurti c. 1920s
Born 11 May 1895

MadanapalleAndhra Pradesh, India)
Died 17 February 1986 (aged 90)

Ojai, California, U.S.
Occupation

Philosopher
author
public speaker
Parent(s) Jiddu Narayaniah and Sanjeevamma. Annie Besant and Charles Webster Leadbeater (adopted).


Jiddu Krishnamurti ( 11 May 1895—17 February 1986) was a philosopher, speaker and writer. In his early life, he was groomed to be the new World Teacher, but later rejected this mantle and withdrew from the Theosophy organization behind it. His interests included psychological revolution, the nature of mind, meditation, inquiry, human relationships, and bringing about radical change in society. He stressed the need for a revolution in the psyche of every human being and emphasised that such revolution cannot be brought about by any external entity, be it religious, political, or social.

Krishnamurti was born in south India in what is now the modern day Madanapalle of Andhra Pradesh. In early adolescence, he met occultist and theosophist Charles Webster Leadbeater on the grounds of the Theosophical Society headquarters at Adyar in Madras. He was subsequently raised under the tutelage of Annie Besant and Leadbeater, leaders of the Society at the time, who believed him to be a 'vehicle' for an expected World Teacher. As a young man, he disavowed this idea and dissolved the Order of the Star in the East, an organisation that had been established to support it.

Krishnamurti said he had no allegiance to any nationality, caste, religion, or philosophy, and spent the rest of his life travelling the world, speaking to large and small groups, as well as individuals. He wrote many books, among them The First and Last Freedom, The Only Revolution, and Krishnamurti's Notebook. Many of his talks and discussions have been published. His last public talk was in Madras, India, in January 1986, a month before his death at his home in Ojai, California. His supporters — working through non-profit foundations in India, Great Britain, and the United States — oversee several independent schools based on his views on education. They continue to transcribe and distribute his thousands of talks, group and individual discussions, and writings by use of a variety of media formats and languages.

Krishnamurti was unrelated to his contemporary U. G. Krishnamurti (1918–2007), although the two men had a number of meetings.

Biography
Family background and childhood


Krishnamurti in 1910

The date of birth of Krishnamurti is a matter of dispute. Mary Lutyens determines it to be 11 May 1895 but Christine Williams notes the unreliability of birth registrations in that period and that statements claiming dates ranging from 4 May 1895 to 25 May 1896 exist. He used calculations based on a published horoscope to derive a date of 11 May 1895 but "retains a measure of scepticism" about it His birthplace was the small town of Madanapalle in Madras Presidency (modern-day Chittoor District in Andhra Pradesh). He was born in a Telugu-speaking Brahmin family His father, Jiddu Narayaniah, was employed as an official of the British colonial administration. Krishnamurti was fond of his mother Sanjeevamma, who died when he was ten His parents had a total of eleven children, of whom six survived childhood

In 1903 the family settled in Cudappah, where Krishnamurti had contracted malaria during a previous stay. He suffered recurrent bouts of the disease over many years A sensitive and sickly child, "vague and dreamy", he was often taken to be intellectually disabled, and was beaten regularly at school by his teachers and at home by his father In memoirs written when he was eighteen years old Krishnamurti described psychic experiences, such as seeing his sister, who had died in 1904, and his late mother. During his childhood he developed a bond with nature that was to stay with him for the rest of his life.

Krishnamurti's father retired at the end of 1907. Being of limited means he sought employment at the headquarters of the Theosophical Society at Adyar. Narayaniah had been a Theosophist since 1882. He was eventually hired by the Society as a clerk, moving there with his family in January 1909. Narayaniah and his sons were at first assigned to live in a small cottage that was located just outside the society's compound.

Discovered

In April 1909, Krishnamurti first met Charles Webster Leadbeater, who claimed clairvoyance. Leadbeater had noticed Krishnamurti on the Society's beach on the Adyar river, and was amazed by the "most wonderful aura he had ever seen, without a particle of selfishness in it." Ernest Wood, an adjutant of Leadbeater's at the time, who helped Krishnamurti with his homework, considered him to be "particularly dim-witted". Leadbeater was convinced that the boy would become a spiritual teacher and a great orator; the likely "vehicle for the Lord Maitreya" in Theosophical doctrine, an advanced spiritual entity periodically appearing on Earth as a World Teacher to guide the evolution of humankind.

In her biography of Krishnamurti, Pupul Jayakar quotes him speaking of that period in his life some 75 years later: "The boy had always said "I will do whatever you want". There was an element of subservience, obedience. The boy was vague, uncertain, woolly; he didn't seem to care what was happening. He was like a vessel with a large hole in it, whatever was put in, went through, nothing remained."

Krishnamurti by Tomás Povedano

Following his discovery by Leadbeater, Krishnamurti was nurtured by the Theosophical Society in Adyar. Leadbeater and a small number of trusted associates undertook the task of educating, protecting, and generally preparing Krishnamurti as the "vehicle" of the expected World Teacher. Krishnamurti (often later called Krishnaji)[17] and his younger brother Nityananda (Nitya) were privately tutored at the Theosophical compound in Madras, and later exposed to a comparatively opulent life among a segment of European high society as they continued their education abroad. Despite his history of problems with schoolwork and concerns about his capacities and physical condition, the 14-year-old Krishnamurti was able to speak and write competently in English within six months. Lutyens says that later in life Krishnamurti came to view his "discovery" as a life-saving event. When he was asked in later life what he thought would have happened to him if he had not been 'discovered' by Leadbeater he unhesitatingly replied "I would have died".

During this time Krishnamurti had developed a strong bond with Annie Besant and came to view her as a surrogate mother. His father, who had initially assented to Besant's legal guardianship of Krishnamurti, was pushed into the background by the swirl of attention around his son. In 1912 he sued Besant to annul the guardianship agreement. After a protracted legal battle, Besant took custody of Krishnamurti and Nitya. As a result of this separation from family and home Krishnamurti and his brother (whose relationship had always been very close) became more dependent on each other, and in the following years often travelled together.

In 1911 the Theosophical Society established the Order of the Star in the East (OSE) to prepare the world for the expected appearance of the World Teacher. Krishnamurti was named as its head, with senior Theosophists assigned various other positions. Membership was open to anybody who accepted the doctrine of the Coming of the World Teacher. Controversy soon erupted, both within the Theosophical Society and outside it, in Hindu circles and the Indian press.

Growing up

Mary Lutyens, a biographer and friend of Krishnamurti, says that there was a time when he believed that he was to become the World Teacher after correct spiritual and secular guidance and education. Another biographer describes the daily program imposed on him by Leadbeater and his associates, which included rigorous exercise and sports, tutoring in a variety of school subjects, Theosophical and religious lessons, yoga and meditation, as well as instruction in proper hygiene and in the ways of British society and culture. At the same time Leadbeater assumed the role of guide in a parallel mystical instruction of Krishnamurti; the existence and progress of this instruction was at the time known only to a select few.

While he showed a natural aptitude in sports, Krishnamurti always had problems with formal schooling and was not academically inclined. He eventually gave up university education after several attempts at admission. He did take to foreign languages, in time speaking several with some fluency.

His public image, cultivated by the Theosophists, "was to be characterized by a well-polished exterior, a sobriety of purpose, a cosmopolitan outlook and an otherworldly, almost beatific detachment in his demeanor." Demonstrably, "all of these can be said to have characterized Krishnamurti's public image to the end of his life." It was apparently clear early on that he "possessed an innate personal magnetism, not of a warm physical variety, but nonetheless emotive in its austerity, and inclined to inspire veneration." However, as he was growing up, Krishnamurti showed signs of adolescent rebellion and emotional instability, chafing at the regimen imposed on him, visibly uncomfortable with the publicity surrounding him, and occasionally expressing doubts about the future prescribed for him.


Krishnamurti in England in 1911 with his brother Nitya and the Theosophists Annie Besant and George Arundale

Krishnamurti and Nitya were taken to England in April 1911. During this trip Krishnamurti gave his first public speech to members of the OSE in London. His first writings had also started to appear, published in booklets by the Theosophical Society and in Theosophical and OSE-affiliated magazines. Between 1911 and the start of World War I in 1914, the brothers visited several other European countries, always accompanied by Theosophist chaperones. Meanwhile, Krishnamurti had for the first time acquired a measure of personal financial independence, thanks to a wealthy benefactress, American Mary Melissa Hoadley Dodge, who was domiciled in England.

After the war, Krishnamurti embarked on a series of lectures, meetings and discussions around the world, related to his duties as the Head of the OSE, accompanied by Nitya, by then the Organizing Secretary of the Order. Krishnamurti also continued writing. The content of his talks and writings revolved around the work of the Order and of its members in preparation for the Coming. He was initially described as a halting, hesitant, and repetitive speaker, but his delivery and confidence improved, and he gradually took command of the meetings.

In 1921 Krishnamurti fell in love with Helen Knothe, a 17-year-old American whose family associated with the Theosophists. The experience was tempered by the realisation that his work and expected life-mission precluded what would otherwise be considered normal relationships and by the mid-1920s the two of them had drifted apart.

Life-altering experiences

In 1922 Krishnamurti and Nitya travelled from Sydney to California. In California, they stayed at a cottage in the Ojai Valley. It was thought that the area's climate would be beneficial to Nitya, who had been diagnosed with tuberculosis. Nitya's failing health became a concern for Krishnamurti. At Ojai they met Rosalind Williams, a young American who became close to them both, and who was later to play a significant role in Krishnamurti's life. For the first time the brothers were without immediate supervision by their Theosophical Society minders.They found the Valley to be very agreeable. Eventually, a trust, formed by supporters, bought a cottage and surrounding property there for them. This became Krishnamurti's official residence.

At Ojai in August and September 1922, Krishnamurti went through an intense 'life-changing' experience. This has been variously characterised as a spiritual awakening, a psychological transformation, and a physical reconditioning. The initial events happened in two distinct phases: first a three-day spiritual experience, and two weeks later, a longer-lasting condition that Krishnamurti and those around him referred to as the process. This condition recurred, at frequent intervals and with varying intensity, until his death.

According to witnesses, it started on 17 August 1922 when Krishnamurti complained of a sharp pain at the nape of his neck. Over the next two days the symptoms worsened, with increasing pain and sensitivity, loss of appetite, and occasional delirious ramblings. He seemed to lapse into unconsciousness but later recounted that he was very much aware of his surroundings, and that while in that state he had an experience of "mystical union". The following day the symptoms and the experience intensified, climaxing with a sense of "immense peace". Following — and apparently related to — these events the condition that came to be known as the process started to affect him, in September and October that year, as a regular, almost nightly occurrence. Later the process resumed intermittently, with varying degrees of pain, physical discomfort, and sensitivity, occasionally a lapse into a childlike state, and sometimes an apparent fading out of consciousness, explained as either his body giving in to pain or his mind "going off".

These experiences were accompanied or followed by what was interchangeably described as, "the benediction," "the immensity," "the sacredness," "the vastness" and, most often, "the otherness" or "the other." It was a state distinct from the process. According to Lutyens it is evident from his notebook that this experience of otherness was "with him almost continuously" during his life, and gave him "a sense of being protected." Krishnamurti describes it in his notebook as typically following an acute experience of the process, for example, on awakening the next day:


... woke up early with that strong feeling of otherness, of another world that is beyond all thought ... there is a heightening of sensitivity. Sensitivity, not only to beauty but also to all other things. The blade of grass was astonishingly green; that one blade of grass contained the whole spectrum of colour; it was intense, dazzling and such a small thing, so easy to destroy ...

This experience of the otherness was present with him in daily events:

It is strange how during one or two interviews that strength, that power filled the room. It seemed to be in one's eyes and breath. It comes into being, suddenly and most unexpectedly, with a force and intensity that is quite overpowering and at other times it's there, quietly and serenely. But it's there, whether one wants it or not. There is no possibility of getting used to it for it has never been nor will it ever be ..."

Since the initial occurrences of 1922, several explanations have been proposed for this experience of Krishnamurti's. Leadbeater and other Theosophists expected the "vehicle" to have certain paranormal experiences but were nevertheless mystified by these developments. During Krishnamurti's later years, the nature and provenance of the continuing process often came up as a subject in private discussions between himself and associates; these discussions shed some light on the subject but were ultimately inconclusive. Whatever the case, the process, and the inability of Leadbeater to explain it satisfactorily, if at all, had other consequences according to biographer Roland Vernon:

The process at Ojai, whatever its cause or validity, was a cataclysmic milestone for Krishna. Up until this time his spiritual progress, chequered though it might have been, had been planned with solemn deliberation by Theosophy's grandees. ... Something new had now occurred for which Krishna's training had not entirely prepared him. ... A burden was lifted from his conscience and he took his first step towards becoming an individual. ... In terms of his future role as a teacher, the process was his bedrock. ... It had come to him alone and had not been planted in him by his mentors ... it provided Krishna with the soil in which his newfound spirit of confidence and independence could take root.

As news of these mystical experiences spread, rumours concerning the messianic status of Krishnamurti reached fever pitch as the 1925 Theosophical Society Convention was planned, on the 50th anniversary of its founding. There were expectations of significant happenings. Paralleling the increasing adulation was Krishnamurti's growing discomfort with it. In related developments, prominent Theosophists and their factions within the Society were trying to position themselves favourably relative to the Coming, which was widely rumoured to be approaching. He stated that "Too much of everything is bad"."Extraordinary" pronouncements of spiritual advancement were made by various parties, disputed by others, and the internal Theosophical politics further alienated Krishnamurti.

Nitya's persistent health problems had periodically resurfaced throughout this time. On 13 November 1925, at age 27, he died in Ojai from complications of influenza and tuberculosis. Despite Nitya's poor health, his death was unexpected, and it fundamentally shook Krishnamurti's belief in Theosophy and in the leaders of the Theosophical Society. He had received their assurances regarding Nitya's health, and had come to believe that "Nitya was essential for [his] life-mission and therefore he would not be allowed to die," a belief shared by Annie Besant and Krishnamurti's circle. Jayakar wrote that "his belief in the Masters and the hierarchy had undergone a total revolution." Moreover, Nitya had been the "last surviving link to his family and childhood. ... The only person to whom he could talk openly, his best friend and companion." According to eyewitness accounts, the news "broke him completely." but 12 days after Nitya's death he was "immensely quiet, radiant, and free of all sentiment and emotion"; "there was not a shadow ... to show what he had been through."

Break with the past

Over the next few years, Krishnamurti's new vision and consciousness continued to develop. New concepts appeared in his talks, discussions, and correspondence, together with an evolving vocabulary that was progressively free of Theosophical terminology. His new direction reached a climax in 1929, when he rebuffed attempts by Leadbeater and Besant to continue with the Order of the Star.

Krishnamurti dissolved the Order during the annual Star Camp at Ommen, the Netherlands, on 3 August 1929. He stated that he had made his decision after "careful consideration" during the previous two years, and that:

I maintain that truth is a pathless land, and you cannot approach it by any path whatsoever, by any religion, by any sect. That is my point of view, and I adhere to that absolutely and unconditionally. Truth, being limitless, unconditioned, unapproachable by any path whatsoever, cannot be organized; nor should any organization be formed to lead or coerce people along a particular path. ... This is no magnificent deed, because I do not want followers, and I mean this. The moment you follow someone you cease to follow Truth. I am not concerned whether you pay attention to what I say or not. I want to do a certain thing in the world and I am going to do it with unwavering concentration. I am concerning myself with only one essential thing: to set man free. I desire to free him from all cages, from all fears, and not to found religions, new sects, nor to establish new theories and new philosophies.

Krishnamurti in the early 1920s.

Following the dissolution, prominent Theosophists turned against Krishnamurti, including Leadbeater who is said to have stated, "the Coming had gone wrong." Krishnamurti had denounced all organised belief, the notion of gurus, and the whole teacher-follower relationship, vowing instead to work on setting people "absolutely, unconditionally free." There is no record of his explicitly denying he was the World Teacher; whenever he was asked to clarify his position he either asserted that the matter was irrelevant[ or gave answers that, as he stated, were "purposely vague."

In hind-sight it can be seen that the ongoing changes in his outlook had begun before the dissolution of the Order of the Star. The subtlety of the new distinctions on the World Teacher issue was lost on many of his admirers, who were already bewildered or distraught because of the changes in Krishnamurti's outlook, vocabulary and pronouncements–among them Besant and Mary Lutyens' mother Emily, who had a very close relationship with him. He soon disassociated himself from the Theosophical Society and its teachings and practices, yet he remained on cordial terms with some of its members and ex-members throughout his life.

Krishnamurti often referred to the totality of his work as the teachings and not as my teachings.

Krishnamurti resigned from the various trusts and other organisations that were affiliated with the defunct Order of the Star, including the Theosophical Society. He returned the money and properties donated to the Order, among them a castle in the Netherlands and 5,000 acres (2,023 ha) of land, to their donors.

Middle years

From 1930 through 1944 Krishnamurti engaged in speaking tours and in the issue of publications under the auspice of the "Star Publishing Trust" (SPT), which he had founded with Desikacharya Rajagopal, a close associate and friend from the Order of the Star. Ojai was the base of operations for the new enterprise, where Krishnamurti, Rajagopal, and Rosalind Williams (who had married Rajagopal in 1927) resided in the house known as Arya Vihara (meaning Realm of the Aryas i.e. those noble by righteousness in Sanskrit). The business and organizational aspects of the SPT were administered chiefly by D. Rajagopal, as Krishnamurti devoted his time to speaking and meditation. The Rajagopals' marriage was not a happy one, and the two became physically estranged after the 1931 birth of their daughter, Radha. In the relative seclusion of Arya Vihara Krishnamurti's close friendship with Rosalind deepened into a love affair which was not made public until 1991. According to Radha Rajagopal Sloss, the long affair between Krishnamurti and Rosalind began in 1932 and it endured for about twenty-five years.

During the 1930s Krishnamurti spoke in Europe, Latin America, India, Australia and the United States. In 1938 he met Aldous Huxley. The two began a close friendship which endured for many years. They held common concerns about the imminent conflict in Europe which they viewed as the outcome of the pernicious influence of nationalism. Krishnamurti's stance on World War II was often construed as pacifism and even subversion during a time of patriotic fervor in the United States and for a time he came under the surveillance of the FBI. He did not speak publicly for a period of about four years (between 1940 and 1944). During this time he lived and worked at Arya Vihara, which during the war operated as a largely self-sustaining farm, with its surplus goods donated for relief efforts in Europe. Of the years spent in Ojai during the war he later said: "I think it was a period of no challenge, no demand, no outgoing. I think it was a kind of everything held in; and when I left Ojai it all burst."

Krishnamurti broke the hiatus from public speaking in May 1944 with a series of talks in Ojai. These talks, and subsequent material, were published by "Krishnamurti Writings Inc" (KWINC), the successor organisation to the "Star Publishing Trust." This was to be the new central Krishnamurti-related entity worldwide, whose sole purpose was the dissemination of the teaching. He had remained in contact with associates from India, and in the autumn of 1947 embarked on a speaking tour there, attracting a new following of young intellectuals. On this trip he encountered the Mehta sisters, Pupul and Nandini, who became lifelong associates and confidants. The sisters also attended to Krishnamurti throughout a 1948 recurrence of the "process" in Ootacamund. In Poona in 1948, Krishnamurti met Iyengar, who taught him Yoga practices every morning for the next three months, then on and off for twenty years.

When Krishnamurti was in India after World War II many prominent personalities came to meet him, including Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru. In his meetings with Nehru, Krishnamurti elaborated at length on the teachings, saying in one instance, "Understanding of the self only arises in relationship, in watching yourself in relationship to people, ideas, and things; to trees, the earth, and the world around you and within you. Relationship is the mirror in which the self is revealed. Without self-knowledge there is no basis for right thought and action." Nehru asked, "How does one start?" to which Krishnamurti replied, "Begin where you are. Read every word, every phrase, every paragraph of the mind, as it operates through thought."

Later years

Krishnamurti continued speaking in public lectures, group discussions and with concerned individuals around the world. In the early 1960s, he made the acquaintance of physicist David Bohm, whose philosophical and scientific concerns regarding the essence of the physical world, and the psychological and sociological state of mankind, found parallels in Krishnamurti's philosophy. The two men soon became close friends and started a common inquiry, in the form of personal dialogues–and occasionally in group discussions with other participants–that continued, periodically, over nearly two decades. Several of these discussions were published in the form of books or as parts of books, and introduced a wider audience (among scientists) to Krishnamurti's ideas. Although Krishnamurti's philosophy delved into fields as diverse as religious studies, education, psychology, physics, and consciousness studies, he was not then, nor since, well known in academic circles. Nevertheless, Krishnamurti met and held discussions with physicists Fritjof Capra and E. C. George Sudarshan, biologist Rupert Sheldrake, psychiatrist David Shainberg, as well as psychotherapists representing various theoretical orientations. The long friendship with Bohm went through a rocky interval in later years, and although they overcame their differences and remained friends until Krishnamurti's death, the relationship did not regain its previous intensity.

In the 1970s, Krishnamurti met several times with then Indian prime minister Indira Gandhi, with whom he had far-ranging, and in some cases, very serious discussions. Jayakar considers his message in meetings with Indira Gandhi as a possible influence in the lifting of certain emergency measures Gandhi had imposed during periods of political turmoil.

Meanwhile, Krishnamurti's once close relationship with the Rajagopals had deteriorated to the point where he took D. Rajagopal to court to recover donated property and funds as well as publication rights for his works, manuscripts, and personal correspondence, that were in Rajagopal's possession. The litigation and ensuing cross complaints, which formally began in 1971, continued for many years. Much property and materials were returned to Krishnamurti during his lifetime; the parties to this case finally settled all other matters in 1986, shortly after his death.

In 1984 and 1985, Krishnamurti spoke to an invited audience at the United Nations in New York, under the auspices of the Pacem in Terris Society chapter at the United Nations. In October 1985, he visited India for the last time, holding a number of what came to be known as "farewell" talks and discussions between then and January 1986. These last talks included the fundamental questions he had been asking through the years, as well as newer concerns about advances in science and technology, and their effect on humankind. Krishnamurti had commented to friends that he did not wish to invite death, but was not sure how long his body would last (he had already lost considerable weight), and once he could no longer talk, he would have "no further purpose". In his final talk, on 4 January 1986, in Madras, he again invited the audience to examine with him the nature of inquiry, the effect of technology, the nature of life and meditation, and the nature of creation.

Krishnamurti was also concerned about his legacy, about being unwittingly turned into some personage whose teachings had been handed down to special individuals, rather than the world at large. He did not want anybody to pose as an interpreter of the teaching. He warned his associates on several occasions that they were not to present themselves as spokesmen on his behalf, or as his successors after his death.

A few days before his death, in a final statement, he declared that nobody among either his associates or the general public had understood what had happened to him (as the conduit of the teaching). He added that the "supreme intelligence" operating in his body would be gone with his death, again implying the impossibility of successors. However, he stated that people could perhaps get into touch with that somewhat "if they live the teachings". In prior discussions, he had compared himself with Thomas Edison, implying that he did the hard work, and now all that was needed by others was a flick of the switch.

Death

Krishnamurti died of pancreatic cancer on 17 February 1986, at the age of 90. His remains were cremated. The announcement of KFT (Krishnamurti Foundation Trust) refers to the course of his health condition until the moment of death. The first signs came almost nine months before his death, when he felt very tired. In October 1985, he went from England (Brockwood Park School) to India and after that, he suffered from exhaustion, fevers, and lost weight. Krishnamurti decided to go back to Ojai (10 January 1986) after his last talks in Madras, which necessitated a 24-hour flight. Once he arrived at Ojai he underwent medical tests that revealed he was suffering from pancreatic cancer. The cancer was untreatable, either surgically or otherwise, so Krishnamurti decided to go back to his home at Ojai, where he spent his last days. Friends and professionals nursed him. His mind was clear until the last moment. Krishnamurti died on 17 February 1986, at 10 minutes past midnight, California time.
Schools


Krishnamurti on a 1987 stamp of India

Krishnamurti founded several schools around the world, including Brockwood Park School, an international educational center. When asked, he enumerated the following as his educational aims:

Global outlook: A vision of the whole as distinct from the part; there should never be a sectarian outlook, but always a holistic outlook free from all prejudice.

Concern for man and the environment: Humanity is part of nature, and if nature is not cared for, it will boomerang on man. Only the right education, and deep affection between people everywhere, will resolve many problems including the environmental challenges.

Religious spirit, which includes the scientific temper: The religious mind is alone, not lonely. It is in communion with people and nature.

The Krishnamurti Foundation, established in 1928 by him and Annie Besant, runs many schools in India and abroad.

Influence

Krishnamurti attracted the interest of the mainstream religious establishment in India. He engaged in discussions with several well known Hindu and Buddhist scholars and leaders, including the Dalai Lama Several of these discussions were later published as chapters in various Krishnamurti books. Those influenced by Krishnamurti include Toni PackerAchyut Patwardhan, and Dada Dharmadhikari.

Interest in Krishnamurti and his work has persisted in the years since his death. Many books, audio, video, and computer materials, remain in print and are carried by major online and traditional retailers. The four official Foundations continue to maintain archives, disseminate the teachings in an increasing number of languages, convert print to digital and other media, develop websites, sponsor television programs, and organise meetings and dialogues of interested persons around the world.
K. K. Raja
From Wikipedia
K. K. Raja
Born Kunju
28 March 1893
Kumarapuram, Thalappilli, Kingdom of CochinBritish India
Died 6 April 1968 (aged 75)
Occupation Poet
Language Malayalam
Nationality Indian

K. K. Raja (28 March 1893 – 6 April 1968) was a Malayalam poet from KeralaIndia. He received the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award in 1960 for the collection Malanatil.

Biography

K. K. Raja was born as Kunju in 1893 at Kumarapuram kovilakam (part of the Thalappilli Swaroopam of Kingdom of Cochin ) which is situated in Eravimangalam village, Nadathara. His father Meledath Nambothan Nambudiri was a Sanskrit scholar. After the death of his mother Kunjukkutti Thamburatti, young Kunju was well taken care of by his grandmother. He completed his school education in Trichur and Kunnamkulam. He started writing poems at a young age and the child's writing skills were encouraged by family friend and famous poet Kunhikuttan Thampuran. His first poem "Khshanika Vairagyam" was published in Kavana Kaumudi magazine. After passing successfully the Vidwan test, Raja worked as a teacher in Ernakulam Government Girls' High School and Irinjalakkuda Government High School. Raja became a full-time writer by this period and wandered all over India before joining St. Thomas School, Trichur.

Major works

Malanattil (മലനാട്ടിൽ)
Kavanakusumanjali (കവനകുസുമാഞ്ജലി)
Tulsidaamam (തുളസീദാമം)
Vellithoni (വെള്ളിത്തോണി)
Bashpanjali (ബാഷ്പാഞ്ജലി)
Harshanjali (ഹർഷാഞ്ജലി)
Kutty (cartoonist)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Kutty
Born 4 September 1921
Died 22 October 2011 (aged 90)
Occupation Cartoonist
Nationality Indian
Genre Political
Spouse Gauri
Children Narayanan, Maya

Puthukkody Kottuthody Sankaran Kutty Nair (4 September 1921 – 22 October 2011), better known as Kutty, was an Indian political cartoonist.

Biography

Kutty was born at Ottapalam, Kerala in 1921 to Kayarat Narayana Menon and Kottuthodi Lakshmi Amma.[2] Kutty was educated at Ottapalam and Malabar Christian CollegeKozhikode. Kutty's talent was discovered by the famous Malayalam satirist, Professor M. R. Nair (better known by his pen name "Sanjayan"). His first cartoon appeared in the Malayalam humor magazine Viswaroopam (edited by Sanjayan) in 1940.

Rao Sahib V. P. Menon, a relative of Kutty's father and a senior official in the British Imperial Secretariat (New Delhi) introduced him to the famous Indian cartoonist Shankar. Shankar used to sketch cartoons for Hindustan Times and was looking for a trainee. V. P. Menon requested Shankar to train Kutty, who reached New Delhi on 3 January 1941. In those days, Jawaharlal Nehru (later India's first Prime Minister), a great admirer of Shankar's cartoons, was looking for a cartoonist for his newly started English Daily, National Herald, published from Lucknow. Shankar trained Kutty for 6 months and recommended him for Nehru's newspaper. Kutty became staff cartoonist of National Herald (Lucknow). His first cartoon to appear in a daily newspaper was published in the National Herald 15 January 1941.

National Herald was shut down in 1942 due to repressive policies of the British India Government, following the start of Quit India Movement. Kutty then relocated to Madras (now Chennai), where he worked for Madras War Review from 1943 to 1945. From 1945 to 1946, he worked The Free Press Journal a Mumbai) daily newspaper. In 1946, Kutty relocated to New Delhi at behest of Shankar, who wanted him to work as a cartoonist for his planned evening newspaper. From 1946 to 1997, Kutty lived in New Delhi and worked for various publications. In 1947-48, he worked for National Call and Amar Bharat. Kutty also contributed to Shankar's Weekly, a humor magazine launched in 1948. Here he worked with other notable Indian cartoonists including Abu Abraham and O. V. Vijayan. From 1948 to 1951, he was associated with the Indian News Chronicle.

In 1951, Kutty joined the Ananda Bazar Group of Calcutta (now Kolkata). His cartoons appeared in many of the group's publications such as the English daily Hindustan Standard (New Delhi, 1951–1986), the Bengali language daily Ananda Bazar Patrika (1975–1986) and Desh (Bengali literary weekly). Kutty’s work was also syndicated for publication in various newspapers such as Hindustan Times (1961–1962) and The Indian Express (1962–1969). From 1987 to 1997, Kutty worked for another Bengali daily, Aaj Kaal. He was also associated with the Bengali publication Parivarthan (Calcutta) in 1986-1987.

Kutty didn't know the Bengali language, but he spent the most productive part of his career with Bengali publications. This was due to his direct and simple visual expression with which he cut across language barriers. His used to caption his cartoons in English, which were translated into Bengali. Kutty's cartoons have also appeared in many Malayalam language periodicals (Malayalam was his mother tongue).

Kutty officially retired in 1997. He then moved to Madison, Wisconsin. In May 2005, rumors of Kutty's death started circulating in Kolkata. In response to this, Kutty's former colleagues at Aaj Kaal published the denial of the rumor with a new cartoon drawn by Kutty. This led to requests for more cartoons from his admirers. Kutty complied and sketched few more cartoons that were published in Aaj Kaal. However, he could not continue due to his deteriorating eyesight. Kutty wrote an English-language memoir, Years Of Laughter: Reminiscences Of A Cartoonist, released in 2009. He died on 22 October 2011 in the Madison, Wisconsin.
Kum. Veerabhadrappa
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Veerabhadrappa Kumbar
Born 1 October 1953 
Pen name KumVee
Occupation Teacher, novelist, poet, critic
Language Kannada
Nationality Indian
Education M.A
Genre Fiction, poetry, drama, essays
Notable work Aramane
Notable awards Sahitya Akademi Award
2007

Spouse Annapoorna
Children 3

Veerabhadrappa Kumbar, popularly known by the pen name KumVee, is an Indian novelist, poet, story writer and critic in the Kannada-language. He was awarded the Sahitya Akademi Award in 2007 for his work Aramane.

Early life

KumVee was born on 1 October 1953 in Kotturu, a town in Bellary District of Karnataka to Kumbar Halappa and Kotramma. KumVee's family members includes wife Annapoorna and sons Purarava (elder), Shalivahana and younger son Pravara.

Career

KumVee taught Kannada in many schools for 35 years in the neighboring state of Andhra Pradesh. After retirement he move to his native Kotturu with his family.

Writing Style

He uses the local Ballary dialet of Kannada in his writings to convey the sensitivities of the life he experienced. This is the main strength of KumVee's writing.

Books
Collection of poems
Divi seemeya Haadu
Rajanaramanege Kavya

Story/ Collection of Stories
Nigi Nigi Hagalu
Manne Modalu
Koole
Koormavathara
Doma Mattitara Kathegalu
Bhaalare Vichitram
Inaadaroo Saayabeku
Kumvee Ayda Kathegalu
Bhagavathi Kaadu
Karivemala
Apoorva Chintamani Kathe
Sushile Emba Naayiyoi Vaagili Emba Graamavoo
Enter the Dragon
KumVee Bareda Kathegalu
Idu Bari Katheyallo Anna...(Collection of Complete Short Stories)

Novels
Hemareddy mallammana Katheyu
Ekaambara
Kappu
Beli mattu Hola
Aasthi
Kotra Highschoolige Seriddu
Yaapillu
Shyamanna
Kendada Male
Bete
Pakshigalu
Pratidwandi
Hanuma
Aramane
Beliya Hoogalu
Aarohana
Nijalinga
Kattegondu Kaala
Kilubu
Biographies[edit]
Chaplin
Rahula saakrutsayana
Neetaji Subhasha Chandra Bose
Subhadramma mansur
Sri Krishna Devaraya

Autobiography
Rayalaseema
Gandhi Classu

Translation
Chinnda tene
Telugu Kathegalu
Ondu Peeligeya Telugu Kathegalu
Tanna maarga ( Stories of Dr Abburi Chayadevi)

All the above four Translations have been published by "Sahitya AkademiNew Delhi" . In addition to this, KumVee has Translated more than 300 stories from many languages.

Edits
Kathegalu-1989

Work in Visual Media
Kotreshi Kanasu
Kendada Male
Bhagavati Kaadu
Beli mattu Hola

Noted Awards
Honorary Doctorate from Karnataka University of Dharwad
Sahitya Akademi Award (2007) - Returned in October 2015 on protest for intolerance in India.

Kamala Das

Kamala Das, (Kamala Suraiya), Indian author (born March 31, 1934, Thrissur, Kerala, British India—died May 31, 2009, Pune, India), inspired women struggling against domestic and sexual oppression with her honest assessments of sexual desire and marital problems in more than 20 books. Das was part of a generation of English-language Indian writers whose work centred on personal rather than colonial experiences, and her short stories, poetry, memoirs, and essays brought her both respect and notoriety. She grew up primarily in Calcutta (now Kolkata) in a family of artists, where she felt ignored and unloved. As a teenager she married an older relative, and the emotional and sexual problems arising from that unsatisfying relationship and her young motherhood provided material for her first memoir, My Story (1976).
Das wrote in English and, under the pen name Madhavikutty, in the Malayalam language of southern India. An advocate for human rights, especially for women and children, Das reflected her social concerns in such short stories as “Padmavati the Harlot” (1992) and “A Doll for the Child Prostitute” (1977). Her style and content both markedly departed from 19th-century romanticized ideas of love, a choice especially striking for an Indian Hindu woman. Das also broke with conventions in her personal life: she had extramarital affairs with men and women, refused to identify herself as a feminist, and briefly founded her own political party. In 1999 she converted to Islam, renaming herself Kamala Suraiya.

कोदूराम दलित

कोदूराम दलित का जन्म 5 March 1910 में जिला दुर्ग के टिकरी गांव में हुआ था। गांधीवादी कोदूराम प्राइमरी स्कूल के मास्टर थे उनकी रचनायें करीब 800 (आठ सौ) है पर ज्यादातर अप्रकाशित हैं। कवि सम्मेलन में कोदूराम जी अपनी हास्य व्यंग्य रचनाएँ सुनाकर सबको बेहद हँसाते थे। उनकी रचनाओं में छत्तीसगढ़ी लोकोक्तियों का प्रयोग बड़े स्वाभाविक और सुन्दर तरीके से हुआ करता था। उनकी रचनायें -
1. सियानी गोठ
2. कनवा समधी
3. अलहन
4. दू मितान
5. हमर देस
6. कृष्ण जन्म
7. बाल निबंध
8. कथा कहानी
9. छत्तीसगढ़ी शब्द भंडार अउ लोकोक्ति।


उनकी रचनाओं में छत्तीसगढ़ का गांव का जीवन बड़ा सुन्दर झलकता है।


एक और परिचय
कवि कोदूराम 'दलित' का जन्म ५ मार्च १९१० को ग्राम टिकरी(अर्जुन्दा),जिला दुर्ग में हुआ। आपके पिता श्री राम भरोसा कृषक थे। उनका बचपन ग्रामीण परिवेश में खेतिहर मज़दूरों के बीच बीता। उन्होंने मिडिल स्कूल अर्जुन्दा में प्रारंभिक शिक्षा प्राप्त की। तत्पश्चात नार्मल स्कूल, रायपुर, नार्मल स्कूल, बिलासपुर में शिक्षा ग्रहण की। स्काउटिंग, चित्रकला तथा साहित्य विशारद में वे सदा आगे-आगे रहे। वे १९३१ से १९६७ तक आर्य कन्या गुरुकुल, नगर पालिका परिषद् तथा शिक्षा विभाग, दुर्ग की प्राथमिक शालाओं में अध्यापक और प्रधानाध्यापक के रूप में कार्यरत रहे।


ग्राम अर्जुंदा में आशु कवि श्री पीला लाल चिनोरिया जी से इन्हें काव्य-प्रेरणा मिली। फिर वर्ष १९२६ में इन्होंने कविताएँ लिखनी शुरू कर दीं। इनकी रचनाएँ लगातार छत्तीसगढ़ के समाचार-पत्रों एवं साहित्यिक पत्रिकाओं में प्रकाशित होती रहीं। इनके पहले काव्य-संग्रह का नाम है — ’सियानी गोठ’ (१९६७) फिर दूसरा संग्रह है — ’बहुजन हिताय-बहुजन सुखाय’ (२०००)। भोपाल ,इंदौर, नागपुर, रायपुर आदि आकाशवाणी-केन्द्रों से इनकी कविताओं तथा लोक-कथाओं का प्रसारण अक्सर होता रहा है। मध्य प्रदेश शासन, सूचना-प्रसारण विभाग, म०प्र०हिंदी साहित्य अधिवेशन, विभिन्न साहित्यिक सम्मलेन, स्कूल-कालेज के स्नेह सम्मलेन, किसान मेला, राष्ट्रीय पर्व तथा गणेशोत्सव में इन्होंने कई बार काव्य-पाठ किया। सिंहस्थ मेला (कुम्भ), उज्जैन में भारत शासन द्वारा आयोजित कवि सम्मलेन में महाकौशल क्षेत्र से कवि के रूप में भी आपको आमंत्रित किया जाता था। राष्ट्रपति और प्रधानमंत्री के नगर आगमन पर भी ये अपना काव्यपाठ करते थे।


आप राष्ट्र भाषा प्रचार समिति वर्धा की दुर्ग इकाई के सक्रिय सदस्य रहे। दुर्ग जिला साहित्य समिति के उपमंत्री, छत्तीसगढ़ साहित्य के उपमंत्री, दुर्ग जिला हरिजन सेवक संघ के मंत्री, भारत सेवक समाज के सदस्य,सहकारी बैंक दुर्ग के एक डायरेक्टर ,म्यु.कर्मचारी सभा नं.४६७, सहकारी बैंक के सरपंच, दुर्ग नगर प्राथमिक शिक्षक संघ के कार्यकारिणी सदस्य, शिक्षक नगर समिति के सदस्य जैसे विभिन्न पदों पर सक्रिय रहते हुए आपने अपने बहु आयामी व्यक्तित्व से राष्ट्र एवं समाज के उत्थान के लिए सदैव कार्य किया है.


आपका हिंदी और छत्तीसगढ़ी साहित्य में गद्य और पद्य दोनों पर सामान अधिकार रहा है. साहित्य की सभी विधाओं यथा कविता, गीत, कहानी ,निबंध, एकांकी, प्रहसन, बाल-पहेली, बाल-गीत, क्रिया-गीत में आपने रचनाएँ की है. आप क्षेत्र विशेष में बंधे नहीं रहे. सारी सृष्टि ही आपकी विषय-वस्तु रही है. आपकी रचनाएँ आज भी प्रासंगिक हैं. आपके काव्य ने उस युग में जन्म लिया जब देश आजादी के लिए संघर्षरत था .आप समय की साँसों की धड़कन को पहचानते थे . अतः आपकी रचनाओं में देश-प्रेम ,त्याग, जन-जागरण, राष्ट्रीयता की भावनाएं युग अनुरूप हैं.आपके साहित्य में नीतिपरकता,समाज सुधार की भावना ,मानवतावादी, समन्वयवादी तथा प्रगतिवादी दृष्टिकोण सहज ही परिलक्षित होता है.


हास्य-व्यंग्य आपके काव्य का मूल स्वर है जो शिष्ट और प्रभावशाली है. आपने रचनाओं में मानव का शोषण करने वाली परम्पराओं का विरोध कर आधुनिक, वैज्ञानिक, समाजवादी और प्रगतिशील दृष्टिकोण से दलित और शोषित वर्ग का प्रतिनिधित्व किया है. आपका नीति-काव्य तथा बाल-साहित्य एक आदर्श ,कर्मठ और सुसंस्कृत पीढ़ी के निर्माण के लिए आज भी प्रासंगिक है.


कवि दलित की दृष्टि में कला का आदर्श 'व्यवहार विदे' न होकर 'लोक-व्यवहार उद्दीपनार्थम' था. हिंदी और छत्तीसगढ़ी दोनों ही रचनाओं में भाषा परिष्कृत, परिमार्जित, साहित्यिक और व्याकरण सम्मत है. आपका शब्द-चयन असाधारण है. आपके प्रकृति-चित्रण में भाषा में चित्रोपमता,ध्वन्यात्मकता के साथ नाद-सौन्दर्य के दर्शन होते हैं. इनमें शब्दमय चित्रों का विलक्षण प्रयोग हुआ है. आपने नए युग में भी तुकांत और गेय छंदों को अपनाया है. भाषा और उच्चारण पर आपका अद्भुत अधिकार रहा है.कवि श्री कोदूराम "दलित" का निधन २८ सितम्बर १९६७ को हुआ। —अरुण कुमार निगम


(५ मार्च १९१० को जन्मे कवि कोदूराम "दलित" की स्मृति में हरि ठाकुर द्वारा पूर्व में लिखा गया लेख)


छत्तीसगढ़ की उर्वरा माटी ने सैकड़ो कवियों,कलाकारों और महापुरुषों को जन्म दिया है. हमारा दुर्भाग्य है कि हमने उन्हें या तो भुला दिया अथवा उनके विषय में कुछ जानने की हमारी उत्सुकता ही मर गई. जिस क्षेत्र के लोग अपने इतिहास, संस्कृति और साहित्य के निर्माताओं और सेवकों को भुला देते हैं, वह क्षेत्र हमेशा पिछड़ा ही रहता है. उसके पास गर्व करने के लिए कुछ नहीं रहता.छत्तीसगढ़ भी इसी दुर्भाग्य का शिकार है.


छत्तीसगढ़ी भाषा और साहित्य को विकसित तथा परिष्कृत करने का कार्य द्विवेदी युग से आरंभ हुआ. सन १९०४ में स्व.लोचन प्रसाद पाण्डेय ने छत्तीसगढ़ी में नाटक और कवितायेँ लिखी जो हिंदी मास्टर में प्रकाशित हुईं. उनके पश्चात् पंडित सुन्दर लाल शर्मा ने १९१० में "छत्तीसगढ़-दान लीला" लिखकर छत्तीसगढ़ भाषा को साहित्यिक संस्कार प्रदान किया. "छत्तीसगढ़ी दान लीला" छत्तीसगढ़ी का प्रथम प्रबंध काव्य है. उत्कृष्ट काव्य-तत्व के कारण यह ग्रन्थ आज भी अद्वितीय है.


पंडित सुन्दर लाल शर्मा के साहित्य के पश्चात् छत्तीसगढ़ी को अपनी सुगढ़ लेखनी से समृद्ध करनेवाले दो कवि प्रमुख हैं- पंडित द्वारिका प्रसाद तिवारी 'विप्र' तथा कोदूराम 'दलित'. विप्र जी को भाग्यवश प्रचार और प्रसार दोनों प्रचुर मात्रा में उपलब्ध हुए. दुर्भाग्यवश उन्हीं के समकालीन और सशक्त लेखनी के धनी कोदूराम जी को न तो प्रतिभा के अनुकूल ख्याति मिली और न ही प्रकाशन की सुविधा.


कोदूराम जी का जन्म ग्राम टिकरी, जिला दुर्ग में ५ मार्च १९१० में एक निर्धन परिवार में हुआ. विद्याध्ययन के प्रति उनमें बाल्यकाल से ही गहरी रूचि थी. गरीबी के बावजूद उन्होंन विशारद तक की शिक्षा प्राप्त की और शिक्षा समाप्त करके प्राथमिक शाला, दुर्ग में शिक्षक हो गए. योग्यता और निष्ठा के कारण उन्हें शीघ्र ही प्रधान पाठक के पद पर उन्नत कर दिया गया. वे जीवन के लिए शिक्षकीय कार्य करते थे, किन्तु मूलतः वे साहित्यिक साधना में लगे रहते थे. साहित्यिक साधना में वे इतने तल्लीन हो जाते थे की खाना, पीना और सोना तक भूल जाते थे. इसके बावजूद वे वर्षों दुर्ग जिला हिंदी साहित्य समिति, प्राथमिक शाला शिक्षक संघ, हरिजन सेवक तथा सहकारी साख समिति क मंत्री पद पर अत्यंत योग्यता के साथ कर्तव्यरत रहे. दलित जी विचारधारा के पक्के गाँधीवादी तथा राष्ट्र भक्त थे. राष्ट्र भाषा हिंदी के प्रचार-प्रसार के लिए वे सदैव चिंतित रहते थे. हिंदी और हिंदी की सेवा को उन्होंने अपने जीवन का लक्ष्य बना लिया था. वे आदतन खादी धारण करते थे और गाँधी टोपी लगाते थे. उनका रहन-सहन अत्यंत सदा और सरल था. सादगी में उनका व्यक्तित्व और भी निखर उठता था. दलित जी अत्यंत और सरल ह्रदय के व्यक्ति थे. पुरानी पीढ़ी के होकर भी नयी पीढ़ी के साथ सहज ही घुल-मिल जाते थे. मुझ जैसे एकदम नए साहित्यकारों के लिए उनके ह्रदय में अपर स्नेह था.


दलित जी मूलतः हास्य-व्यंग्य के कवि थे किन्तु उनके व्यक्तित्व में बड़ी गंभीरता और गरिमा थी. कवि-सम्मेलनों में वे मंच लूट लेते थे. उस समय छत्तीसगढ़ी में क्या, हिंदी में भी शिष्ट हास्य -व्यंग्य लिखने वाले उँगलियों में गिने जा सकते थे. वे सीधी-सादे ढंग से काव्य पाठ करते थे फिर भी श्रोता हँसते-हँसते लोट-पोट हो जाते थे और दलित जी गंभीर बने बैठे रहते थे. उनकी यह अदा भी देखने लायक ही रहती थी. देखने में वे ठेठ देहाती लगते और काव्य पाठ भी ठेठ देहाती लहजे में करते थे. छत्तीसगढ़ी भाषा और उच्चारण पर उनका अद्भुत अधिकार था. हिंदी के छंदों पर भी उनका अच्छा अधिकार था. वे छत्तीसगढ़ी कवितायेँ हिंदी के छंद में लिखते थे जो सरल कार्य नहीं है. दलित जी मूलतः छत्तीसगढ़ी के कवि थे.

वह तो आजादी के घोर संघर्ष का दिन था. अतः विचारों को गरीब जनता तक पहुँचाने के लिए छत्तीसगढ़ी से अच्छा माध्यम और क्या हो सकता था. दलित जी ने गद्य और पद्य दोनों में सामान गति और समान अधिकार से लिखा. उन्होंने कुल १३ पुस्तकें लिखी हैं. (१) सियानी गोठ (२) हमर देश (३) कनवा समधी (४) दू-मितान (५) प्रकृति वर्णन (६)बाल-कविता - ये सभी पद्य में हैं. गद्य में उन्होंने जो पुस्तकें लिखी हैं वे हैं (७) अलहन (८) कथा-कहानी (९) प्रहसन (१०) छत्तीसगढ़ी लोकोक्तियाँ (११) बाल-निबंध (१२) छत्तीसगढ़ी शब्द-भंडार. उनकी तेरहवीं पुस्तक कृष्ण-जन्म हिंदी पद्य में है. इतनी पुस्तकें लिख कर भी उनकी एक ही पुस्तक "सियानी-गोठ" प्रकाशित हो सकी. यह कितने दुर्भाग्य की बात है, दलित जी की अन्य पुस्तकें आज भी अप्रकाशित पड़ी हैं और हम उनके महत्वपूर्ण साहित्य से वंचित हैं. "सियानी-गोठ" में दलित जी की ७६ हास्य-व्यंग्य की कुण्डलियाँ संकलित हैं. हास्य-व्यंग्य के साथ दलित जी ने गंभीर रचनाएँ भी की हैं जो गिरधर कविराय की टक्कर की हैं.

दलित जी ने सन १९२६ से लिखना आरंभ किया. उन्होंने लगभग 800 कवितायेँ लिखीं. जिनमे कुछ कवितायेँ तत्कालीन पत्र-पत्रिकाओं में प्रकाशित हुई और कुछ कविताओं का प्रसारण आकाशवाणी से हुआ. आज छत्तीसगढ़ी में लिखनेवाले निष्ठावान साहित्यकारों की पूरी पीढ़ी सामने आ चुकी है, किन्तु इस वट-वृक्ष को अपने लहू-पसीने से सींचनेवाले, खाद बनकर उनकी जड़ों में समा जानेवाले साहित्यकारों को हम न भूलें.

-हरि ठाकुर
Kanwal Bharti
Kanwal Bharti

Born 4 February 1953

Rampur, Uttar Pradesh
Nationality Indian
Occupation Writer and columnist
Children Milind Bharti

Kanwal Bharti (born 4 February 1953) is an Indian Dalit writer and columnist.

Background and education

Kanwal Bharti, the son of a cobbler, was born and raised in the slums of the Rampur district of Uttar Pradesh.[2] At the age of 15, he started writing poetry and articles to highlight the sorry condition of Dalits. While pursuing his graduate studies, Bharti became a columnist for the Hindi weekly newspaper Sahkari Yuga. After struggling for years in poverty, his poetry was discovered and he shot to fame.

Career

His work has now been included in course books prescribed by Delhi UniversityIndira Gandhi National Open UniversityAllahabad UniversityAligarh Muslim University and Lucknow University. His most notable works include two poems, Tab Tumhari Nishtha Kya Hogi and Shambook, besides a criticism titled Philosophy of Dalit Literature. Bharti has written 15 books.

Arrest

Bharti was arrested on 6 August 2013 for criticizing the stand of the Government of Uttar Pradesh in the Durga Nagpal case. On 16 August 2013, the Supreme Court of India asked the Government of Uttar Pradesh to clarify their justification for Bharti's arrest.

Books

Periyar Dashan Chintan Sacchi Ramayan (2020) RSS Aur Bahujan Chintan (2019) Jati ka Vinash (2018) The case for Bahujan Literature (2017) Chandrika Prasad Jigyasu (2016) Kabir Ek Vishleshan (2015) Kashiram key do chehre 2013}}

Award

Bharti is a recipient of the Dr Ambedkar National Award (1996) and the Bhim Ratna Award (2001) for his work

Kavita Kané
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Kavita Kané
Kavita Kané, Times Lit Fest, 2019
Born 5 August 1966
Occupation Author, journalist, columnist, scriptwriter
Nationality Indian
Genre Mythology

Kavita Kané (born 5 August 1966) is an Indian writer. She is known for writing Mythology-fiction. All of her books are based on Indian mythology. Her bestselling novel is Karna's wife: the Outcast Queen'.  She is an author of the new era of retelling 

Early life and education

Born in Mumbai, Kavita Kané grew up in other cities like Patna, Delhi and Pune. She is an alumna of Fergusson College, Pune and has completed her post graduation, both in English Literature and Mass Communication, from the University of Pune. Although, initially, she wanted to be in the administrative services, she chose a career in journalism because she wanted to write and it was the only pragmatic career option for writing. She worked for 20 years in various media houses - Magna Publications, Daily News and Analysis and The Times of India. After the success of her debut novel, Karna's Wife, she opted to become a full time author.

Personal life

Her childhood was spent entirely in Patna, Delhi and Pune, with her parents and two sisters. She admits the best companions for all of them were not just each other - but books. 'My father has a personal collection of over 10,000 books and if you did not read, you were considered a freak!' A die-hard aficionado of cinema and theatre, her hobbies are limited to reading - and her family. Married to a mariner, Prakash Kane, she lives in Pune with two daughters, Kimaya and Amiya, and her other family of two dogs - Chic, the cocker spaniel and Cotton, the white, curious cat.

Bibliography

The Karna's Wife: The Outcast's Queen (2013)
Sita's Sister (2014)
Menaka's Choice (2015)
Lanka's Princess (2016)
The Fisher Queen’s Dynasty (2017)
Ahalya's Awakening (2019)

Her seventh novel titled Saraswati's Gift is soon to be published by Penguin Publishers. It is based on Saraswati, the goddess of knowledge and wisdom
Kameshwar Brahma
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Kameshwar brahma
Born 1 September 1940 

Asam ], India
Occupation Writer And Social Activist
Known for Works in literature
Awards Padmashri

Kameshwar Barma is a Padmashri awarded person. Born on 1 September 1940 in the Kokrajhar district of the north Indian state of Assam, he is reported to have contributed to the development of Bodo language through his writings and activities. He is also involved with different NGOs and the good will activities of different tribal peoples. The government Of India awards him fourth highest civilian award Padmashri  He served at different positions
K. Kanagalatha


Born : Negombo, Sri Lanka
February 29, 1968




Krishnasamy Iyer Kanagalatha (Latha) has published two collections of poetry in Tamil: Theeveli (Firespace, 2003), and Paampuk Kaattil Oru Thaazhai (A Screwpin in Snakeforest, 2004). Her short story collection Naan Kolai Seyum Penkal (The Women I Murder, 2007) won the Singapore Literature Prize for Tamil Fiction in 2008; the book was expanded, translated into English, and retitled as The Goddess in the Living Room, which was published by Epigram Books in 2014.

Her poems and short stories have been published in Words, Home and Nation, a multilingual anthology published by The Centre for the Arts, National University of Singapore (1995); Rhythms: A Singaporean Millennial Anthology of Poetry, published by the National Arts Council (2000); Fifty on 50 and Tumasik, published by the National Arts Council (2009); and various Tamil literary journals in India, Malaysia, Sri Lanka and France. Her works have been translated into English, French and German.

She is currently the Sunday editor of Tamil Murasu, Singapore’s Tamil daily newspaper.
Extracts: The Goddess in the Living Room by Latha

Kavadi


“I WANT TO carry a kavadi.”

“Grandmother, you can’t even walk. How are you going to carry a kavadi?” I had asked this same question countless times in the past, and each time I asked I always got a different answer. She looked at me blankly, as if she had just forgotten what she was about to say, then she started to speak.

“I want to carry a kavadi before I die. I feel in my heart that this might be the last Thaipusam I get to see. I have carried many milk pots, but I still feel unsatisfied. If I could just carry a kavadi just once, I will pass on with joy in my heart.”

Sighing deeply, Grandmother closed her eyes. She usually did this when she was in more pain than usual. Sometimes she was in so much pain that she would squeeze her eyes shut so tightly that tears rolled down from the corners, but she never complained. She opened her eyes and lifted her head as the domestic helper offered her some water to drink through a straw. As she drank, her gaze was fully on me.

“My parents were Periyar followers. Their marriage was based on self-respect, not on caste or social standing.

They did not like temples, idol worship or celebrations like Thaipusam. They do not even celebrate Deepavali. They only celebrated the harvest festival during Pongal. Only on that day would they buy new clothes. There wasn’t even a prayer altar in the house. You know something, I have never prayed a day in my life but every time Thaipusam has rolled around, for some reason, I feel so happy.

“When I was young, I would stand on the streets and watch the kavadi. As I grew older, I would follow the kavadis from Perumal Temple to Murugan Temple. Each time I would have to fight tooth and nail with Father. He never willingly allowed me to go, but I would not accept no for an answer. I would cry and stubbornly plead until he eventually threw in the towel and told me to get lost.

“I was always there early enough to see the first kavadi. Of all the kavadis, I loved the silavu the most. It amazed me how the decorated spikes penetrated various parts of the body without drawing even a single drop of blood. Even today, I am in awe of it. I would really love to decorate myself with spikes and carry the kavadi some day, but women are not allowed to do so.

“My father condemned the silavu as acts of barbarism.

He staged protests and wrote against the practice of carrying kavadis in several prominent magazines. He even went so far as to write in to the British government, which was in power back then, to implore them to ban the practice of carrying kavadis. I know he did all this to stop me from going to the Thaipusam celebrations.”

I got up from the corner of the bed. Grandmother raised her left hand to try to hold my hands, likely thinking that I was getting ready to leave the room. I saved her the trouble by enveloping her hand in both of mine and sat near her.

“Grandmother—”

“I can do it. I must do it before I succumb to this illness completely. Make preparations.” She removed her hand from mine.

“Grandmother, I don’t know if anyone will even take you to the temple in the first place—”

“I should have taken it earlier. I have always acceded to others’ wishes…” She closed her eyes tightly again, then raised her hand and gestured me to leave.

The next day, Thaipusam Day, she continued the subject again. Her memory was so bad at that point that she could not remember what had happened just a few moments ago.

Naturally I was surprised when she started reminiscing about the past with such clarity.

“I did not have to ask anyone permission to attend Thaipusam after marriage. My husband, your grandfather, was a religious man, and he loved to carry kavadis. After we first met, my mother invited him over to talk. She liked him a lot, but my father was adamant about only having a Periyar party member as a son-in-law. This ended up in a big fight.

In the end, it was my uncle who calmed him down, talked to him, changed his mind and eventually got us married.

“Even when finances were tight, your grandfather would carry a Harigandan kavadi. It was during your grandfather’s time that the chanting of Harigandan during Thaipusam started to get popular. Grandfather would prepare each and every aspect of the kavadi himself. This was not a simple task, you know; every metal spike and aluminium piece was cut to precise specifications and tied together with fine metal wires. I was the one who sharpened the spikes and wires by hand.

“Your grandfather always said that the devotees who intended to carry kavadi must begin a strict daily routine to cleanse their mind, heart and body of all impure thoughts and deeds. He would fast for forty-five days. He wouldn’t touch or even look at alcohol, cigarettes or non-vegetarian food. He would only sleep on the floor. During this period, he would not cut his hair or shave. He refused
to indulge himself in any hobbies or entertain friends at his home or elsewhere.

“On the eve of Thaipusam, your grandfather would invite friends, family and everyone he knew to attend Chellaiya prayers at our home. His guru would also attend and supervise the worship and offerings of pori, aval, pongal, and a mix of banana, honey, milk, sugar and ghee called panjamirtham to Lord Ganesha and Lord Muruga. The prayers would extend well into the night. Everyone who attended the prayers would sleep over at our place for a few hours. They would rise early the next day and help your grandfather carry everything to the Perumal Temple.

“On Thaipusam Day, your grandfather would bathe himself in turmeric water in the temple. His guru would help to tie his veshti tightly and anoint him with holy ash. Your grandfather would offer his prayers. As soon as he was done with prayers, his guru would begin to pierce him with the spikes, the first always on the forehead. Oh! You should have seen his face. You could tell from that moment on that only thoughts of Lord Muruga resided in his heart and mind. No matter where the following spikes pierced him or how thick the spikes were, there was no reaction from him. The people standing around him would chant, ‘Idumban kadanbanvara, etukudi velan vara’ with increasing devotional intensity. Then, they lifted the kavadi and placed it upon his shoulders.

Once the final spear pierced his tongue, your grandfather would do a dance of joy on the spot. Ha! Even famous professional dancers couldn’t hold a candle to him. So many people gathered to watch him dance…”

Grandmother got a bit breathless at this point. I noticed she was having difficulty using her left hand to turn her face toward me.

“Is it very painful, Grandmother?” I asked, gently stroking her bandaged left leg. A small wound on her foot had got worse due to infection and was oozing pus. Doctors had said that if the wound did not heal by itself in a few days, they would have to amputate. Tears rolled down her cheeks. I asked the helper to fetch Grandmother’s pain medication.

Grandmother swallowed the pills with water.

“He would not allow me to pierce one spike into my forehead. He said he was already taking part, so what did women want to do with kavadi? He said it was enough for me to just follow him. So, in order to help him, I stopped carrying the milk pot as well…”

I could not tell if Grandmother was speaking out of anger or disappointment or regret.

“I want to have a spike pierce me at least once,” she repeated to herself over and over again until she started to cough. “Yes, by the time your grandfather prepared himself, prayed and left Perumal Temple to make his way slowly to Tank Road Temple, more than five hours would have passed. I, and the others accompanying him, would be singing devotional songs non-stop. During those days, we did not have so many restrictions. We played our drums, sang and made music. Your grandfather wanted to walk slowly; he gave way to kavadis that rushed by him. No matter how tired he was, he never ate anything until his walk was over and the kavadi was removed from his shoulders, only sipping water to wet his throat.

“After he offered milk to Lord Muruga, you had to be very careful and patient in removing the kavadi from him, and the spikes from his body. Otherwise, blood would rush to his head and he might faint on the spot. Or a nerve or vein might get accidentally pierced and rupture. I never allowed anyone to remove the spikes hastily. That’s what happened to Vellupillai; they removed the spikes too quickly and he collapsed on the spot. Wherever the spikes had pierced, wounds started to appear. He had to be admitted to hospital. This kind of thing never happened to your grandfather, not even once. He might have had slight bruises; he would walk around with a tight dhoti for ten days, and then he would be fine.

“No matter how late he returned home, he would insist on performing evening worship and serving everyone who had accompanied us a good meal, complete with vadai and payasam, prepared the night before. People still rave about the Idumban worship that we did on the third day. Your grandfather invited many people over, including those who took kavadi but for some reason were unable to do the Idumban prayers in their own home. He bought a rooster from the market, slaughtered it properly in front of Lord Idumban, placed the slaughtered bird in a large enough vessel so that the rooster stayed intact during the offering, and cooked it himself.

“I do not know what kind of a practice this is. Women are barred from participating in this worship. He would not even use my utensils or kitchen. He bought a new stove and utensils and all the ingredients for the worship, including salt and tamarind. He enlisted the help of all the men attending the prayer to carry out the required rituals. Earlier in the day, we would have completed Lord Muruga’s worship and closed the altar room; Lord Idumban worship was done in the hall. Your grandfather placed offerings at the feet of Lord Idumban, an act that only men can perform. For the women who accompanied their husbands, I served them meat dishes that I had cooked earlier in the day. After the long fast, I could start to cook meat again.

“After your grandfather passed on, no one in the family carried kavadi anymore. Even those people who had done so alongside him for many years have stopped doing so.

Now that he is no longer with us, I thought I could carry his kavadi, but no one will let me—”
Grandmother started coughing again, which looked like uncontrollable sobbing to me. Because of the stroke, her mouth was crooked on one side. She could only open the left side of her mouth. The right side was unresponsive. As the coughing spasm continued, it sounded like a low moan. I massaged her back and neck, and the helper entered with a glass of soothing warm water for Grandmother to drink. She also left a bowl of hot porridge on the table, and started to administer the insulin injection.

“So many injections these last few years. I have been poked everywhere, but I am not allowed to have one spike pierce me. I just want to carry a small kavadi with a piercing on my forehead, tongue and mouth. Father, husband, children, I have asked everyone. Now I am asking you.”

I changed my mind and decided to take her to Thaipusam. It was 3pm. If we left now, we might be able to finish our worship and return before the crowds came in. At first, no one in the family supported my decision, but after much convincing, my relatives finally relented and the helper and my sister-in-law got ready to accompany us. By the time we set off in my brother’s car, it was 5pm. We made our way from Jurong to Orchard Road, and headed to Serangoon Road via Selegie Road.

“So many changes in these last five years,” Grandmother whispered from her seat. “There are so many designs to the kavadis now. What lovely urumi music. Look at how they are dancing. They are carrying kavadi for Ayyappa. Everything has changed…”

As we neared Perumal Temple, my brother took one look at the crowds and proposed that we view the kavadis from the safety of the car and then head straight back home.

“But we came so far; how can we head back without getting darshan?” Grandmother said, already trying to get down from the car. There was nothing more we could do except to alight at the entrance to the temple. While we were preparing Grandmother’s wheelchair, my brother went in search of a spot to park the car.

As it was getting late in the day, the temple officials were trying to move the kavadi procession along as fast as they could. The kavadis were putting on a good show just as they entered the temple. Seeing this, Grandmother used her left hand to hold her right hand in a prayer-like pose and asked to stay at this spot for a while before going into the temple. It was easy to agree. We were waiting for my brother to join us before heading inside anyway.

After parking the car, my brother called my sister-in-law to find out where we were; she had gone looking for him in the crowd. In the meantime, we moved to a less crowded area that gave us a good view of the kavadis as they danced by. Each kavadi was decked out very creatively, a sight to behold. Even though there were so many kavadis, every one

held its own, unique in their design. Statues and pictures of Lord Shiva, Goddess Parvati, Lord Muruga, Lord Ayyappa and Lord Krishna were artfully decorated in so many of the kavadis being carried. We heard traditional songs, along with some new and very different tunes. The whole atmosphere was charged with devotional fervour. Many people were singing and dancing. Amidst all this action, I noticed that there was a man who was talking agitatedly to another man who was carrying kavadi. The kavadi carrier was unable to reply so he tried to manoeuvre his way past him. On the other side, I saw a man pierced with spikes grabbing the shirt of another man and arguing. Yet another man carrying a kavadi had reached the main sanctum of the temple and was dancing by himself.

We were standing next to an emaciated man whose entire body was covered with spikes and lemons on a large kavadi. That kavadi alone would probably weigh at least twenty-five kilogrammes.

“He looks so skinny. Why does he want to carry such a big kavadi?” I asked a man near me.
“He is battling a major illness. He also has a lot of family problems. That’s why.”

As the emaciated man passed us, he stopped near Grandmother and bent down to sprinkle some rose water on her.

Grandmother held onto me and the helper, and lifted herself off the wheelchair. With rose water trickling down her forehead, she said, “Do you know what it means to carry a kavadi? It is to carry your pain. It is to experience all the pain in your heart and to carry it.” Her eyes filled with tears. I gently lowered Grandmother back into her wheelchair.

She closed her eyes tightly, and tears were streaming freely down her cheeks. I did not ask her if she was in pain this time. My brother approached us carrying a small milk kavadi. My sister-in-law was carrying a large pot. It was tied with a yellow cloth and was filled to the brim with milk. He placed both the kavadi and milk pot on grandmother’s lap.

“You take all these and offer them to the gods,” she told him. Then she turned to me and said, “We can leave now.”
Kameshwar Brahma
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Kameshwar brahma
Born 1 September 1940 

Asam ], India
Occupation Writer And Social Activist
Known for Works in literature
Awards Padmashri

Kameshwar Barma is a Padmashri awarded person. Born on 1 September 1940 in the Kokrajhar district of the north Indian state of Assam, he is reported to have contributed to the development of Bodo language through his writings and activities. He is also involved with different NGOs and the good will activities of different tribal peoples. The government Of India awards him fourth highest civilian award Padmashri  He served at different positions
K. Kelappan
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Kerala Gandhi

K Kelappan
Born
Koyapalli Kelappan Nair
24 August 1889

Died 7 October 1971 (aged 82)

Calicut, Kerala
Nationality Indian
Other names Koyapalli Kelappan Nair, Kerala Gandhi
Education Graduate
Occupation Freedom Fighter, Teacher, Editor and Founder President of Nair Service Society
Title Kerala Gandhi
Political party Indian National Congress
Spouse(s) T P Ammalu Amma
Children T P K Kidav

Koyapalli Kelappan (24 August 1889 – 7 October 1971) was an Indian politician, independence activist, educationist and journalist. During the Indian independence movement, he was the lead figure of Indian National Congress in Kerala and was popularly known as Kerala Gandhi. After Indian independence, he held various seats in Gandhian organizations. He is the founding member and president of the Nair Service Society and was also the founder of Kerala Kshetra Samrakshana Samiti (Temple Protection Movement)

Early life

Kelappan was born in the small village of Muchukunnu at Koyilandy in Calicut, Kerala.

He studied in Calicut and Madras and graduated from the University of Madras before starting his career as a teacher at St. Berchmans High School, Changanassery. Kelappan was the founding President of the Nair Service Society and later became the principal of a school run by the society.

As reformer

He fought for social reforms on one hand and the British on the other. He fought relentlessly against untouchability and caste-based discrimination. Along with K. Kumar, he became the earliest in Kerala to remove the suffix to his name that implied caste-status. He was called Kerala Gandhi.

Kelappan laboured incessantly for the equality of all sections of the people. He was a major influence on the Vaikom Satyagraha movement and later led the Guruvayur Satyagraha in 1932. During Gandhi's visit to Travancore to commemorate the Temple Entry Proclamation, he seconded the most critical resolution re-establishing faith in Gandhiji's leadership and the forward steps to be taken in conformity with the Gandhian approach to translate the spirit of the move for social equality. The resolution was presented by K. Kumar of Travancore, a veteran reformer and one of the leaders of the Vaikom Satyagraha who later came be forgotten by people and historians

Role post independence

After independence he left the Congress Party and joined the Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party and was elected to Parliament from the Ponnani Lok Sabha seat in 1952. At the end of his term, he left active politics and became a Sarvodaya worker and was actively associated with Bhoodan Movement in Kerala.

Kelappan helped in starting Mathrubhoomi and was its editor for a number of years. He worked for unification of Kerala into a new linguistic state. He was also the president of many Gandhian organizations in Kerala including Kerala Sarvodaya Sangh, Kerala Gandhi Smarak Nidhi, Kerala Sarvodaya Mandal and Gandhi Peace Foundation, Calicut.

Towards the end of his life Kelappan was also involved in opposition against communal-based politics of his state. Like many others, he opposed the formation of Muslim-majority Malappuram District in Kerala by the E.M.S Namboothiripadu-led-Left Government, arguing that it will create a 'mini Pakistan'.

His last big involvement was in the 'Tali Temple Movement'. Locals at Angadippuram in Malappuram who were trying to peacefully rebuild a Hindu Temple destroyed by Tipu's forces in 18th century were harassed by extremist religious elements, asserting that a Mosque was nearby the destroyed site. Then Left Government was also apathetic to the local Hindu cause. Kelappan himself entered into the struggle and led a 'Satygaraha' for the reconstruction of the Temple. Despite several attempts by the Government and police to stop the protests, Kelappan's satyagaraha won and the Hindus were allowed to build their temple. But before its completion, K.Kelappan passed away on October 7, 1971. The Temple built with his support stands alongside the Mosque, symbolizing the present harmony among different communities.

Awards and recognition

In his honour India Post released a Commemorative stamp in 1990.
Kotiganahalli Ramaiah
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Kotiganahalli Ramaiah
Born 1954

Karnataka, India

Kotiganahalli Ramaiah (born 1954) is a Dalitpoet, playwright, philosopher and cultural activist from Karnataka, India. He is one of the founders of Aadima, an institution that experiments with children's theatre, film, education and caste consciousness.

Early life and career

Kotiganahalli Ramaiah was born in the village of Kotiganahalli in Kolar district, Karnataka. He quit college, before completing a degree, to join the Dalit Sangharsha Samiti, a political group that spearheaded the struggle against caste discrimination and fought to acquire land rights for the former untouchables castes in Karnataka He rose to be an instrumental figure in the Dalit movement where his contribution is most remembered for the numerous songs of resistance and struggles penned by him, some of which were adapted from the political climate of the left movement in Andhra Pradesh, particularly those by the revolutionary poet Gaddar. During this period Ramaiah also worked as a journalist with Lankesh Patrike, Mungaru and Suggi Sangati; and as a screenplay writer for numerous Kannada films and television serials.

Founding of Aadima

Disillusioned with what he perceived as a lack of direction within the Dalit movement, as well as the rapid erasure of the inclusive foundations of the modern Indian state, Ramaiah and a few others within the movement envisioned a broad-based cultural response to address the roots of social exclusion in India. They saved a rupee a day for many years towards the establishment of Aadima, an experimental space that aims to temper the overarching need for political modernity with an understanding of the history of cultural resistance and the philosophical meaning systems that evolved as a response to centuries of marginalisation. Aadima was founded in 2005, adjoining Shivagange Village on the Anthargange Hill Range. Since then, Aadima has been researching and documenting oral traditions and narratives, creating plays and films and, experimenting in educational pedagogy with numerous communities that live in the Anthargange Hill Range. Aadima also plays host to Hunimme Haadu, an event on full moon nights that features plays from across Karnataka.

Awards

Karnataka Sahitya Akademy Award – 2012
Suvarna Ranga Samman – Kannada Sangha Kanthavara – 2012
Karnataka Rajyotsava Award – 2005

Plays

Kaage Kannu Irve Bala
Nayi Thipa
Ratnapaksi
Kannaspatre Quenalli Jagadambe
Hakki Hadu
Vogatina Rani
Sum Sumke
Darb Bar Buddanna
Marjina Mattu Nalavattu Jana Kallaru
Kattale Rajya
Published works

Kaage Kannu Irve Bala (2012)
No Alphabet in Sight: New Dalit Writing from South India, Dossier 2 – Editors – Susie Tharu and K. Satyanarayana (Forthcoming 2012)
Sindh Madigara Samskruti (1993)
Kundanika Kapadia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Kundanika Kapadia
Kapadia at Nandigram Ashram, July 2018
Born 11 January 1927
Died 30 April 2020 (aged 93)
ValsadGujarat, India
Occupation novelist, story writer, essayist
Language Gujarati
Notable awards Sahitya Akademi Award (1985)
Spouse
Makarand Dave
​(m. 1968; died 2005)​

Kundanika Kapadia (11 January 1927 – 30 April 2020) was an Indian novelist, story writer and essayist from Gujarat.

Biography

Kundanika Kapadia was born on 11 January 1927 in Limbdi (now in Surendranagar district, Gujarat) to Narottamdas Kapadia. She completed her primary and secondary education in Godhra. She participated in the nationalist Quit India Movement in 1942. In 1948, she completed a BA in history and politics from Samaldas CollegeBhavnagar, affiliated with University of Bombay. She pursued an MA in entire politics from Mumbai School of Economics but could not appear in examinations. She married the Gujarati poet Makarand Dave in Mumbai in 1968. They did not have any children together. She co-founded Nandigram, an ashram near Vankal village near Valsad, with him in 1985. She was known as Ishamaa by her Nandigram fellows. She edited Yatrik (1955–1957) and Navneet (1962–1980) magazines.

She died on 30 April 2020 at Nandigram near Vankal village in Valsad district, Gujarat, India, at the age of 93.

Works

Snehdhan was her pen name. Her first novel was Parodh Thata Pahela (1968), followed by Agnipipasa (1972). She wrote Sat Pagala Akashma (Seven Steps in the Sky, 1984), which won her critical acclaim and is considered[by whom?] her best novel which explored feminism.

Her first story was "Premna Ansu", which won her the second prize in an international story competition organised by Janmabhoomi newspaper. She started writing more stories thereafter. Premna Ansu (1954) was published as her story collection. Her other story collections are Vadhu ne Vadhu Sundar (1968), Kagalni Hodi (1978), Java Daishu Tamane (1983) and Manushya Thavu (1990). Her stories explore philosophy, music and nature. Her selected stories were published as Kundanika Kapadia ni Shreshth Vartao (1987). She was influenced by DhumketuSarat Chandra ChattopadhyayRabindranath TagoreShakespeare and Ibsen.

Her essay collections are Dwar ane Deewal (1987) and Chandra Tara Vriksh Vadal (1988). Akrand ane Akrosh (1993) is her biographical work. She edited Param Samipe (1982), Zarukhe Diva (2001) and Gulal ane Gunjar. Param Samipe is her popular prayer collection.

She translated Laura Ingalls Wilder's work as Vasant Avshe (1962). She translated Mary Ellen Chase's A Goodly Fellowship as Dilbhar Maitri (1963) and the Bengali writer Rani Chand's travelogue as Purnakumbh (1977). Her other works of translation are Purusharthne Pagale (1961), Florence Scovel Shinn's The Game of Life and How to Play It as Jeevan Ek Khel (1981), Eileen Caddy's Opening the Door Within as Ughadata Dwar Anantna and Swami Rama's Living with the Himalayan Masters as Himalayana Siddha Yogi (1984).

Awards

Kapadia received several prizes from the Gujarati Sahitya Parishad and the Gujarat Sahitya Akademi. Chandra Tara Vriksh Vadal won her the Gujarat Sahitya Akademi prize. She was awarded the Sahitya Akademi Award for Gujarati in 1985 for Sat Pagala Akashma. She received the Dhanji Kanji Gandhi Suvarna Chandrak in 1984.
Kamala Visweswaran

Professor
kvisweswaran@ucsd.edu
534-8935
858-534-8194
Social Sciences Bldg. Room 230
Mail Code: 0522
La Jolla , California 92093
Profile

Education


Ph.D. Anthropology, Stanford University
M.A. Anthropology, Stanford University
B.A. Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley

Kamala Visweswaran writes in the fields of feminist theory and ethnography, South Asian social movements, ethnic and political conflict, human rights, colonial law, postcolonial theory, South Asian literatures, transnational and diaspora studies, comparative South Asia and Middle East studies. She has taught in Nepal and Sri Lanka, and worked in Tamil Nadu and Gujarat, India, receiving Fulbright and American Institute of Indian Studies awards for her research, as well as fellowships at the University of Chicago Humanities Institute, the Radcliffe Institute of Advanced Study at Harvard, the Stanford Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, and the Princeton Institute of International and Regional Studies. She is an editor of the journal Feminist Studies, and was the North American editor of Cultural Dynamics (1998-2005). She is the author of Fictions of Feminist Ethnography (Minnesota, 1994) and Un/common Cultures: Racism and the Rearticulation of Cultural Difference (Duke, 2010). She is also the editor of Perspectives on Modern South Asia (Blackwell, 2011), and Everyday Occupations: Experiencing Militarism in South Asia and the Middle East(Pennsylvannia, 2013). Her current book under contract with Duke University Press is “A Thousand Genocides Now: Gujarat in the Modern Imaginary of Violence.”

Prof. K. Suneetha Rani

Professor, Centre for Women’s Studies, University of Hyderabad

K. Suneetha Rani is Professor, Centre for Women’s Studies, University of Hyderabad. Her areas of interest are Cultural Studies, New Literatures in English, Translation Studies and Dalit Studies. Among her many publications are: Australian Aboriginal Women’s Autobiographies: A Critical Study (2007); Dweeparagalu, an anthology of Sri Lankan women’s short fiction translated from English to Telugu (2008); Flowering from the Soil: Dalit Women’s Writing from Telugu (2012).

Caste, Gender and Sexuality in Asia

K. Suneetha RaniIn South Asia, girls undergo a socialization process which is common in several of its dimensions. Further, the central concern with protection of female sexuality and the attendant notions of female purity/impurity and its links to caste status and the honour of the agnatic kingroup and familial consideration put severe constraints on the schooling of girls and women. This has to be seen along with the practice of seclusion and segregation especially around puberty to control female sexuality.
लॉर्ड मैकाले
( 25.10.1800--28.12.1859)

स्त्री/बहुजन की शिक्षा एवं न्याय के पुरोधा

राजनीतिज्ञ, कवि, इतिहासकार, साहित्यकार, निबन्धकार, समीक्षक, शिक्षाविद, न्यायविद अर्थात बहुप्रतिभा के धनी व्यक्तित्व के रुप में विख्यात है लोर्ड मैकाले

लॉर्ड टॉमस बैबिंग्टन मैकॉले १८३४ से १८३८ तक मैकॉले भारत की सुप्रीम काउंसिल में लॉ मेंबर तथा लॉ कमिशन का प्रधान रहे। प्रसिद्ध दंडविधान ग्रंथ "दी इंडियन पैनल कोड" की पांडुलिपि मैकॉले ने तैयार की थी। अंग्रेजी को भारत की सरकारी भाषा तथा शिक्षा का माध्यम और यूरोपीय साहित्य, दर्शन तथा विज्ञान को भारतीय शिक्षा का लक्ष्य बनाने में मैकॉले का बड़ा हाथ था।

जन्म 25.10.1800 रोथले टैंपिल (लैस्टरशिर) में हुआ। पिताजी जकारी मैकॉले व्यापारी थे। शिक्षा केंब्रिज के पास एक निजी विद्यालय में, फिर एक सुयोग्य पादरी के घर, तदनंतर ट्रिनिटी कालेज कैंब्रिज में हुई। 1826 में वकालत शुरू की। इसी समय अपने विद्वत्ता और विचारपूर्ण लेखों द्वारा लंदन के शिष्ट तथा विज्ञ मंडल में पैठ पा गया।


1830 में लॉर्ड लेंसडाउन के सौजन्य से पार्लियामेंट में स्थान मिला। 1832 के रिफॉर्म बिल के अवसर पर की हुई इसकी प्रभावशाली वक्ताओं ने तत्कालीन राजनीतिज्ञों की अग्रिम पंक्ति कें इसे स्थान दिया। १८३३ से १८५६ तक कुछ समय छोड़कर, इसने लीड्स तथा एडिनगबर्ग का पार्लिमेंट में क्रमश: प्रतिनिधित्व किया। १८५७ में यह हाउस ऑव लॉर्ड्स का सदस्य बनाया गया। पार्लिमेंट में कुछ समय तक इसने ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी संबंधी बोर्ड ऑव कंट्रोल के सचिव, तब पेमास्टर जनरल और तदनंतर सैक्रेटरी ऑव दी फोर्सेज के पद पर काम किया।

साहित्य के क्षेत्र में भी मैकॉले ने महत्वपूर्ण काम किया। इसने अनेक ऐतिहासिक और राजनीतिक निबंध तथा कविताएँ लिखी हैं। इसके क्लाइव, हेस्टिग्स, मिरावो, मैकिआवली के लेख तथा "लेज ऑव एंशेंट रोम" तथा "आरमैडा" की कविताएँ अब तक बड़े चाव से पढ़ी जाती हैं। इसकी प्रमुख कृति "हिस्ट्री ऑव इंग्लैंड" है, जो इसने बड़े परिश्रम और खोज के साथ लिखी थी और जो अधूरी होते हुए भी एक अनुपम ग्रंथ है।

मैकॉले बड़ा विद्वान्, मेघावी और वाक्चतुर था। इसके विचार उदार, बुद्धि प्रखर, स्मरणशक्ति विलक्षण और चरित्र उज्जवल था।

स्त्री व बहुजन शिक्षा के क्रांतिदूत

नई शिक्षा नीति लागूकर बहुजनों की उन्नति एवं मुक्ति का द्वार खोलने वाले लॉर्ड मैकाले भले ही किसी और काम के लिए आलोचना के पात्र हो, किंतु बहुजनों के लिए मसीहा से कम नहीं है।

1813 में ब्रिटिश संसद ने प्रस्ताव पारित किया कि भारत में सभी की शिक्षा पर कम से कम एक लाख प्रति वर्ष खर्च किया जाए। परंतु भाषा विवाद हो गया। लॉर्ड मैकाले ने अंग्रेजी पर जोर दिया। लाॅर्ड मैकाले शिक्षा नीति के तहत (1835-1853) प्रत्येक जिले में जिला स्कूल खोले गए। 1844 में अंग्रेजी पढ़े लोगों को सर्विस में प्राथमिकता की घोषणा की गई। "भारतीय शिक्षा का इतिहास" के लेखक "शंकर विजयवर्गीय" के अनुसार अंग्रेजी शिक्षा ने स्वतंत्रता संग्राम सेनानियों को जन्म दिया। राजनीतिक, वैज्ञानिक, धार्मिक विचारधारा पनपी।

पढ़ना पढ़ाना अर्थात शिक्षक और शिक्षार्थी बनाना बहुजनों के लिए निषिद्ध था लॉर्ड मैकाले ने शिक्षक भर्ती की नई व्यवस्था की जिसमें हर जाति धर्म का व्यक्ति शिक्षक बनने का अधिकारी था अर्थात और लार्ड मैकाले की शिक्षा नीति ने शिक्षक और शिक्षार्थी बनने के सभी के रास्ते खोल दिये।

परंपरावादी लोग ब्राह्मणों का शिक्षा पर एकाधिकार को चुनौती देने के कारण मैकाले की आलोचना करते हैं जबकि मैकाले ने शिक्षा में समता की धारा को प्रवाहित किया। इसी कारण मैकाले के कथन,"हमारे पास उपलब्ध संसाधनों के आधार पर यह मुमकिन नहीं कि सभी भारतीयों को एक साथ शिक्षित किया जा सके। कोशिश करनी चाहिए कि ऐसा वर्ग तैयार किया जाए जो रक्त-रंग से तो भारतीय हो पर संवाद नजरिया नैतिकता बौद्धिकता में इंग्लिश हो जो हमारे शेष भारतीयों के बीच इंटरप्रेटर का काम कर सके" को गलत समझा गया जबकि मैकाले भारत का भाग्य विधाता साबित हुआ। अंग्रेजी ज्ञान के कारण भारत आगे बढ़ा और बढ़ रहा है और जिसकी बदौलत डॉ आंबेडकर जैसा विश्वरत्न दुनिया को मिला। अंग्रेजी में लिखी "सर एडविन अर्नाल्ड" की "लाइट ऑफ एशिया" से बुद्धा को विश्व फलक पर जगह मिली।

प्रसिद्ध स्तंभकार, लेखक और चिंतक चंद्रभान प्रसाद का मानना है कि अंग्रेज भारत में देर से आया और पहले चले गए। यदि ब्रिटिश शासन 1600 में पूर्णत: स्थापित हो जाता और 2001 तक रहता तो पिछड़ा समाज उन्नति के सोपान पर होता।

स्त्री व बहुजनों के न्यायदूत

लॉर्ड मैकाले ने भारत आने से पूर्व ब्रिटिश पार्लियामेंट को संबोधित करते हुए कहा था- भारत में असमान ब्राह्मण कानून चलता है जो भारत के लिए घातक है।

10.6.1834 को लोर्ड मैकाले गवर्नर जनरल की काउंसलिंग का कानून सदस्य नियुक्त होकर भारत आया। उन्होंने यहां की व्यवस्था में सामाजिक भेदभाव धार्मिक पाखंडवाद और शैक्षिक गैर बराबरी का तांडव देखा। मैकाले ने देखा कि यहां के दंड व्यवस्था जाति और वर्ण के आधार पर बंटी हुई है। जहां इंसानियत का इतना निरादर किया गया है कि एक शुद्र आदमी की स्थिति एक जानवर से भी अधिक गिरी हुई है और दूसरे ब्राह्मण आदमी को देवतुल्य स्थान प्राप्त है। 1834 में ही पहला भारतीय विधि आयोग का गठन हुआ जिसका प्रथम प्रेसिडेंट लॉर्ड मैकाले था। लार्ड मेकाले ने 14 अक्टूबर 1837 को IPC का ड्राफ्ट रिपोर्ट तत्कालीन गवर्नर जनरल को सौंप दिया। कई बार जांच पड़ताल के बाद ड्राफ्ट रिपोर्ट को अंतिम रुप से 1856 में प्रस्तुत किया गया और 6 अक्टूबर 1860 को इंडियन पेनल कोड (भारतीय दंड संहिता) के रूप में यह भारत में लागू हो गया। इसके पारित होते ही भारत के सभी विषमता पर आधारित मनु के पूर्ववर्ती नियम कानून निष्प्रभावी हो गए तथा देश में कानूनी एकरूपता और समानता आ गई। मनु का विषमतावादी कानून मिट गया। वर्ण व जातिवाद की रीढ़ टूट गई। यह भारत में बहुजनों के हक में सबसे बड़ी क्रांतिकारी घटना थी।

6.10.1860 के दिन IPC के लागू होने से यह दिन बहुजनों के लिए बहुत महत्व रखता है। पहले भारत में मनुस्मृति आधारित कानून एवं दंड विधान थे। निम्न वर्ण पर मनु की अग्रलिखित निषेधाज्ञाएं थी - शुद्र विद्या, संपत्ति, शस्त्र से रहित रहे, गांव के आखिरी छोर पर बसे, जूठन खाए, मुर्दों के वस्त्र पहने, राजा व न्यायधीश ना बने, कच्चे घरों में रहे, बिना पगार सेवा करे, आर्थिक दंड राजकोष में जमा, पीड़ित को मुआवजा नहीं। मनुविधान के कारण डॉ.अंबेडकर, छत्रपति शिवाजी, शाहू जी महाराज ज्योतिबा फुले तिरस्कृत हुए। एक ही अपराध पर ब्राह्मण क्षत्रिय वैश्य शुद्र को अलग अलग दंड का प्रावधान था। ब्राह्मण स्त्री से, शुद्र व्यभिचार करें तो गुप्तांग काटकर संपत्ति हड़पने का दंड, वैश्य करे तो एक वर्ष की कैद व संपत्ति हड़पने का दंड, क्षत्रिय या ब्राह्मण करें तो एक हजार पण का आर्थिक दंड मात्र। ब्राह्मण चारों वर्णों की स्त्री भोग सकता था। ब्राह्मण मृत्युदंड से मुक्त था चाहे कितना भी जघन्य अपराध किया हो। लॉर्ड मैकाले ने मनुस्मृति की भेदभाव पर आधारित न्याय व्यवस्था को ध्वस्त कर दिया जिसके तहत प्रथम बार नंद कुमार देव ब्राह्मण अपराधी को 1774 में फांसी की सजा सुनाई गई। जाति वर्ण आधारित दंड व्यवस्था का यह मनुस्मृति कानून भारत में 6.10.1860 तक चला।

अपने वर्चस्व वाली जीवन व्यवस्था को खोने से ब्राह्मणों के प्राण निकल रहे थे। उन्होंने प्राणपण से लॉर्ड मैकाले का विरोध किया। मैकाले का कानून लागू होने पर भी ब्राह्मण मानने को तैयार नहीं था। समाज में आज तक भी मनुविधान का भूत उतरा नहीं है। गाहे-बगाहे इसके समर्थक आज भी मिलते हैं। 9.1.1917 को यवतमाल में बाल गंगाधर तिलक ने ऐलान किया था कि हमारा कानून मनुस्मृति है। राजस्थान में हाईकोर्ट के सामने मनु का स्टेच्यु, 2015 में याकूब मेनन की फांसी के आदेश के समय मनुस्मृति का श्लोक पढ़ा जाना है इसके उदाहरण भर हैं।

परंपरावादी लोग मनु विधान को चुनौती देने के कारण मैकाले की नीति की आलोचना करते हैं।आरोप लगाते हैं कि लॉर्ड मैकाले ने ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी के व्यापारिक उद्देश्यों की पूर्ति करने, जड़े जमाने, अंग्रेजी साहित्य का प्रचार करने तथा इंग्लैंड की चीजों के उपभोग को बढ़ाने के लिए ही अंग्रेजी शिक्षा को बढ़ावा दिया।

जब भी देश में शिक्षा के निरंतर गिरते स्तर पर चर्चा होती है तो इसके लिए सबसे पहले ब्रिटिश विद्वान लॉर्ड मैकाले को गाली देकर शुरुआत की जाती है। खासतौर से बुद्धिजीवी तबका तो अपनी नाकामी को छुपाने के लिए ब्रिटिश, अंग्रेजी और मैकाले पर ही सारी शैक्षणिक बर्बादी का ठीकरा फोड़ देते हैं। इससे बहुजन भी इतिहास की असलियत को जाने बिना मैकाले को दुश्मन मान रहा है।

बारीकी से देखें तो ये सारे आरोप निराधार हैं। यदि अंग्रेजों द्वारा मिशनरी स्कूलों में वंचितों को प्रवेश नहीं मिलता तो ज्योतिबा फुले, डॉ.अंबेडकर पैदा ही नहीं होते क्योंकि वे शूद्र/अछूत वर्ग से थे। बाबा साहेब की अंग्रेजी व ज्ञान का भारत के ही नहीं बल्कि विदेशी लोग भी लोहा मानते थे। स्वामी विवेकानंद को अंग्रेजी ज्ञान (सिस्टर्स एंड ब्रदर्स संबोधन) के कारण अमेरिका में बहुत ख्याति मिली।

मौर्य शासनकाल में भारत शिक्षा साहित्य कला विज्ञान समाज की दृष्टि से सोने की चिड़िया था। मौर्य सम्राट बृहद्रथ की हत्या के बाद एक बार फिर वर्ण/जाति व्यवस्था का वर्चस्व हो गया। जिसको मैकाले व आधुनिक विज्ञान ने तोड़ा। मैकाले ने अंग्रेजी के फायदे के बारे में विस्तृत रुप से बताया है। उनका मानना था कि शिक्षा का उद्देश्य इंसानों में गैर बराबरी को तोड़कर बराबरी स्थापित करना है। अंधविश्वास और गलत परंपराओं से मुक्ति दिलाना है। शिक्षा का अर्थ से पुरानी बातों को रटना, बार-बार दोहराना, स्वयं ही गुणगान करना दुनिया से कटे रहना नहीं है। बल्कि दुनिया को एक बेहतर जगह बनाना है।

वंचित समाज में लॉर्ड मैकाले व डॉ.अंबेडकर के कारण शिक्षा की जो किरण आई थी वह अब प्रतिनिधित्व (तथाकथित आरक्षण) के खात्मे, शिक्षा के निजीकरण व महंगीकरण, शिक्षा व सरकारी स्कूलों की उपेक्षा, शैक्षणिक संस्थानों पर पूंजीपतियों का कब्जा से वह धीरे धीरे बुझती जा रही है। गांव में बहुजन समाज के बच्चे आठवीं दसवीं से आगे बढ़ नहीं पा रहे हैं। क्लर्क डॉक्टर इंजीनियर बनना तो बहुत दूर की बात है। इल्जाम लगाते हैं कि मैकाले ने सिर्फ बाबू तैयार किए लेकिन अब तो उच्च वर्णों के खेतों फैक्ट्रियों महलों सड़कों पर काम करने के लिए गुलामों की पौध तैयार हो रही है जो बहुजन समाज की है। शोषक वर्ग की साजिश साकार होती नजर आ रही है कि शोषित को शिक्षा से दूर रखकर, हर हालात में तीर्थयात्रा, पूजापाठ, कर्मकांड, तीजत्योहारों में व्यस्त रखो। उसकी सारी कमाई येन-केन-प्रकारेण शोषक वर्ग की तिजोरी में ही जाए। आज बहुजन निरर्थक तीर्थयात्रा, पूजापाठ, कर्मकांड, तीजत्योहार, परंपराओं में मदहोश है। उसे अपनी भावी पीढ़ी की जरा भी चिंता नहीं है। आखिर यह वर्ग अपने सामाजिक शैक्षणिक विकास के प्रति कब सचेत होगा। बुद्ध-कबीर-फुले-अंबेडकर की शिक्षा को कब अपने जीवन में उतारेगा।

अमेरिका में जो अब्राहम लिंकन व रूस सहित साम्यवादी जगत में जो कार्ल मार्क्स ने किया। वही भारत में लार्ड मैकाले ने किया। भारत में सबसे बड़ी क्रांति को लॉर्ड मैकाले ने जन्म दिया जिसके कर्ज से यहाँ के बहुजन कभी भी मुक्त नहीं हो सकते। लॉर्ड मैकाले के शिक्षा व कानून सुधारों से फकीर, पंडित, शूद्र सब समान माने जाने लगे। यह सच्चाई है कि मैकाले ने आगे आने वाली पीढ़ी का मार्ग प्रशस्त किया जिसके कारण ज्योतिबा फुले, शाहूजी महाराज, रामासामी नायकर और डॉ.अंबेडकर जैसी महान विभूतियों का उदय हुआ। जिन्होंने भारत का नया अध्याय लिखा।

पढ़ना-पढाना उस समय बहुजन के लिए निषिद्ध था व समान न्याय के रास्ते बंद थे। अंग्रेजी शिक्षा और आईपीसी लागू कर लॉर्ड मैकाले ने उस जंजीर को काट दिया है जो बहुजनों को सदियों से जकड़े थी। लॉर्ड मैकाले ने शिक्षक भर्ती की नई व्यवस्था की जिसमें हर जाति धर्म का व्यक्ति शिक्षक बनने का अधिकारी था। हम गलतफहमीवस मैकॉले के प्रति अगर अनादर का भाव रखते हैं तो यह ठीक नहीं। हमारे अन्य बहुजन नायकों की तरह वह भी हमारे उद्धारक हैं। वर्णवादी समाज की नजरों में मैकाले भले ही आदरणीय नहीं हो परंतु बहुजनों के लिए तो वे मसीहा थे। हम उन्हें कोटिश: नमन करते हैं।

संदर्भ

1.पुस्तक-दलितों को अनपढ़ रखने की साजिश
संपादक-डॉ एम एल परिहार
प्रकाशक-बुद्धम पब्लिशर्स 21-A, धर्म पार्क, श्याम नगर-II, अजमेर रोड, जयपुर 302019 राजस्थान
फोन नंबर 09414242059
2.विकिपीडिया
लीला नाग 
पूरा नाम लीला नाग अन्य नाम लीला रॉय (विवाह के पश्चात), लीलावती रॉय जन्म 2 अक्टूबर, 1900 जन्म भूमि ढाका मृत्यु 11 जून, 1970 मृत्यु स्थान कोलकाता पति/पत्नी अनिल चंद्र रॉय नागरिकता भारतीय प्रसिद्धि बंगाली पत्रकार व स्वतन्त्रता सेनानी संगठन दीपाली संघ, दीपाली स्कूल, नारी शिक्षा मन्दिर, शिक्षा भवन एवं शिक्षा निकेतन। अन्य जानकारी सन 1946 में लीला रॉय संविधान सभा में शामिल हुईं और बहस में सक्रिय रूप से भाग लिया। उन्होंने 'हिंदू कोड बिल' के तहत महिलाओं को कई अधिकार दिलवाये। 
लीला नाग (विवाह के पश्चात नाम- लीला रॉय, अंग्रेज़ी: Leela Roy; जन्म- 2 अक्टूबर, 1900, ढाका; मृत्यु- 11 जून, 1970, कोलकाता) प्रसिद्ध बंगाली पत्रकार थीं। भारत की महिला क्रांतिकारियों में उनका नाम विशेषतौर पर लिया जाता है। भारत के संविधान को मूल रूप देने वाली समिति में 15 महिलाएं भी शामिल थीं। इन्होंने संविधान के साथ भारतीय समाज के निर्माण में भी महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाई। लीला रॉय इन्हीं में से एक थीं। लीला रॉय का जन्म ढाका के प्रतिष्ठित परिवार में सन 1900 में हुआ था। उनका भारत की महिला क्रांतिकारियों में विशिष्ट स्थान है। दुर्भाग्य से उन्हें अपने योगदान के अनुरूप ख्याति नहीं मिल पाई। उन्होंने ढाका और कलकत्ता में उच्च शिक्षा प्राप्त की। ढाका में शिक्षा प्राप्त करते हुए वे 'मुक्ति संघ' के सम्पर्क में आई एवं लड़कियों को शिक्षित करने के लिए 'दीपाली संघ' नामक एक संगठन बनाया। इस संगठन की उन्होंने 'दीपाली स्कूल', 'नारी शिक्षा मन्दिर', 'शिक्षा भवन' एवं 'शिक्षा निकेतन' आदि नाम से कई शाखाएँ खोलीं। बाद में अंग्रेज़ों की गुप्तचर रिपोर्ट के अनुसार ऊपर से सीधी- सादी दिखने वाली इन संस्थाओं में लड़कियों को क्रांति की शिक्षा और प्रशिक्षण दिया जाता था। प्रथम महिला शहीद प्रीतिलता वड्डेदार को इन्हीं संस्थाओं में दीक्षा मिली थी। पुलिस की निगाहों से बचकर लीला रॉय 'मुक्ति संघ' और बाद में 'श्री संघ' के माध्यम से अपनी गुप्त गतिविधियों का संचालन करती रहीं। ढाका के पुलिस महानिरीक्षण लोमैन की रहस्यमय हत्या के पीछे लीला रॉय व उनके पति अनिल रॉय की ही गुप्त योजना थी। अंतत: एक दिन दोनों पति-पत्नी गिरफ्तार कर लिए गये। सन 1937 में जेल से रिहा होने के बाद लीला रॉय 'राष्ट्रवादी आन्दोलन' में शामिल हो गईं। 1946 में लीला संविधान सभा में शामिल हुईं और बहस में सक्रिय रूप से भाग लिया। उन्होंने 'हिंदू कोड बिल' के तहत महिलाओं को सम्पत्ति का अधिकार, न्यायपालिका की स्वतंत्रता, हिंदुस्तानी को राष्ट्रीय भाषा घोषित करने जैसे मामलों की ज़बरदस्त पैरवी की थी। जब नेताजी सुभाष चन्द्र बोस कांग्रेस से निष्कासित किए गये, तब लीला रॉय ने उनका बराबर साथ दिया और मरते दम तक उनके साथ रहीं। उन्होंने राष्ट्रवादी पत्रिका 'जयश्री' भी निकाली थी। सन 1970 में अल्पायु में ही लीला रॉय का देहांत हो गया।

Read more at: https://m.bharatdiscovery.org/india/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97
साभार bhartdiscovery.org

लीलाधर मंडलोई

मुक्त ज्ञानकोश विकिपीडिया से

लीलाधर मंडलोई हिन्दी भाषा के लेखक और कवि हैं। मुख्य रूप से इनकी पहचान एक कवि के रूप में है हालाँकि इन्होंने विविध विधाओं में लेखन कार्य किया है।

जीवन

मंडलोई का जन्म 1954 में भारतीय राज्य मध्यप्रदेश के छिंदवाडा जिले के गुढ़ी नामक गाँव में हुआ। मंडलोई ने भारत में बी.ए. बीएड. (अँग्रेज़ी) पत्राकारिता में स्नातक और एम॰ए॰ (हिन्दी) तक शिक्षा ग्रहण की और इसके बाद वे लन्दन चले गये जहाँ से प्रसारण में उच्च-शिक्षा (सी.आर.टी) ग्रहण की।

मंडलोई दूरदर्शन, आकाशवाणी के महानिदेशक सहित कई राष्ट्रीय-अन्तरराष्ट्रीय समितियों के साथ ही प्रसार भारती बोर्ड के सदस्य रह चुके हैं।
कृतियाँ
कविता-संग्रह
घर-घर घूमा,
रात-बिरात,
मगर एक आवाज,
देखा-अदेखा,
ये बदमस्ती तो होगी,
देखा पहली दफा अदेखा,
उपस्थित है समुद्रगद्य साहित्य
अंदमान-निकोबार की लोक कथाएँ,
पहाड़ और परी का सपना,
चाँद का धब्बा,
पेड़ भी चलते हैं,
बुंदेली लोक रागिनी
सम्मान

मध्य प्रदेश साहित्य परिषद के रामविलास शर्मा सम्मान से पुरस्कृत,
वागीश्वरी सम्मान ,
रज़ा सम्मान,
पुश्किन सम्मान और
नागार्जुन सम्मान
Leela Devi
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
R. Leela Devi
R. Leela Devi
Born 13 February 1932
Palai, Kerala, India
Died 19 May 1998 (aged 66)
Kottayam, Kerala, India

Dr. R. Leela Devi (13 February 1932 – 19 May 1998) was an Indian writer, translator, and teacher who wrote in English, Malayalam, and Sanskrit. She was from the state of Kerala.

Profession
Writer and translator

Dr. R. Leela Devi wrote and translated more than 300 books with her husband V. Balakrishnan. She translated the MarthandavarmaNarayaneeyam, and Vidur Gita (Mahabharata), among others, and contributed to the English language section of the book Contribution of Writers to Indian Freedom Movement (see Indian independence movement).

Theatre

She translated Chandu Menon's Indulekha into English as Crescent Moon.

Selected works
From Representation to Participation – the first book on Panchayatiraj- Sri Satguru Publications (Delhi)
Sarojini Naidu – biography
Blue Jasmine – fantasy novel
Saffron – a novel about the myths and legends of Kashmir
Mannatthu Padmanabhan and the Revival of Nairs in Kerala – the renaissance of the Nairs and their history
An Epoch in Kerala History
History of Malayalam Literature
Kerala History
Influence of English on Malayalam Literature
Indian National Congress – Hundred Years – history of the Indian National Congress, published for Congress Centenary.
A Handbook of English Teaching
Ethics(In various Religions of the World)- Sri Satguru Publications (Delhi)
Vedic Gods and Some Hymns- Sri Satguru Publications (Delhi)
Vidura Gita- Text & English Translation- Sri Satguru Publications (Delhi)
Naganandam by Harshavardhana- Sri Satguru Publications (Delhi)
Leela Majumdar
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Leela Majumdar
Born 26 February 1908
Died 5 April 2007 (aged 99)
Occupation Writer
Period 1922–1994
Genre Children's books
Spouse Dr. Sudhir Kumar Majumdar (1894–1984; his death)
Children Smt. Kamala Mazumdar and Dr. Ranjan Mazumdar

Leela Majumdar (Bengali: লীলা মজুমদার Lila Mojumdar), (26 February 1908 – 5 April 2007) was a Bengali writer.

Early life

Born to Surama Devi and Pramada Ranjan Ray (who was the younger brother of Upendra Kishor Ray Choudhuri), Leela spent her childhood days at Shillong, where she studied at the Loreto Convent. Surama Devi had been adopted by Upendra Kishor Ray Choudhuri . Lila's grandfather had left his younger two daughters in care of his friends after his wife died. The eldest daughter was sent to a boarding house. Her maternal grandfather was Ramkumar Bhattacharya, who later became a sannyasi and was christened Ramananda Bharati. He was the first among Indians to visit Kailash and Mansarovar and wrote a travelogue Himaranya. In 1919, her father was transferred to Calcutta, and she joined St. John's Diocesan School from where she completed her matriculation examination. She ranked second among the girls in the matriculation examinations in 1924. She stood first in English (literature) both in her honours (graduation) and Master of Arts examination at the University of Calcutta. The family she belonged to made a notable contribution towards children's literature. Sunil Gangopadhyay says that while the Tagore family enthused everybody with drama, songs and literature for adults, the Ray Chaudhuri family took charge of laying the foundations of children's literature in Bengali.

Formative years

She joined Maharani Girls' School at Darjeeling as a teacher in 1931. On an invitation from Rabindranath Tagore she went and joined the school at Santiniketan, but she stayed only for about one year. She joined the women's section of Asutosh College in Calcutta but again did not continue for long. Thereafter, she spent most of her time as a writer. After two decades as a writer, she joined All India Radio as a producer and worked for about seven-eight years.

Her first story, Lakkhi chhele, was published in Sandesh in 1922. It was also illustrated by her. The children's magazine in Bengali was founded by her uncle, Upendrakishore Ray Chaudhuri in 1913 and was later edited by her cousin Sukumar Ray for sometime after the death of Upendrakishore in 1915. Together with her nephew Satyajit Ray and her cousin Nalini Das, she edited and wrote for Sandesh throughout her active writing life. Until 1994 she played an active role in the publication of the magazine.

Creative efforts

An incomplete bibliography lists 125 books including a collection of short stories, five books under joint authorship, 9 translated books and 19 edited books.

Her first published book was Boddi Nather Bari (1939) but her second compilation Din Dupure (1948) brought her considerable fame From the 1950s, her incomparable children's classics followed. Although humour was her forte, she also wrote detective stories, ghost stories and fantasies.

Her autobiographical sketch Pakdandi provides an insight into her childhood days in Shillong and also her early years at Santiniketan and with All India Radio.

Apart from her glittering array of children's literature, she wrote a cookbook, novels for adults (Sreemoti, Cheena Lanthan), and a biography of Rabindranath Tagore. She lectured on Abanindranath Tagore and translated his writings on art into English. She translated Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels and Ernest Hemingway's The Old Man and the Sea into Bengali.

Satyajit Ray had thought of filming Padi Pishir Bormi BakshaArundhati Devi made it into a film in 1972. Chhaya Devi played the role of the young hero, Khoka's famed aunt Padipishi.

For a special Mahila Mahal (women's section) series of All-India Radio, dealing with the "natural and ordinary problems" in the everyday life of a girl growing up in a typical, middle-class, Bengali family, she created Monimala, the story of a "very ordinary girl" whose grandmother starts writing to her from when she turns 12, continuing into her marriage and motherhood.

Family

She was married in 1933 to Dr. Sudhir Kumar Majumdar, a renowned dentist who was a graduate of Harvard Dental School. For two decades she devoted herself to housekeeping. Her son Ranjan (b.1934) is also a dentist and daughter Kamala (b. 1938) is married to Monishi Chatterjee, an oil engineer and grandson of first female painter of Bengal school- Sunayani Devi. Her husband died in 1984. Apart from her children, she had, at the time of her death, two grandsons, two granddaughters and three great-grandchildren.

Works

Holde Pakhir Palok
Tong Ling
Naaku Gama
Podi Pishir Bormi Baksho
Boddi Nather Bori
Din Dupure
Chhotoder Srestho Galpo
Monimala
Bagher Chhokh
Bok Dharmik
Taka Gaachh
Lal Neel Deslai
Basher Phul
Moyna
Shalikh
Bhuter Bari
Aaguni Beguni
Tipur Upor Tipuni
Patka Chor
Aashare Galpo
Chiching Phank
Je Jai Boluk
Chhotoder Tal Betal
Batash Bari
Bagh Shikari Bamun
Baghyar Galpo
Shibur Diary
Howrahr Dari
Ferari
Nepor Boi
Aar Konokhane
Kheror Khata
Ei Je Dekha
Pakdandi
[2]Sreemoti
Cheena Lanthan
[6]Moni Manil
Naatghar
Batashbari
Kaag Noi
Shob Bhuture
Bak Badh Pala
[1] Megher Sari Dhorte Nari
Pori didir Bor
Pesha Bodol
Batas Bari
Monimala
Elshe Ghai
Pagla Pagolder golpo
Kuri
Chagla Pagla Leela Majumdar

Awards

Holde Pakhir Palok won the state award for children's literature, Bak Badh Pala won the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award from the Government of India in 1963, Aar Konokhane won Rabindra Puraskar from the Government of West Bengal in 1969. She had also won the Suresh Smriti Puraskar, Vidyasagar Puraskar, Bhubaneswari Medal for lifetime achievement, and Ananda Puraskar. She has been awarded the Deshikottama by Visva Bharati, and honorary D.Litt. by Burdwan, North Bengal and Calcutta Universities.

Legacy

In 2019, a documentary film has been made on Lila Majumdar entitled "Peristan - The World of Lila Majumdar ".
Lahori Ram Bali
Founder-editor Lahori Ram Balley, still going strong at 83
DALIT PUBLISHING
Letter And Spirit
Bheem Patrika, published since 1958, is our longest-running Dalit periodical
CHANDER SUTA DOGRA

A small, dusty study with stacks of books and periodicals, a typewriter encased in a wooden painted cabinet and a computer covered with a cloth. Other rooms in the house in Abadpura, a Dalit locality of Jalandhar, are stacked with more books, Dalit literature, copies of old newspapers and some spare copies of Bheem Patrika, the oldest and perhaps the only magazine on Ambedkarism published uninterrupted since 1958.

Seated at the ancient desk is editor and founder Lahori Ram Balley, still sharp as a whip even at 83 years. He takes a moment to assess whether we aren’t there to “waste his time”, gestures towards a sofa occupied by more books and then spends the next two hours recounting his fascinating story of how, two months “before the man died”, he came to give his word to Dr B.R. Ambedkar that he would devote his remaining life to spreading his message. Balley was then just one among the scores of Dalit volunteers who hung around Ambedkar in the 1950s: worshipping him like a God, ready to do his bidding at a glance.

The Bheem Patrika, which today is published in Hindi and English from Jalandhar, was in its early years an Urdu magazine that struggled to stay afloat under the stewardship of its impoverished editor. Balley, a matriculate, had studied Persian and Urdu and knew little Hindi and even less of English then (he later picked up both and even Russian). “During one of my numerous stints in jail, which I visited repeatedly for upholding Ambedkar’s ideology, I learnt Hindi…and in 1965 we began publishing the magazine only in Hindi, because by then there were few Urdu readers.” Unlike now, when he has scores of writers on his panel, it was hard to get material in the early days. “I and a couple of friends often wrote articles under different names, or reproduced the speeches and writings of Ambedkar in the Patrika.” It is today a magazine with a countrywide reach but modest circulation, which Balley refuses to exaggerate. The Patrika is the core around which Bheem Patrika Publications came up in 1963, publishing books on Ambedkar and making available his writings and speeches (translated into several Indian languages) for readers.

On September 30, 1956, Balley had gone to meet Ambedkar at his house on 1, Hardinge Avenue in Delhi on a day when the Dalit icon was extremely unwell. “I could see that he had only a few more days to live and there and then I promised him that I would devote the rest of my life to spreading his ideology in the world. Two months later, when he died, I resigned from my job at the government printing press, moved to Jalandhar and took up activism.”

Those were hard times, and with no job Balley began to freelance for newspapers and translate material for the Russian and US embassies to get by. He joined the Republican Party of India in 1957, but left it after six years and gave himself up full-time to Dalit literature. Following in the steps of his ideal, in 1963, Balley converted to Buddhism and is now a revered figure in Dalit circles. In Punjab’s Doaba region which has around 35 per cent Dalit population, Balley is respected across the occasionally divided Dalit spectrum. And not without reason.He has joined every single campaign directed at getting more access to Ambedkar’s writings for people. He counts among his achievements the rescue and publication of scores of his speeches and writings, many previously unpublished, that were locked in six trunks and in the custody of the Bombay High Court for almost two decades after his death. “We appealed to the courts and to Ambedkar’s warring children to let us have access to those precious papers which had begun to deteriorate. The All India Samata Sainik Dal, founded by Ambedkar in 1927, had launched a movement to get his unpublished writings published and as a member of the Dal, I joined the effort. The Maharashtra government eventually published the manuscripts in 1979,” he says. But by then Bheem Patrika Publications had already brought out several translations of Ambedkar’s classic essay, Annihilation of Caste, based on his undelivered speech for the annual conference of Jat Pat Todak Mandal of Lahore in 1936. (Ambedkar’s family filed a case against him for doing this.)

Balley and his publications have had the occasional brush with controversy too. Some of it is often provocatively anti-Hindu, and has been at the receiving end of RSS and other pro-Hindu organisations. His book, Hinduism, Dharam ya Kalank, which he claims has sold 10,000 copies in Nagpur alone, was banned by the Punjab government in 2009. This is one reason why some of Punjab’s Dalit activists, searching for a more harmonious integration of Dalits into mainstream society, disapprove of Balley’s “revolutionary ideas”. But as he puts it, “Dr Ambedkar had predicted that if India’s parliamentary democracy fails, there will be anarchy. We can see that happening in these times. With the spread of Maoism in India and the widespread appeal of their ideology among Dalits, I can foresee the Dalits being at the centrestage of the new upheaval that India is heading towards.” And his justification for this line of thought: “Ambedkar had said that if people cannot solve their problems through constitutional means, then they are at liberty to adopt unconstitutional means.” His is a diminishing tribe in the cacophony of modern-day Dalit politics, which he views with contempt for the “lip service they pay to the cause”.

Meanwhile, Bheem Patrika’s English edition was relaunched as a glossy new magazine in March this year, now reaching out to expat Dalits too, many of whom are also contributors. Though the magazine has an office in Jalandhar city and a small staff to run it, it is Balley’s book-strewn house in Abadpura which is still the nerve centre for this iconic Ambedkar journal.

Laxman Gaikwad

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Laxman Maruti Gaikwad (born July 23, 1952, Dhanegaon, Latur District, Maharashtra) is a famous Marathi novelist known for his best work The Branded, a translation of his autobiographical novel Uchalaya (also known as Ucalaya). This novel not only gave him international recognition but he was also awarded the Maharashtra Gourav Puraskar, and the Sahitya Akademi award for this novel. Considered a masterpiece in Marathi literature, his novel for the first time brings to the world of literature the trials and tribulations of his tribe, Uchalya, literally the pilferers, a term coined by the British who classified the tribe as a criminal tribe. This book also brings in the problems faced by the Dalits in India. At present he is residing in Mumbai.
Other notable novels written by him include Dubang, Chini Mathachi Divas, Samaj Sahitya Ani Swathantra, Wadar Vedna, Vakila Pardhi, Utav and A Swathantra Konasat.

Social services
Gaikwad has been associated with social services for a long time. Since 1986, he was the president of the Jankalyan Vikas Sanstha and since 1990, he has been the president of the Denotified and Nomadic Tribes Organization, an organization associated with the welfare of Tribes. He has actively participated in the Labor Movement and worked for the welfare of the farmers, slum-dwellers and the other weaker-sections of the society.

Books published
Uchalya
He Swatantrey konasati
Chini Matitil Divas
Samaj Sahitya Ani Swatantrey
Vakilya Pardhi
Wadar Vedna
Buddhachi Vippassanna
Dhubang
Dr. B.R. Ambedkaranchi Jivan Ani karya
Utav
Gav Kusa Baheril Mansa

Awards and honors
Gaikwad has won many awards. They are:
International awards
SAARC Literary Award, 2001 by President of India
Government awards
Youngest Sahitya Academy Award winner in 1988
Maharashtra Gourav Puraskar in 1990.
Best writer award from Government of Maharashtra in 2003
Other awards
Pimpri Chinchwad Mahanagar Palika Award
Pune Mahanagar Palika Award
Gourav Sanman Puraskar from Nashik Municipality Corporation
Maharashtra Kamgar Kalyan Mandal Sanman Puraskar
Sahitya Ratna Anna Bhau Sathe Puraskar
Gourav Sanman Puraskar from Bahujan Karmachari
Maharashtra Foundation Puraskar for the best writer
Gunther Sontheimer Memorial Award
Samata Award
Sanjivini Puraskar
Panghanti Award
Mukadam Award
Galib Ratna Puraskar, Mumbai
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Puraskar
Honors
Title of Stalwarts Limca Book of Records
Many books are referred for studies in many universities and schools in India by students
Drama Act was performed on Uchalya at National level
Documentary film has been prepared by Govt. of India on Uchalya
Earlier government membership (ex-member)


State and Central Government Literature Department Member
National Human Rights Commission Member
Sahitya Academy Convener
State Backward Class Commission Member
लक्ष्मी देवी टम्टा

(16.2.1912--1982)
हिंदी पत्रकारिता में प्रथम एससी संपादिका

हिंदी पत्रकारिता के इतिहास में जो महिला पत्रकार एवं संपादिकाएं विशेष गौरव के साथ स्मरण एवं उल्लेखित की जाती है उनमें लक्ष्मी देवी टम्टा का महत्वपूर्ण स्थान है। क्षेत्रीय पत्रकारिता का समुचित मूल्यांकन ना होने के कारण वे अनचीन्हीं रही।

पर्वतांचल की पहली एससी स्नातिका एवं हिंदी पत्रकारिता के इतिहास में प्रथम आद्य: एससी संपादिका के रूप में तत्कालीन समाज के साथ दुर्मुख संघर्ष करते हुए जो लड़ाई उन्होंने लड़ी उससे पहाड़ में शिक्षा, सामाजिक चेतना और पत्रकारिता में निरीह-निर्बल एवं पिछड़े समाज के लिए नए गवाक्ष खुले। पत्रकारिता के इतिहास में ऐसे कर्मठ व्यक्तित्व का सम्यक मूल्यांकन न होना एक दुखद भूल है।

अल्मोड़ा में 16.2.1912 को जनमी लक्ष्मी देवी के पिता का नाम गुलाब सिंह टम्टा पिता एवं माता का नाम कमला देवी था। हाई स्कूल तक इनकी शिक्षा सामाजिक संघर्षों के बीच "नंदन मिशन स्कूल" (आज का एडम्स गर्ल्स इंटर कॉलेज) में हुई। उस समय अछूतों का शिक्षा प्राप्त करना आकाश छूने के बराबर था।

1934 में बनारस हिंदू विश्वविद्यालय से स्नातक की उपाधि ग्रहण की और उत्तराखंड में प्रथम एससी स्नातक का होने का गौरव प्राप्त किया। 1936 में बनारस हिंदू विश्वविद्यालय से डी.टी. और विवाह के पश्चात मनोविज्ञान विषय में स्नातकोत्तर की उपाधि प्राप्त की।

उस युग में जब पहाड़ में स्त्री जाति को पारिवारिक हदों से बाहर नहीं निकलने दिया जाता था तब उन्होंने बहुत सामाजिक विरोध सहकर भी उच्च शिक्षा प्राप्त की।

1931 में इनके प्रगतिशील विचारों से प्रभावित होकर तत्कालीन राष्ट्रीय पत्र लीडर के प्रकाशक/संपादक/मुद्रक गुजराती ब्राह्मण मदन मोहन नागर के सुपुत्र महिपत राय नागर ने इनकी ओर आकर्षित होकर इनसे विवाह कर लिया।

यह अंतर्जातीय विवाह पर्वतीय रूढ़िवादी समाज के लिए दूसरा कटु आघात था। हिंदी पत्रकारिता के इतिहास में अल्मोड़ा से प्रकाशित होने वाला साप्ताहिक समता 1.6.1934 को पहाड़ के बहुजनों के अंबेडकर कहे जाने वाले मुंशी हरिप्रसाद टम्टा के प्रयासों से प्रकाशित हुआ था। लक्ष्मी देवी ने समता का 1935 में विशेष संपादन किया। समता के अपने संपादन काल में लक्ष्मी देवी ने पिछड़े वर्ग के सामाजिक, आर्थिक एवं राजनीतिक समस्याओं को उभारा। नारी शिक्षा एवं उनकी राजनीतिक चेतना को जगाने के लिए लक्ष्मी देवी ने अपने संपादन काल में अनेक लेख एवं संपादकीय समता में लिखे।

फरवरी के प्रथम सप्ताह में 1982 में मेरठ में पहाड़ की एससी महिला संपादिका का देहावसान हो गया।

संदर्भ
पुस्तक-क्रांतिकारी महिलाएं
संकलन एवं संपादन-एस एस गौतम
प्रकाशक-गौतम बुक सेंटर
1/4446 डॉ.अंबेडकर गेट, रामनगर एक्सटेंशन, मंडोली रोड, शाहदरा, दिल्ली-110032
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अजिल्द हिंदी संस्करण 2016
के पृष्ठ 39-40 से साभार

Laxman Mane
Writing from Below: Laxman Gaikwad's The Branded

The Branded, winner of the Sahitya Akademi Award for 1988, is a translation of Laxman Gaikwad's Uchalya (1987). It has been translated by P.A. Kolharkar. As an Uchalya, 45 Gaikwad narrativizes in the plight of his community. In doing so he resists the oppressive structures that brand the Uchalyas socially and legally. As the law considers them to be "born criminals," the Uchalyas are deprived of respectable means of livelihood. So they thrive by "thieving, lifting, pick pocketing" (Gaikwad vii). Gaikwad identifies his personal suffering with the suffering his community just as Baby Kamble does in Jina Amucha (Kamble 157).

He voices the struggle of the Uchalyas against exploitation, starvation and poverty in The Branded because the inhumanities inflicted upon them by the law enforcement agencies do not end even after India's independence. The community struggles with inequality and injustice at every level. Therefore, Gaikwad narrates his experiences to give visibility to the Uchalyas. He argues for a humane treatment of the branded as well as advocates an equal space for them in the existing order. Belonging to the literature of protest known as the Dalit Literature that emerges on the Indian literary scene in the 1980s, the narrative exposes the injustices and inhumanities of caste hierarchies. Just like all other Dalit writings, it subscribes to Dalit aesthetics, consciousness and secular values which pave the way for a just order. It demonstrates the undying human spirit of the upper caste Hindu's 'other' (the untouchable) who resist the dehumanizing conditions to win a dignified space in the prevailing order (Limbale 2; Omvedt 21).

Born in 1956 in the Uchalya community at Dhanegaon (Taluka Latur, Maharashtra), Laxman Gaikwad is a social worker and writer by occupation. Though he could not complete his matriculation, his literary career starts with a ballad expounding the a gonies of the exploited in 1977. Owing to his own nomadic life – "No NATIVE PLACE. No birth-date. No house or farm" (Gaikwad 1), Gaikwad works for social awareness of the denotified and nomadic tribes in Maharashtra. Gaikwad's writings envision a process of fundamental socio-political transformation as he raises his voice against a stifling and unjust social environment. He attempts to awaken the "bourgeois community to the sorrows and plights" of his unfortunate community (Gaikwad viii). He also emphasizes the need to educate the "born criminals" so that they can abandon their criminal ways. Because society and its laws force the Uchalyas to criminal ways of living, the order needs to be restructured. Gaikwad asserts that a united struggle of the community, education, introspective rethinking and fresh outlook of the higher strata of society hold the key to any process of transformation (ix). The Branded narrativizes the trials and tribulations of the Uchalyas known as the Santmuchchar46 community all over India. These tribesmen are forced into pilfering as they are denied any opportunity to earn bread by respectable means. The narrative presents the struggle of an Uchalya, Gaikwad, to get education and a respectable job. The novel also exhibits his resistance to the corrupt and unjust practices for a successful mobilization of the branded community. Gaikwad articulates the harsh realities of his personal life as well as of the life of the community through the medium of his native speech. The narrativization rejects the metaphysical, philosophical and imaginative language of the dominant order. The work acquires universal tones as Gaikwad makes the present experience an historical one by impersonalizing it. He also blends humour and anger to present a stark picture of the Uchalyan life.

Gaikwad reminisces his childhood days as well as his wanderings from one place to another while fighting poverty, starvation and exploitation. He presents a stark picture of the abominally unhygienic living conditions of the tribe. When the law denies the Uchalyas all other vocations, they beat their children to teach them thieving skills47 (Gaikwad 10). Also centuries of oppression make them believe that their community would be doomed if the Uchalyan children go to school. As the Uchalya parents are aware of the fact that professional thieves can guard themselves against starvation, they train their children for stealing. They also train them for the beatings of the police (16-17). The trainees give their earnings of six months as fees to the trainer. They learn to successfully pilfer footwear, oil tins, clothes and grain from markets and fairs. On being caught by the police, the money demanded for bail of the arrested often leads the family members to the money-lenders. They borrow money at exorbitant rates and eventually resort to stealing to pay off their debts. Though versatile thieves bring bountiful booty, it is snatched away by the police. In case the loot is not recovered on searching the houses, the police brutally beats the family of the suspected thief. Being notified criminals, the Uchalyas cannot leave a place for more than three days without a "pass," a permit from the "policepatil" (a village headman in charge of law and order). If someone is caught travelling without the pass, he is beaten, arrested and freed only after paying an exorbitant amount to the police. Therefore, the pass is worshipped as a god along with the blade (which is regarded as the goddess of wealth, Laxmi) by the Uchalyas (Gaikwad 3).

Gaikwad raises a voice against those oppressive structures that force the Uchalyans to a miserable existence. Poverty forces them to eat rats, cats, roots, leaves, or survive merely on water. Though his grandparents (Lingappa Gaikwad and Narasabai) and brothers (Manikdada, Anna, Bhau and Harchanda) depend on thieving, Gaikwad's parents earn by respectable means (Gaikwad 1-4). In fact Laxman's father, Martand, encourages him to acquire education. It is only because of Martand's support that Laxman is able to receive education. Education helps him to get a decent job and also encourages him to fight the oppressive structures. Despite the odds, education and employment help Gaikwad to find a respectable place in society. Paradoxically the "varied heritage" of free India excludes the Uchalyas from the mainstream. The exclusion provokes the anger of the denotified nomadic tribe. The anger signifies a disagreement with the prevailing order. The Branded manifests both political and aesthetic resistance to inequality and injustice in postcolonial India. It also records a movement from below – a protest against inhumanities of law, of political structures as well as those of caste/class. Though the police, money-lenders and unjust laws oppress the Uchalyas at every step, the branded community resists such structures to bring changes in them. The tribe perceived as "criminal" in the dominant discourse exhibits a sense of equality and justice. It chooses a village talange (Patil) to resolve quarrels and disagreements. The indifference of the policemen and the dominant law is confronted by the tribe through its own Panchayat that adjudicates in cases of theft and marital separation. The first teacher from the community "master-kaka" passes the final judgement (Gaikwad 51-55). The functioning of the Panchayat to amicably resolve differences is an instance of the resistance of the oppressed; this is an effort to fight the injustices of the dominant order. As the tribesmen know that the dominant order would not dispense justice to them, they constitute their own system of adjudication.

When Martand gives his son, Laxman, "a slate and pencil" instead of a "Bharat blade," he challenges the hierarchies of caste/class and of knowledge (Gaikwad 16). Since Martand works as a guard at Chamle's (a rich farmer's), farm, he realizes that "a child must learn to read and write" (16). He believes that education can provide a respectable employment and dignified space to the Uchalyas. Martand, therefore, resists the hostility of both his tribe and the higher castes to educate his son. He never allows Laxman to go on thieving trips with his brothers. He does not permit Laxman to accompany his maternal grandfather, Sayabu Tata, on hunting trips because of Tata's dirty eating habits (9). Whenever a family member eats a mouse, cat or fish, Martand punishes him (21-22). Moreover, Martand preserves the values of honesty, truth and hard work and never resorts to stealing. He takes advance pay from his employer for Laxman's education, but never thinks of stealing. Martand opposes the belief of his community that education is futile for an Uchalya. When his own tribe resolves to ostracize Martand for sending his son Laxman to school, he seeks the intervention of the Panchayat and Kulkarni Guruji. Guruji convinces the higher caste people that it is not Laxman's presence in school which caused loose motions in their children. He explains to them that their children are in need of medical aid because they are suffering from cholera. Martand succeeds in his efforts and Laxman is able to continue his school as the higher caste people and his own tribesmen get convinced. Sayabu Tata, Laxman's maternal grandfather, devises innovative ways of thieving. He uses rats for thefts: sets them free in a field of full-grown wheat at night, and digs up the rat holes after the harvesting. Neither the farmers nor the police object to Tata's style. It is because these wheat-ears are rat-infested and of no use to the farmers that he cannot be accused of stealing. Thus Tata escapes starvation (Gaikwad 9, 21).

While carrying on his everyday practice (in this case, looking for food), Tata devises a "tactic" 48 to make his living. This innovative style carves out a space for an Uchalya who is normally not even allowed to touch the flour ground by higher castes (23-24). It also exemplifies alternative means of earning bread that help the tribe to escape the clutches of the money-lenders and the police. Gaikwad's mother, Dhondabai, also rejects the Uchalyas' traditional ways of earning livelihood. Beaten by the police for thefts committed by her sons, and also by her husband, Dhondabai supports her family by selling milk. The earnings help her get iron sheets for their hut. She sells her sheep for the release of her arrested son but never steals even in adverse conditions. Her poor health brings an abrupt end to the milk-selling business. Dhondabai's resistance to the traditional ways of earning suggests other ways that the Uchalyas could adopt to earn their livelihood with dignity. Despite thefts, beatings, arrests, poverty and starvation back home, Laxman attends school regularly. He shares one coverlet in winters with a "cluster of fleas" (Laxman's brothers) in which even the dogs snuggle to ward off the chill (Gaikwad 11). Their senses are dead to the strong odour of the lambs pissing on the coverlet. This coverlet teems with lice and is never washed except once a year on Dusserah day. The open space near their hut is used as shitting spot by women. It is also used for killing pigs. Laxman wears ill-fitting clothes and shoes (which have been stolen) and lives in filthy conditions without taking a bath and washing his clothes (11, 13- 14).

Laxman remains chronically underfed because of poverty. He survives on a watery gruel of coarsely ground milo49 full of worms or jaggery water, mutke-kotbale. 50 When the gruel is prepared, the particles of grain pop out of the earthen pot. Laxman eats these particles (Gaikwad 38-42). He also eats from the shares of his brothers as well as the food that comes from Chamle's house for his father. Laxman skips school on Tuesdays and Fridays hoping to get some good food at the temple. Starvation forces Laxman to even eat the coconuts and food offered to propitiate the spirits in the cremation yards on full moon and new-moon days. The fear of being haunted by the spirits makes him leave a little portion of the food for the spirits. He also roasts and eats dried mango stones and tamarind seeds which he collects from heaps of rubbish. During acute shortage of food, Laxman spreads salt on the grindstone in order to lick the flour sticking on it. Sometimes he has to walk eight or nine miles through mud and over thorns with his brothers to collect food from wedding and funeral feasts. They take bowls and containers with them so that they can carry more food. This act of theirs makes them suffer not only humiliation and curses but also the beatings of the people (44-46). Laxman also begs jogva, offerings in the name of God, with Shevanta (of their fraternity). While in school, he works in the house of a student (Gyanaba Kuthwad) for food (78-79). When Laxman skips school to search beehives for honey, pigeon nests for eggs and the roots of tekali51 to satisfy his hunger, he is beaten by Guruji. Though his caste, his unhygienic habits and his poverty bring embarrassment and humiliation to him, he does his school work regularly (Gaikwad 71-73). As he can make excellent speeches, he wins prizes also. It is education that gives this Pathrut boy the confidence to write to the then Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi: "When is Gandhi Ji's [Mahatma] dream going to be fulfilled? Please take steps to see that the poor get one square meal a day at least" (79). The use of the spatial practices of speaking and writing, as explained by Certeau, help Laxman to carve a space for himself as well as his tribe.

Education initiates the process of transformation in Laxman's life. His "dirty and slovenly" habits undergo a sea change after he learns the importance of cleanliness (Gaikwad 33). The fear of punishment by the teacher makes him brush his teeth and take bath daily. He also washes his clothes (with sticky mud). He advises his sisters-in-law to sweep the floor daily. Every Sunday he washes the earthen jar of water which contains fleas, small frogs and loam stick (36). Laxman declines to consume liquor (which is usually taken as an antidote for fever and cold by the Uchalyas), following the advice of his Guruji (69-70). Laxman who could earlier eat coconuts and food offered to propitiate the spirits in the cremation yards during Ashadha-Shravana (July-August) now observes a fast on Fridays and Saturdays. He also gives up eating crabs, fish and pigs. It is because of this change in his habits that Mahadeo Bembade agrees to teach Laxman the singing of abhangas (devotional songs). As soon as this outcaste starts singing devotional songs in religious functions, he gains entry into the houses of the higher caste people (82). Even a Maratha, Govind Patil, would now take him to his house for special snacks during the fasts. Laxman further upsets the caste hierarchies when he reads Ramayana, Shivaleemrit (condensed edition of Bhagvadgita) and the pothi (sacred book). Now that he is no longer a "pig-and-cat eater," he seeks Bembade's help to convince Patil to allow him the reading of scriptures (Gaikwad 83). This act of Laxman brings a change in perception of the higher castes because no orthodox Maratha would earlier allow an untouchable to read the sacred book. So those who would otherwise take a bath and drink cow's urine if touched by an untouchable permit Laxman to read scriptures and sing abhangs. Thus the spatial practices of reading and singing help Laxman to win some dignity and respect in the unjust hierarchical order of society.

Laxman struggles against the financial constraints that follow the family's division and the rampant caste discrimination. He exhibits enormous spirit by learning while earning. He works during night shifts at the spinning mill in Latur. His employment in the mill elevates his status and enables him to look after his ailing father and brother Harchanda (who has quit thieving). In order to supplement his earnings, Laxman works in double shifts. He sells bananas and bread as well as writes applications for persons seeking job in the mill to increase his earnings. While living in Chandrabhagabai's rented room, Laxman even wangles money out of the work he does for her. He enjoys goodwill at work and befriends the Marathas and the merchants. They invite him to lunch and Laxman feels co-opted by the caste system when Dattu Sawant teaches him clean and proper ways of eating (Gaikwad 93, 102- 03). The indifferent behaviour of the supervisors and the inhuman working conditions, nepotism and corruption in the mill make Laxman decide to fight the wrongs. He does not form a union against the jobbers because he fears a dismissal. As he is reluctant to resort to thieving on being dismissed, he keeps quiet for sometime. But when the workers working for eight hours are allowed only fifteen minutes of lunch break, are beaten for being late by even a couple of minutes and are forced to sit at home for fifteen days without pay as punishment, he resolves to voice their protest. He exposes the atrocities of the supervisors as well as inhuman working conditions of the mill in a speech on the Labour Day. He states that the deafening noise of the machines, suspended cotton particles in the air and the excessive use of saccharine in tea by the canteen proprietor harm the health of the workers; they suffer from tuberculosis and are forced to borrow money at high rates for their treatment because of the absence of medical dispensary in the mill (Gaikwad 147-51). Laxman's speech empowers the workers as it changes the perception of the workers as well as the employers and paves the way for justice. This can be understood as the power of the tactic of speech act as noted by Certeau. It is also an instance of the dissensus that is essential to reconfigure the unjust order.

When Laxman comes to know about discrepancies in the working conditions and the wages, he organizes a union. The workers make him a leader and this gives him direct access to the manager. In another speech on Independence day, Laxman exposes the injustices prevailing in the mill. This forces the manager to assure the workers of a friendly atmosphere in the mill in future (Gaikwad 151). Laxman associates himself with the class of sufferers (workers, women, untouchables) so that they can earn and live with dignity. This institutes solidarity during the rebellion against injustice, as explained by Camus. Laxman also uses various modes of subjectification like organizing unions, protests which, according to Rancière, are necessary to make the order democratic. As Laxman protests against injustices and irregularities, the authorities penalise him for slight mistakes, inflict fine and later expel him from the job. But this cannot stop him from continuing his movement for change and justice. He seeks the help of Bhagwanrao Deshpande, an expert in labour law. Laxman resists in a nonviolent manner against the brutal management. The workers observe fast unto death for their demands. When the management instructs the money-lenders against giving money to the striking workers, the wives and children of these workers raise a relief fund and face the crisis boldly. Laxman does not succumb to temptations of the management. The management has to sign an agreement to increase the pay of the workers and to improve the working conditions in the mill (Gaikwad 152-61). Laxman and his friends adhere to non-violence even when the police commits atrocities on them. They make use of the non-violent "tactics" of strikes, fasting, demonstrations and besieging the houses of the chairman and the manager. These are instances of the authentic rebellion as Camus sees it. The people from "below" fight the "strategies" 52 – deceptions, manipulations, punitive suspension and brutal lathicharge – of the dominant order (Gaikwad 163-66). Laxman is implicated in a case and later removed from his job but nothing can suspend his struggle for justice.

Laxman sells tea, chilli-powder (ground by his wife), fried fish and salted ground nuts to earn money when he is expelled from the job. His wife, Chhabu, runs a grocery shop in front of their house (built out of bonus money). He struggles against all odds but never thinks of stealing or going on a thieving mission with his in-laws who frequent his house. Laxman takes up the job of a secretary in the dairy cooperative in Aurangabad which is chaired by his sister-in-law. But as he objects to her underhand deals, he is driven back to Latur without any pay after three months of work. He thus exhibits the moral courage of a true rebel in Camus's sense of the term. As he is grappling with poverty, he toys with the idea of starting an organization for the welfare of the poor (Gaikwad 167-70). Even when he cannot afford a cup of milk for his daughter and has to borrow Rs. 150 for his father's cremation, he is determined to reform the order. He starts the District Pathrut Samaj Sanghatana and carries out the work of the organization with the earnings from his grocery shop and his cycle repair shop. In order to improve his financial condition, Laxman campaigns for Manikrao Sonavane (for the sake of free lunch coupons and Rs. 150). The canvassing acquaints Laxman with political bigwigs because of which he first gets the job of sweeping and cleaning in a school in Latur and later of a peon at the octroi post. Here he observes the anomalies of the Municipality officials who earn by underhand means. He wonders why these officials are not labelled as thieves whereas his community members who steal for two daily meals are branded as thieves. Laxman perceives the money-lenders, merchants, police, political leaders, goldsmiths and mill management as the internal colonizers who have replaced the external colonizer. So he confronts the black marketeers, Marathas, goldsmiths, money-lenders and others who constitute the oppressive order. Through the marches and processions of various unions, Laxman addresses a common wrong (Rancière, Disagreement 55). In order to mobilize the people he also releases a bulletin on the injustices perpetrated against the workers. Since the exploited (nomadic tribes, workers, women) would need a representative to voice their grievances in Delhi, Laxman dreams of contesting election. But as the Bahujan Samaj Party fails to keep its promise and Laxman runs out of funds, he decides to support the Congress candidate if he pays off his debts. Though the Congress candidate pays off Laxman's debts, he fails to fulfill the promises for the welfare of the tribes. Realization dawns upon Laxman that no party has any sympathy for the "poor" and the political arena is only for persons adept in the art of making false promises (Gaikwad 226-31). But the corrupt political order cannot stop Laxman from publicizing the plight of those falsely implicated, like Jayaba, Hirabai Kale, Masanjogi or the Pardhi boys (Gaikwad 192-96, 200-08). When he comes to know about the amassing of wealth by clerks and engineers who sanction tenders, Laxman questions the legitimacy of the means and income of these respectable figures of society whose houses are never searched by the law enforcement agencies (219, 223). Though dejected, Laxman continues to oppose the ruthless structures in a non-violent manner. When the protestors are beaten by the police, Laxman brings out the whole incident in the Daily Godatir Samachar. As he knows that neither the police nor the political leaders could solve the problems of the tribes, Laxman himself warns the S.P. at Usmanabad. This scares the Police-Patil and helps Laxman to win some justice for the vagabonds (192- 96). When Hirabai Kale, who gets Rs. 200 for tubectomy under Family Planning scheme with which she buys jowar, is falsely accused of stealing jowar, Laxman intervenes. Hirabai shows the receipt but is taken into police custody in the absence of female police. Laxman protests to secure the release of Hirabai from prison. He questions the authorities about imprisoning Hirabai with her new born baby (Gaikwad 200). The incident inspires a movement for reform as the nomadic tribes gain confidence to challenge unjust laws. They now know that they cannot be arrested on flimsy grounds. They now also have the courage to defend the arrested Masanjogis (who never steal but eke out a meagre livelihood by begging) (204-08). Laxman's efforts thus inspire the tribesmen to defend themselves in all circumstances. So they also oppose the excesses of the Marathas, black marketeers and the Police-Patil to reform the order. This opposition stops the atrocities on the Uchalyas and other tribes and also brings some improvements in their living conditions. This change makes many Pardhi boys quit stealing and take to a dignified way of living by working in the mill. Babu Rathod, an Uchalya, and others challenge the exploiting landlords; they refuse to pay the Mahadeo Fair Tax (194). Laxman's struggle against the oppressive order brings a change in the perception of not only the landlords, politicians and policemen but also of the excluded, 'branded' people. The community that earns living by clever tactics – like scaring pilgrims to steal their belongings, or singing devotional songs to pick the pockets of the people in the crowd – realizes the need to live with dignity. Laxman's organization and its welfare programmes make them realize the insecurity of the thieving business. Even an expert chain snatcher like Changuna, who makes good money but falls into bad habits, ruins her health and dies young, leaving her small children to fend for themselves. Contrary to this insecure thieving business, Gaikwad seeks respectable means of livelihood for the branded people once they are educated. He believes that education and respectable employment could save the people of his tribe from falling into bad habits, as also from police torture and poverty. He even educates his daughter. Laxman also opposes the custom which considers sons to be assets and mistreats daughters. The participation of Laxman's wife in welfare programmes defies the order in which men thrash their wives and can conveniently abandon them.

While exposing the injustices against the branded community, the novel diverges from a good deal of mainstream writing that often glorifies the lives of the elite. Moreover, the use of an extraordinary range of picturesque words and vocabulary specific to the community provide a vitality to the novel which the mainstream Marathi writing might not have. In Camus's conceptualization, this is a distortion of style which actually constitutes an aesthetic resistance. As it articulates rebellious positions, such style challenges the dominant ways of writing to bring transformations in the order. The "untamed" style of the story makes this work a valuable social document and a powerful literary text (Deshpande 163). Gaikwad maintains an un-selfconscious style moving from childhood to adulthood and from non-political life to a committed involvement in politics (160). This "writing from below" gains universal significance as it exhibits the dialectic of a purely personal experience and the wider social reality. The first person narrative presents an insider's tale as well as a detached outsider's view (164). The graphic imagery of slaves, dogs, cows, hens, wolves and descriptions of the filth and stink of the Uchalyan world "hit the reader by way of both sight and smell" (Dhasal 12). For Laxman, his brother and cattle are the same. It is so because just as "permits" are needed for cattle to be moved to another place or to be sold in the market, the Uchalyas carry "passes" while they move from one place to another (Gaikwad 63, 3). Laxman perceives the branded people as slaves and cattle "tethered to pegs" (231). They are like "tender sapling[s]" plucked and thrown in garbage (201). Their necks are twisted like those of cocks by the police, merchants and money lenders (87). The police descends on them like "a pack of wolves" (62). The branded people are also "pecked at" and tormented like the "young one[s] of another bird left in a hen coop" (17). These images demonstrate Gaikwad's conviction that the wings of these birds [Uchalyas] have been sliced off and they have been confined to the same spot against their wish to fly free (200). Such comparisons evoke pity as well as provoke resistance for the transformation of a brutal order. The work targets the oppressive laws and tries to establish a democracy by arguing against the Varna system, class disparities and corrupt practices. Significantly, The Branded restricts itself to the plight of the Nomadic and Denotified Tribes of Maharashtra. Gaikwad makes no mention of the class of the rich among the untouchables who, on achieving affluence, become like other exploiters. While inscribing a movement of change for the Uchalyas, the writer also fails to give space to the other poor, the small farmers and other losers of industrialization. He also ignores those who, despite being on a higher level, are victimized by the oppressive structures. However, the writer-narrator gives a respectable place to his mother and wife. Both reject the traditional ways of earning money. He makes his wife participate in the welfare activities. She motivates the community members to educate their children for a better future. Even his mother resists the wrong ways of the Uchalyan world and its oppressive structures. Despite all this, Laxman does not always give the women the required space in his narrative. Dhondabai remains a silent "cow" and several other women too, doubly marginalized, put up with the violence inflicted by their husbands. The narrative does not bring any noticeable change in their lives. Similarly, Gaikwad voices the misery of the victims of bigamous marriage (as in case of Salubai, Changuna, Hirabai), but he does not openly advocate equality for women. Like other men of his tribe, Laxman suspects his wife and beats her. It is only when she resists this behaviour, protests and goes to her parents that Laxman realizes his mistakes. However, he paves a path for reforms by not accepting dowry at the time of his marriage.

In his study of The Branded, Dale Luis Menezes simply discusses the pitiable condition of the Uchalyas and the atrocities heaped on them by the upper castes. Freny Manecksha chronicles the pain of the author-narrator for his community. According to Deshpande, the participation of Gaikwad in the electoral process provides political education (167). Such studies basically regard the novel as a social documentary. However, the real importance of Gaikwad's book lies in the comparison that is made implicitly between the traditional wanderings of his parents and brothers (to steal and earn money) and his present wanderings (movements from one place to another in search of equality and justice) (Gaikwad 232). The author-narrator is aware of the double standards of the socio-political structures and realizes that stealing is an undignified means of earning livelihood. He, therefore, seeks to empower his community in diverse ways. The imperative for change is evident: If all Indians are brothers and sisters, why are not my brothers given jobs? Why do we not get land, decent houses? If we are all brothers, why are my brothers forced to resort to thieving in order to feed our people at home? (Gaikwad 62) The methods adopted by Gaikwad to bring improvements in the living condition of his tribesmen follow a non-violent pattern, as suggested by Camus. It also subscribes to Certeau's conceptualization of resistance to the extent that Gaikwad tries to bring changes while remaining a part of the order. He defies caste and patriarchy and challenges the corrupt practices of the dominant order in a peaceful way. Though he demands an equal space for the "branded" people, Gaikwad never really goes against the symbolic order. The narrative resists the dominant culture and the author makes an effort to win a respectable place for the denotified tribes within the given order only. The Branded is a realistic novel which relies upon history and personal testimony. Though the narrative subscribes to dalit aesthetics, it makes no experimentation. No instances of transgression find a place in the narrative, unlike the way they do in Arundhati Roy's The God of Small Things. As we have noted, Roy narrativizes the resistances by means of a number of transgressions. Even her style of writing is transgressive in so far as it exemplifies Rancière concept of resistance as she tries to upset hierarchies at various levels through language itself. Gaikwad's interventions for resistance follow a relatively conservative pattern and aim at making space for the "branded" community within the parameters of the given symbolic order.

लीलाधर मंडलोई

मुक्त ज्ञानकोश विकिपीडिया से

लीलाधर मंडलोई हिन्दी भाषा के लेखक और कवि हैं। मुख्य रूप से इनकी पहचान एक कवि के रूप में है हालाँकि इन्होंने विविध विधाओं में लेखन कार्य किया है।

जीवन

मंडलोई का जन्म 1954 में भारतीय राज्य मध्यप्रदेश के छिंदवाडा जिले के गुढ़ी नामक गाँव में हुआ। मंडलोई ने भारत में बी.ए. बीएड. (अँग्रेज़ी) पत्राकारिता में स्नातक और एम॰ए॰ (हिन्दी) तक शिक्षा ग्रहण की और इसके बाद वे लन्दन चले गये जहाँ से प्रसारण में उच्च-शिक्षा (सी.आर.टी) ग्रहण की।

मंडलोई दूरदर्शन, आकाशवाणी के महानिदेशक सहित कई राष्ट्रीय-अन्तरराष्ट्रीय समितियों के साथ ही प्रसार भारती बोर्ड के सदस्य रह चुके हैं।
कृतियाँ
कविता-संग्रह
घर-घर घूमा,
रात-बिरात,
मगर एक आवाज,
देखा-अदेखा,
ये बदमस्ती तो होगी,
देखा पहली दफा अदेखा,
उपस्थित है समुद्रगद्य साहित्य
अंदमान-निकोबार की लोक कथाएँ,
पहाड़ और परी का सपना,
चाँद का धब्बा,
पेड़ भी चलते हैं,
बुंदेली लोक रागिनी
सम्मान

मध्य प्रदेश साहित्य परिषद के रामविलास शर्मा सम्मान से पुरस्कृत,
वागीश्वरी सम्मान ,
रज़ा सम्मान,
पुश्किन सम्मान और
नागार्जुन सम्मान
Manohar Meher
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Manohar Meher
Born 24 March 1885(On the day of Sri Ram Navami)
Odisha, India
Died 4 December 1969 (aged 84)
Pen name Gana Kabi or Palli Kabi of Western Odisha
Language Odia
Nationality Indian
Citizenship India
Genre Poet
Subject Devotion
Notable works Manohar Padyavali (To be published)

Manohar Meher was an Indian Oriya language poet. He is regarded as Gana-Kavi or Palli-Kavi of Western Odisha in the arena of Oriya literature. Born on the sacred day of SriRama-Navami of 1885 A.D., Poet Manohar died on 4 December 1969. He has written numerous poems related to Indian heritage, patriotism, social reformation, Odia culture and other like matters. His complete works named as Manohar Granthavali is yet to be published.

Some distinguished writers and researchers have written articles on the literary works and life of Manohar Meher:

"Simantara Dipashikha Kavi Manohar Meher" Written by Mahendra Kumar Mishra and Published by Khariar Sahitya Samiti, Khariar, Dist-Nuapada, Orissa, 1996.

"Manohar Padyavali" Written by Poet Manohar Meher and Edited by Harekrishna Meher, 1985.

Several books of the poet have been published by different publishers: Arunodaya Press, Cuttack; Dasharathi Pustakalaya, Cuttack; Bani Bhandar, Brahmapur; Narayan Bharasa Meher, Sinapali, Nuapada;Durga Press, Cuttack; Mahalakshmi Bhandar, Cuttack; Swarajya Press, Brahmapur; Odisha Jagannath Company, Cuttack; Dharma Grantha Store, Cuttack; Lakshmi Pustakalaya, Cuttack; Chandi Pustakalaya, Cuttack; Akhila Press, Bhawanipatna; Sanyasi Pustakalaya, Brahmapur.
Mridula Koshy
Before turning into a writer, Koshy pursued many things, working as a cashier, a sales clerk, a waitress and an advocate. She is the author of “If It Is Sweet”, a collection of short stories, and a novel titled “Not Only The Things That Have Happened”. The book won the Shakti Bhatt First Book Prize (2009) and was shortlisted for the Vodafone Crossword Book Prize (2009).
Mallepally Laxmaiah

Mallepally Laxmaiah - A noted senior Telugu journalist & political analyst.He was born in Madiga(Chamar) caste in Telangana.He worked with ‘Vaartha’ and ‘Andhra Jyothi' newspaper before quitting in 2009 to participate in Telangana Movement and also was one of the creators of HMTV channel (Telugu). He has been an adviser to the Telangana Rashtra Samithi since its inception. He is also the Co-Chairman of the Joint Action Committee on Telangana which is spearheading the non-political movement. He is also Director of Center for Dalit Studies and Special Officer for Buddhavanam project at Nagarjunasagar(Nalgonda).

He worked with Vaartha and Andhra Jyothi newspaper before quitting in 2009 to participate in Telangana movement and also was one of the creators of HMTV television Telugu news channel.

Career

Mallepally Laxmaiah worked with major newspapers. He has been an adviser to the Telangana Rashtra Samithi since its inception. He is also the Co-Chairman of the Joint Action Committee on Telangana which is spearheading the non-political movement. He is coordinator for Center for Dalit Studies
M Swathy Margaret
is an intellectual in her own right. She has submitted a path-breaking dissertation on “Writing Dalit Feminist Discourse Through Translation: Translating Select African American Short Stories into Telugu”. She is now pursuing her PhD at CIEFL, Hyderabad. She is also a research fellow at Anveshi, a Research Centre for Women’s Studies.]

Dalit Feminism
By M. Swathy Margaret


I am a Dalit-middle-class, University educated, Telugu speaking Dalit-Christian-Woman. All these identities have a role in the way I perceive myself and the worlds I inhabit. I, as a Dalit woman, primarily write for Dalit women to uphold our interests. This statement of mine is necessary because if we do not define ourselves for ourselves, we will be defined by others – for their use and to our detriment. This voice is not representative of all Dalit women. However, I know that my voice is important because it is the voice of a socially denigrated category, suppressed and silenced.

My own self-perception and understanding as a Dalit woman, as a point of intersection/an overlap between the categories “Dalit” and “woman”, took shape in the University of Hyderabad when I joined there for my M.A. in English. I fell in love with the sprawling campus instantly. Some familiar-looking young men came to my aid in filling the endless forms and challans, saying they are from the Ambedkar Students’ Union. Hearing Ambedkar’s name I knew I belonged there. However, it did not take much time before I realized they refused to see an equal intellectual comrade in me. Like the majority of men, they acknowledge a dalit woman’s presence as only fit for handing over bouquets to the guest speakers they invite for their meetings. At the most, she can give the vote of thanks. They do not consider her in important decisions or in writing papers. Later I learned that excluding women from their committees was a deliberate policy they followed as they believed women’s presence would cause “problems” and come in the way of serious politics. Women inevitably mean “problems”, their sexuality being an uncontrolled wild beast waiting to pounce upon the unassuming dalit men in the movement. It is assumed that they divert the attention from the larger concerns of the movement.

I was given a nice room in the corner of the wing in the Ladies Hostel. But the only thing was that it was unused for a couple of years in spite of it being the best room in that wing, I was told. I did not ask why. Later I was told it was the room where one Dalit woman Suneetha hung herself to the fan, after continuous sexual exploitation and ultimate rejection by a Reddy man when the question of marriage came up. Some inquired if that fact scared me. The ghost that stared at me was not the thought of a hanging female body but it was my own body which is Dalit and woman and is as vulnerable as Suneetha’s. The stories of Dalit women being used and thrown by upper caste men, told and retold by my mother came back shouting loudly in my ears.

I also saw the urban, fluent-in-English, extremely confident women, who called themselves feminist, who I could hardly talk to. When I did talk to them I was struck by their confidence, their go-get attitude. There were no shared fears, pleasures or problems with them. They do not seem to have a caste to be bothered about.

Amidst such an entirely new atmosphere, there was this pressure to prove yourself, to be a good student, a meritorious student. The task did not seem too daunting in the beginning. Why should it, when there is such a huge library and thousands of books at my disposal?! And I am known for my intelligence! As a student of English literature, I came to see some very touching literature of African American women writers. They provided me with the tools to explain my exclusion within the Ambedkar Students Association, my sense of distance from other feminists who are from upper castes, an eerie sense of alienation I felt in the classrooms and outside. They also gave me strength to remain myself without trying too much to fit in any of these foreign structures. My association with other Dalit feminists on the campus gave me a sense of belonging. Our struggle for representation of women in the Students’ Union Body on rotation basis strengthened our collective self that we were entitled too. All this empowering experience began translating into my paper presentations and term papers, and in my readings of texts in the classroom. There was a corresponding dwindling in my grades. Asserting my position has always been important for me. Hence I have been learning to laugh at them (both my teachers and my grades).

In this issue of Insight on gender and caste, many articles raise the question of alliance-building among various movements, especially between the Dalit movement and the feminist movement. Dalit feminists share a definite sense of identification with many basic articulations raised by both these movements. We have gained a lot from them. While it is important and strategically wise to form coalitions and build solidarity with other marginalized groups, it should be considered only when a movement is armed with a clear understanding of its own historicity based on the experience of oppression and discrimination. It is productive to have in mind the historical dialogue between different marginalized sections of people. Otherwise, there is the danger of Dalit women, their self-definition and their peculiar positioning in the society being rendered invisible. For example, the Dalit ideologues like Katti Padma Rao, Gopal Guru and Gaddar seem to be less sensitive to the internal patriarchy of Dalit communities. They maintain that all women are Dalits. Since the upper caste women are not allowed to enter into their kitchens and are treated as impure during their menstrual periods, they are also untouchables! Here “untouchability” is the ideal framework to fight against caste oppression, claims Gopal Guru. What Guru overlooks is that untouchability is a phenomenon that evokes various notions and images of bodies--bodies that are marked by their caste, gender, class, age, sexual orientation and other identities. And different bodies are ascribed different cultural meanings. Not all bodies possess even identities. Not all Dalit bodies are one, not all female bodies are one. They interact with each other being caught in a complex web of intersecting identities. Dalit men, even those identified with the movement, do not want to see us as intellectuals. “You are a Dalit body, a Dalit female body. Why can’t I possess it. Why can’t I just come near you”. It is threatening. This happens at a very physical level. To prevent this, one of the strategies that I use, is to stay with upper-caste women as Dalit men will not dare do express and behave in the same manner with them. In such a situation who am I closer to? The Dalit men, or the upper-caste women? Neither.

This lack of understanding of this caste-gender dynamics is reflected in the work of some important upper-caste feminists like Volga, Vasantha Kannabhiran, Kalpana Kannabhiran, and Chhaya Datar, who feel that women of all communities and Dalits are both badly discriminated against by the diku system, and therefore all women are Dalits! These intellectuals do not, for a moment, think of Dalits who are also women. In spite of their awareness that women are divided along caste and class lines, they comfortably draw the analogy between “women” and “Dalits”. The social status of upper caste women has never been like that of Dalit men or women. Patriarchy, as it operates within and between different castes is determined by the caste identity of individuals. Politics based on difference should be sensitive not only to the difference that matters to them, which they perceive as important but also to other differences.

The aim of identity politics like that of the feminists and Dalits is to ultimately dissolve the crippling effects of these burdensome identities. Asserting an identity is to lay claim on the universal. This universalistic vision can be realized only with the analytical tools that Dalit feminisms provide with. They aim at actively participating in eradicating all forms of violence, intolerance, hierarchy and discrimination in the society. An effective way of achieving this ideal is to take “difference” seriously and engage with the politics of difference.

Muktabai, a mang woman, in 1855, wrote about the subjugation that the poor mangs and mahars, especially women, suffered at the hands of the upper castes. She points to how the mahars have internalized brahminical values and saw themselves as superior to mangs. Dalit women writers are sensitive to the differential treatment meted out to different subcastes and women within Dalit communities. Muktabai challenges the Brahmins to “try to think about it from your own experience”. We find that, according to her, “experience” has to be the basis of one’s understanding and analysis of the society.

Brutal patriarchy within Dalit communities is one issue which repeatedly appears in Dalit feminist discourses. However, the views of Dalit male intellectuals on the negotiations between caste and gender are interesting. Ilaiah compares patriarchy in Dalits and Hindu patriarchy and declares that the former is more democratic! How can any oppressive structure be democratic at all? He substantiates his argument by stating that certain customs like paadapooja (touching the feet) are not observed in Dalit families. He, of course, notices the fact that there are oppressive practices like wife-battering prevalent in the Dalit families. However, “the beaten up wife has a right to make the attack public by shouting, abusing the husband, and if possible by beating the husband in return”. The Dalit woman shouts back not because of “democratic patriarchy” but because of the socio-economic situation she is trapped in. The Dalit woman, more often than not is dependent on her own labour. She labours outside her home from morning till evening. When she comes home, her husband will be waiting to snatch her hard-earned money which is often the only source to feed the family. If she refuses to give him the money, the husband beats her up. The woman shouts back; in the process of resistance, she might beat him back. This is not because of democratic patriarchy in her family. There are certain debilitating stereotypes of Dalit families in general and Dalit women in particular, which mar a clear understanding of her location in Indian society.

Our self-perception is crucial for building our politics. I appeal to young Dalit women not to get subsumed in the relatively macro-identities of mainstream progressive movements such as the male Dalit movement or the upper-caste feminist movement. It is only by retaining our unique voice within these movements that we can contribute meaningfully to these movements and benefit from them. Giving ourselves a separate space does not mean we want a complete break with these movements.

JAI BHIM

[M Swathy Margaret is an intellectual in her own right. She has submitted a path-breaking dissertation on “Writing Dalit Feminist Discourse Through Translation: Translating Select African American Short Stories into Telugu”. She is now pursuing her PhD at CIEFL, Hyderabad. She is also a research fellow at Anveshi, a Research Centre for Women’s Studies.]
Motiravan Kangali
Motiravan Kangali
Native name
मोतिरावण कंगाली
Born Motiram Kangali
02 February 1949
Died 30 October 2015 (aged 66)
Occupation Writer
Citizenship Indian
Spouse Chandralekha Kangali

Motiravan Kangali or Moti Ravan Kangale (2 February 1949 – 30 October 2015) was an Indian linguist and author from the Gond community. He is known for his work on the origins and development of the Gondi language, and particularly for his creation of a script for it. Kangali authored Gondi dictionaries in EnglishHindi and Marathi. He also aided efforts for the standardization and preservation of Gondi grammar while authoring several books on Gond society, culture and religion.

Motiravan Kangali claimed that the scripts of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro could be read in Gondi language. He also proposed that the Gond people must have been in the Indus Valley.

Early life

Motiravan Kangali was born on 2 February 1949 in a village called Dulara of Ramtek Tehsil in Nagpur district of Maharashtra. His place of birth is located in the forests of Bhander near Devlapar, about 75 km from Nagpur on Nagpur Seoni State Road and he was born in the family of Tirkaji Kangali (grandfather) of a Gond community. His mother's name was Dai Raithaar Kangali and father's name was Dau Chathiram Kangali. Named Motiram at birth, he was the eldest of five siblings, with two brothers and two sisters. As an adult, he changed his first name from Motiram to Motiravan to highlight the Gond tradition which reveres Ravana.

Kangali's early education took place at Karwahi where he studied up to fourth grade. He did his secondary education (5th to 8th) in the Anglo East Secondary School, Bothia Palora, about 18 km from Dulara. He joined HUDS High School in Nagpur and passed the class X examinations in 1968. In 1972, he graduated from Dharampeth College, Nagpur. He subsequently obtained a Masters (M.A) in EconomicsSociology and Linguistics from the Post Graduate Teaching Department Nagpur. He received his Ph.D in 2000 from Aligarh Muslim University. The subject of his dissertation was "The Philosophical Base of Tribal Cultural Values Particularly in Respect of Gond Tribes of Central India".

In 1976, at the age of 27, Kangali was appointed a Notes and Currency Examiner at the Reserve Bank of India's Nagpur Mint. He married Raitad (Kumari) Chandralekha Roop Singh Pusam. You have three daughters named series Kangali, Verunjali Kangali, Vinanti Kangali. The series is an IRS officer and Vinanti is an eye specialist doctor. Both of them have been married. Manjali's daughter Verunjali has also done her M.Phil in Marathi literature and is currently living in Nagpur and working in mother's work.

As a researcher, he worked to revive the Gondi language while studying linguistics and helped make books available to the general public to learn and teach Gondi language.

Revival of the Gond tribal fair

Kangali, along with friends K B Maraskole and Sheetal Markam, visited Kachhargarh in Bhandara districtMaharashtra, having read about the traditional Gond fair or Jatra held there on the occasion of Maagh Purnima. In Gond tradition, the day marks the rescue of the mother goddess, Mata Kali Kankali's children from a cave by the Gond ancestor, Pari Kupar Lingo and his sister Jango Raitad. They discovered that the fair had shrunk in attendance from the past, down to around 500 visitors. They began the work of reviving the significance of the fair among the Gonds until the fair scaled back up to attendance in 1986 by as many as 3-4 lakh tribals from Central India, Maharashtra, Odisha and Andhra Pradesh. Recognized for his efforts, Kangali was appointed head of the apex religious body of the Gonds, the Gondi Punem.

Keshav Banaji Maraskole, who hails from Maharu Tola, had first told Kangali about the location of the supposed cave from which the rescue occurred. Traditionally, local Gond residents would worship at that cave in a ceremony called Gongo. Kangali researched the antecedents of the worship and the cave itself, and discovered references to it in the writings of Robert Vane Russell and C U Wills.

Kangali, Maraskole and Sunher Singh Taram (editor of the Bhopal periodical Gondwana Darshan) attended the fair in 1980. In 1984, two more notable Gond leaders, Bharat Lal Koram and Sheetal Markam (by then, the head of the Gondwana Mukti Sena organisation) joined them and the five made the first trek from the fair to the location of the cave. Over the next few years, Kacchargarh emerged as the primary religious centre of Koitur Gonds and in 1986, Hira Singh Markam also joined the pilgrimage.

Koiturs from many states began joining the jatra. Over 40 years, visitors to the jatra now number in the millions.

Writing career


Motiravan Kangali freed the religious places of Gond Koitur from the occupation of Hindus. The Hindus established their deities in exchange for the Gond ancestors. Dr. Kangali also worked on this subject and by writing many books in the common public, he brought the truth of these Goddess places to everyone. Some of them wrote small books about important goddess places such as Bamleshwari Dai of Dongargarh, Danteshwari Dai of Bastar, Tilaka Dai of Korodigarh and Kankali Dai of Chandagarh. There is a great need to further their work in the field of Gondi philosophy culture. If this work is not done quickly, the cultural awakening in Gondwana will soon go into a dormancy.

In order to establish and promote Gondi philosophy and religion (Koya Punem), he envisaged the Bhumka (Purohit) federation and began its propaganda, which was later handed over to Tirumal Ravan Shah Invati and got himself busy writing. Today the Bhumka Mahasangh is active in establishing and promoting Koya Punem by training its roles in other states including MaharashtraChhattisgarhUttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.

Kangali's book Gondi Punamdarshan was a chronicle of the cultural history of Gondwana (the land of the Gonds).[5] His wife Chandralekha Kangali, a sociologist and scholar in her own right, collaborated with him on this and other works of his. He did many things in the field of Gondi language and also gave his full support and cooperation in getting Gondi recognized at the national level. But look at the misfortune that such an ancient language, which is in crores of speakers, which has its own beautiful grammar and script, is being ignored by the Government of India and even after so many struggles and movements, Gondi language is not found in the eighth schedule of India Is getting.

Kangali's Pari Kupar Lingo Gondi Darshan was an outcome of his research on Gond Punem, a philosophical framework created by Pari Kupar Lingo. The book also provides a narrative of the conflict between indigenous residents and the Aryans.

Kangali had also researched possible links between Dravidian languages and the as-yet undeciphered Indus script. When Kangali inspected 22 painted characters discovered in the mid-1990s in Hampi, he interpreted five of them as similar to Gondi characters.

Motiravan Kangali was very concerned about the Gondi language. He used to say that no language can be landed inside any culture and if a culture is to be destroyed then destroy its language. This is what is happening with the Gondi language in this country. If the Gondi language does not exist then the imagination of Gond, Gondwana will become meaningless and the ancient glorious culture and the people who celebrate it will also become extinct one day. This is a concern that governments must understand and make efforts to save and groom Gondi language culture.

Death

Kangali died on 30 October 2015.
Bibliography

Non-fiction
Decipherment of the Indus script in Gondi(2002)

Novels
Gondo Ka Mul Nivas Sthal Parichay (2011, first published as Gond Vasiyon Ka Mul Niwas Sthal 1983. Nagpur: Tirumay Chitralekha Kangali Publications)
Gondvana Ka Sanskrutik Itihas (2018)
Gondi Vyakaran Tatha Bhasha Rachana Gondi Kalkiyan Unde Lambej Chavali (2018)

Small Book
Bamleshwari Dai of Dongargarh
Danteshwari Dai of Bastar
Tilaka Dai of Korodigarh
Kankali Dai of Chandagarh
Kangali, Motiravan (1986), Paari Kupaar Lingo: Gondi Punem Darshan, (Nagpur: Tirumay Chitralekha Kangali Publications).
Mohitlal Majumdar
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Mohitlal Majumdar
Mohitlal Majumdar
Born 26 October 1888
Died 26 July 1952 (aged 63)
Occupation AuthorCriticsProfessor
Nationality Indian
Notable works Bishorini

Mohitlal Majumdar (Bengali: মোহিতলাল মজুমদার; 26 October 1888 – 26 July 1952) was a renowned Indian poet and essayist in the Bengali-language. He began his journey as a poet, but later became literary critic.

Life

Majumder was born in a Baidya family on 26 October 1888 in the village of Kanchrapara in Nadia districtIndia at his maternal uncle's house(Kanchrapara is now in North 24 Parganas district). His native village was Balagarh in Hooghly District of present-day West Bengal. He graduated in arts in 1908 from Ripon College (now Surendranath College), Kolkata. He began his career as a teacher at Calcutta High School in 1908 and continued in this profession until 1928. He also worked briefly as a kanungo (1914-1917) in the Settlement Department. He joined University of Dhaka, now in Bangladesh as a lecturer in the Bengali and Sanskrit Department in 1928 and retired from there in 1944. His present house is in a state of ruin at Chongarbon.

Writing career

Mohitlal Majumder made his literary debut through the journal "Manasi" Later, he contributed regularly to journals such as the Bharati and Shanibarer Chithi. His early poems, written in pleasing rhythms, reflect the aspirations and sorrows of a dreaming youth. Acquainted with Arabic and Persian, he used Arabic and Persian words in his poems. In pre-Nazrul era, he was the user of Arabic and Persian words. His poems are inspired by both aestheticism and spiritualism.

Mohitlal early poems reveal the influence of Rabindranath Tagore, but later, as a member of the Shanibarer Chithi group, he distanced himself from the older poet.

As a literary critic, Mohitlal attempted to set standards and reveal the problems of art and literature. His psychological and poet-like approach greatly elevated the status of criticism. In writing critiques he used a number of pseudonyms such as Krittivas Ojha, Sabyasachi and Sri Satyasundar Das.

Swapan Pasari (1921), Smargaral (1936), Adhunik Bangla Sahitya (1936), Bangla Kavitar Chhanda (1945), Kavi Shri Madhusudan (1947), Sahitya Bichar (1947), Bangla O Bangali (1951), and Kavi Rabindra O Rabindrakavya (1st Vol. 1952, 2nd Vol. 1953).

Poetry
Swapan Pasari [pushpo jibon] (1921)
Bishorini
Smar Garal (1936)
Hemanta Godhuli
Robi pradakshin
Milanotkantha

Essays
Adhunik Bangla Sahitya (1936)
Kobi Sri Madhusudan (1947)
Sahitya Bichar (1947)
Sahitya katha (1938)
Bichitra katha (1941)
Madara Chennaiah

One of the first Dalit writers was Madara Chennaiah, an 11th-century cobbler-saint who lived in the reign of Western Chalukyas and who is also regarded by some scholars as the "father of Vachana poetry".


Another poet who finds mention is Dohara Kakkaiah, a Dalit by birth, six of whose confessional poems survive.
In the 20th century, the term "Dalit literature" came into use in 1958, when the first conference of Maharashtra Dalit Sahitya Sangha (Maharashtra Dalit Literature Society) was held at Mumbai, a movement driven by thinkers like Jyotiba Phule and Bhimrao Ambedkar.

Mamang Dai
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Mamang Dai
Born 23 February 1957)
Pasighat, East Siang district, Arunachal Pradesh
Occupation Poet, Novelist, Journalist
Language
Adi
English
Nationality Indian
Notable works

The Sky Queen
Stupid Cupid
Mountain Harvest: The Food of Arunachal Pradesh
River Poems
Notable awards

Padma Shri (2011)
Sahitya Akademi Award (2017)

Mamang Dai is an Indian poet, novelist and journalist based in Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh. She received Sahitya Akademi Awardin 2017 for her novel The Black Hill.

Life

Mamang Dai was born on 23 February 1957 at Pasighat, East Siang district, to Matin Dai and Odi Dai. Her family belongs to the Adi tribe. She completed her schooling from Pine Mount School, Shillong, Meghalaya. She completed her Bachelor of Arts in English literature from Gauhati University, Assam.

She was selected for the IAS in 1979, but later she left the post to pursue her career in journalism. She is the first woman from her state to be selected for IAS. While working as a journalist, she contributed to The TelegraphHindustan Times and The Sentinel. She has also worked with in radio, as well as TV-AIR and DDK, Itanagar. Where she worked as an anchor and conducted interviews.

She was appointed as programme officer at World Wide Fund for Nature, known as WWF, where she worked in the Eastern Himalayas Biodiversity Hotspots programme. She is formar secretary of Itanagar Press Club. Currently she is the president of Arunachal Pradesh Union of Working Journalists (APUW). In 2011 she was appointed as a member of Arunachal Pradesh state public service commission.

Works

Her non-fictional works includes Arunachal Pradesh: The Hidden Land (2003) and Mountain Harvest: The Food of Arunachal (2004). The Sky Queen and Once Upon a Moontime (2003) are illustrated folklore texts by her. She published her first novel, The Legends of Pensam, in 2006, which was followed by Stupid Cupid (2008) and The Black Hill (2014). River Poems(2004), The Balm of Time (2008) Hambreelsai's Loom (2014), Midsummer Survival Lyrics(2014) are her poetry collection. The balm of time was also published in Assamese as El Balsamo Del YTiempo.

When she began writing, she wrote romantic verse and stories. She then moved from the theme of the self to focus on a larger reality. She reflects upon the sense of a close knit community living in remoter towns and villages.

Some of the positions that she has occupied comprise General Secretary of the Arunachal Pradesh Literary Society, member of the North East Writers’ Forum and General Council member of the Sahitya and Sangeet Natak Akademi.

Awards

She received Padma Shri in 2011 from the Government of India. The government of Arunachal Pradesh conferred her Annual Verrier Elwin Prize in 2013 for her book Arunachal Pradesh: The Hidden Land . She received Sahitya Akademi Award in 2017 for her novel The Black Hill.
Mayadhar Swain

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Mayadhar Swain
Born 8 February 1956
Baselihata of CuttackOdishaIndia
Occupation Professor and Director,School of Electrical Engineering,KIIT University,Bhubaneswar
Notable works Popular Science Writer
Notable awards Odisha Bigyan Academy

Mayadhar Swain is an Odia writer from Odisha, India.

Early life and education

Mayadhar Swain was born on 8 February 1956 in the village Baselihata of Cuttack district in the state of Odisha, India. He passed matriculation from a rural school, Banshidhar Bidyapith at Kanpur in 1972 with National first class and secured 6th rank in entire Odisha. He passed I.Sc. from Revenshaw College, Cuttack in 1st Division in 1974. He got B.Sc. in Electrical Engineering UCE Burla in 1979 with distinction of 1st class 1st in Sambalpur University. Then he successfully completed M.E. in Water Resources Development from prestigious I.I.T., Roorkee with 1st class Hons with Distinction in 1989. He is married to Mrs. Abanti Swain who has been a catalyst in his several academic and research pursuits .

Profession

Mayadhar started his career in National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC),New Delhi from 1979 to 1982 and later in Talcher Thermal Power Station (TTPS) from 1982 to 1988 as Assistant Engineer. Then he joined the upper Kolab hydro power plant under the Odisha Hydro Power Corporation and as Assistant Manager and was promoted to Deputy Manager from 1989 to 2000. Later, he quit and joined MECON Limited, Ranchi where he held the post of Deputy General Manager. He has vast expertise in power plant technology. He has published more than 50 papers in various journals & presented in seminars mainly on Power System. He is one of the widely and nationally acclaimed Electrical engineers of India. After his superannuation from MECON,a GOI undertaking, he works as Professor and Director, heading the School of Electrical Engineering in KITT University, Bhubaneswar.

Literary activities

Mayadhar Swain is a freelance science writer of Odisha. He has written articles extensively on science, engineering and mathematics in newspapers, journals and magazines of the State for over three decades. He has written about seven hundred articles on popular science. He is a member of the Editorial Board of the periodical, Science Horizon, published by Odisha Bigyan Academy. Several of his talks on science and engineering have been organised on both Doordarshan and All India Radio. He has authored 50 books on popular science for the general public from different walks of life, students and children. He writes in vernacular Oriya language for Oriya-speaking people. He was conferred Life Time Achievement Award for popularization of science by All India People's Science Network (AIPSN), Bharat Gyan Vigyan Samti (BGVS) and National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) collectively on the occasion of 16th All India People'S Science Congress, held at NISER Bhubaneswar during Feb 2018,published in leading Odia daily,Dharitri, dated 13th Feb,2018.

Books written

Bidyut Shakti Utpadan
Bigyan O Prajukti Bidya
Prachina Bharatara Baigyanika
Adhunik Bharatara Baigyanika
Dhumaketu
Adhunika Pruthibira Ascharya
Mahakash Bigyan Quiz
Bermuda Tribhuja
Rocket O Kshepanastra
Charles Darwin
Thomas Edison
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
Sankhya Bibidha
Bharatar Ganitangna
Bishista Vidyut Bigyani
Aryabhatta"
Prachin Bhartiya Ganit
Mahakash Abhijan Kahani
Paramanu
Chumbak
APJ Abdul Kalam
Visveswaraya
Satyendranath Bose
Galileo
Gapare Gapare Ganit
Aloukik Sankhya Pie
Nikola Tesla
Michael Faradey
Mangal Graha Abhijan
Balaya Graha Shani
Graharaj Brihaspati
Mahakash Bigyan Katha
Baniar Thakami Dhara padila
Udbhaban 0 Abiskar Kahani
Marie Curie
Homi Jahangir Bhaba

Awards

Pranakrushna Parija Award of Odisha Bigyan Academy for popularization of science (2008).
Honoured by Bigyan Prachar Samiti, Cuttack for popularization of science (1999, 2008, 2013)
Rajadhani Book Fair Award ( 2012)
Bhubaneswar Book Fair Award (2013)
Life Time Achievement Award for popularization of science collectively by AIPSN, BGVS and NISER in 16th All India People'S Science Congress,Feb 2018
Pranakrushna Parija Bigyan Samman by Utkal Sahitya Samaj,Cuttack,Odisha on 6th June2018

Membership
Fellow of Institution of Engineers.
Member, Utkal Sahitya Samaj
Member, Bigyan Prachar Samiti, Cuttack
Chief editor of Bigyan Jagat (monthly Odia science magazine), Salipur, Cuttack
Member of Editorial Board of Science Horizon, published by Odisha Bigyan Academy
Member,Orissa Environmental Society
Mimi Mondal
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Mimi Mondal
Born
Monidipa Mondal

Kolkata, India
Citizenship Indian
Education

Jadavpur University
University of Stirling
Clarion West Writers Workshop
Rutgers University

Monidipa "Mimi" Mondal (Bengali: মিমি মন্ডল) is an Indian speculative fiction writer based in New York. She writes in many genres, including science fiction. Mondal is the co-editor of Luminescent Threads: Connections to Octavia E. Butler, an anthology of letters and essays, which received a Locus Award in 2018. It has been nominated for a 2018 Hugo Award, and the William Atheling Jr. Award. Mondal is the first writer from India to have been nominated for the Hugo Award.

Mondal worked as an editor at Penguin India between 2012 and 2013, and as the poetry and reprint editor of Uncanny Magazine between 2017 and 2018. Her work has appeared in such venues as Tor.com, Uncanny Magazine, Fireside Magazine, The Book Smugglers, Daily Science Fiction, Kindle Magazine, Muse India, Podcastle, and Scroll. Mondal is also a history and publishing scholar with a special interest in South Asian speculative fiction, and wrote a two-part history of South Asian speculative fiction for Tor.com in 2018.

Biography

Mondal was born and raised in Kolkata, where her father worked as a West Bengal Civil Services (WBCS) officer and her mother worked at the State Bank of India. Mondal was given the nickname "Mimi" at birth, "like Bengali children usually are," she says in a roundtable interview. From 2015 onwards she has primarily published as "Mimi Mondal" rather than "Monidipa Mondal".

Mondal states in an online essay that her two first languages were Bengali and English. She later learned Hindi, Old English, and small amounts of several other languages.

Education

Mondal attended Nava Nalanda High School, Calcutta International School, and Jadavpur University, receiving a B.A. in English in 2010 and an M.A. in English in 2012. She received the 2013 Commonwealth Shared Scholarship in Publishing Studies and attended the University of Stirling, Scotland, from which she received a Master of Letters (MLitt) in Publishing Studies in 2015.

In 2015, Mondal attended the Clarion West Writers Workshop in Seattle, USA, where she was the Octavia E. Butler Memorial Scholar. In 2017, she completed her MFA in Creative Writing from Rutgers University.

"I feel like many of us are writing the stories we’d like to see! I would really like to see regional mythology, folklore from India being used in stories.... I would also like to see more traditional performances, and actually uncensored historical research reflected in stories, because so much of Indian history that we know is curated to match the idea of post-British nationali

Luminescent Threads

Luminescent Threads: Connections to Octavia E. Butler (Twelfth Planet Press, August 2017; ISBN 978-1-922101-42-6) is a collection of works by more than 40 writers, issued in honor of the 70th anniversary of Octavia E. Butler's birth. It is Mondal's first book-length work. The anthology was co-edited by Mondal and Alexandra Pierce. It consists of memoirs written as if addressed to Butler personally, mixed with more scholarly essays. The title is derived from Butler's novel Patternmaster.

Luminescent Threads was nominated for the 2018 Hugo Award in the category of Best Related Work, and received the Locus Award for Best Non-fiction on 22 June 2018. It is currently nominated for a British Fantasy Award. It was also nominated for a 2018 William J. Atheling Award for Criticism or Review, an Australian Science Fiction Award, being eligible for its Australian editor Pierce and Australian publisher Twelfth Planet Press.

M. M. Kalburgi
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

M. M. Kalburgi
Born : 28 November 1938

Yaragal B.K., Sindagi, Vijayapur, Karnataka State
Died : 30 August 2015 (aged 76)

Dharwad, Karnataka, India

Academic background : Alma mater Karnatak University
Academic work : Main interests Vachana sahitya
Notable works Kavirajamarga Parisarada Kannada Sahitya, Maarga (in 6 volumes)

Malleshappa Madivalappa Kalburgi (28 November 1938 – 30 August 2015) was an Indian scholar of Vachana sahitya (Vachana literature) and academic who served as the vice-chancellor of Kannada University in Hampi. A noted epigraphist of Kannada, he was awarded the National Sahitya Akademi Award in 2006 for Marga 4, a collection of his research articles.

Kalburgi was a progressive voice among Lingayat, a religious group dominating Karnataka state politics. Kalburgi's life work has been to provide insights and raise new perspectives into the Lingayat history and community, which have many times led to controversy and opposition from other members of the powerful Lingayat community that he was member of. He came under criticism from his lingayat community of Karnataka, after he was accused of making "derogatory references" to Basava, a 12th-century philosopher who is revered by the community, Basava's wife and sister, in his Marga 1, a work on Kannada folklore, religion and culture.

In 2014, he had spoken against superstitions in Hinduism, which some people misinterpreted as being against idolatry in Hinduism. Following which a case was registered on the basis of a private complaint by an individual against Kalburgi for hurting religious sentiments.

Kalburgi was shot dead in the morning of 30 August 2015 at his residence in Dharwad district of Karnataka by two unidentified men.

Early life and education

M. M. Kalburgi was born on 28 November 1938 in Yaragal village of the erstwhile Bombay Presidency (now in Sindagi taluk of Bijapur district, Karnataka) of British India. His parents Madivalappa and Gowramma were farmers. He received his primary education from government schools in Yaragal and Sindagi, and high school education from a school in Bijapur. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree from a college in Bijapur after which he acquired a post-graduate degree in Kannada language from Karnatak University, Dharwad, in 1962, with a gold medal.

Career

After completing his M. A. in Kannada as a gold medalist, Kalburgi joined Karnatak University as a Kannada lecturer for post-graduate students. In 1966, he was promoted to Professor in the Kannada Department. In 1982, he became the Head of the Department. He then became the chairperson of the Basaveshwara Peetha. He received a PhD in Kannada for his thesis titled "Kavirājamārgada Parisaradalli Kannaḍa Sāhitya" (Kannada literature in the environs of Kavirajamarga).

Kalburgi was a noted Kannada epigraphist and a renowned scholar of the Vachana sahitya. He was the editor of the comprehensive volumes of Vachana literature and involved in translating them into 22 languages.

Kalburgi authored 103 books and over 400 articles. He is well known for his Marga series of books. Although Marga 1 faced some controversies, Marga 4 earned him the Karnataka Sahitya Academy Award, and the national Sahitya Academi Award in 2006.

In his later years, he served as the vice-chancellor of the Kannada University, Hampi, before retiring from service. As the vice-chancellor of the Kannada University, Kalburgi started several research projects including the one recording the history of kaifiyats, Adil Shahi literature, ancient poets, and lesser known royal families. His research also focused on the 12th century Sharana movement. For his research on manuscripts, he went to London, Cambridge and Oxford universities.

Kalburgi was the chief editor of Samagra Vachana Samputa which was published by the Government of Karnataka. He had also worked as chairman of the Da Ra Bendre National Memorial Trust and member of the Kannada Sahitya Academy's advisory board.

Controversies

The Marga 1 controversy

In 1989, Kalburgi was forced by the Lingayat temple-chiefs to recant the allegedly derogatory references to the founder of Lingayat Religion, Basava, his wife and sister. The controversy was about two articles in his book Marga 1. In the first, Kalburgi examined several vachanas (poems) written by Basaveshwara's second wife Neelambike and concluded that her relationship with her husband may have been only platonic. In the other article, he pointed out the obfuscation by historians of the birth of Channabasava, another Lingayath poet. Kalburgi, relying on historical records, argued that Channabasava could be the product of Basava's sister Nagalambike's marriage to Dohara Kakkaya, the cobbler-poet. After recanting his views Kalburgi had said, "I did it to save the lives of my family. But I also committed intellectual suicide on that day."

Idol worship controversy

In June 2014, addressing a seminar on Anti-superstition Bill in Bangalore, Kalburgi cited U. R. Ananthamurthy's 1996 book Bethale Puje Yake Kuradu, ("Why nude-worship is wrong") in which the writer narrated his childhood experience of urinating on idols as an experiment to see whether there would be divine retribution. This led to protests from the right-wing groups, Vishva Hindu Parishad, Bajrang Dal and Sri Ram Sena against both the writers.

Assassination

Having faced death threats previously, Kalburgi had demanded security from the ruling Indian National Congress government of Karnataka, but had not been provided with it initially. On having had "special protection" for a few days, he requested the police to have them removed in August 2015. On the morning of 20 August 2013 another activist for scientific understanding, Narendra Dabholkar, was gunned down by shots to the head and chest fired at point blank range by two men who immediately escaped on a motorcycle.

On 30 August 2015, two men on a motorcycle came to the residence of Kalburgi in the Kalyan Nagar locality of Dharwad and knocked on his door. Kalburgi's wife Umadevi answered the door to the two men, who posed as students of Kalburgi. She went inside to fetch coffee for them, but at 8:40 a.m. IST, one of the men fired two rounds at point blank range, striking Kalburgi's chest and forehead, while the other waited outside keeping the motorcycle running. Immediately following the shooting the assassins fled the scene on the motorcycle. An ambulance was called and attempts were made to resuscitate Kalburgi. He was first taken to a private hospital and then to the District Civil Hospital of Dharwad, where the doctors declared that he had died en route. His body was cremated in Dharwad on 31 August.

Reactions

Kalburgi's assassination was condemned by many political leaders and social activists. The Karnataka Chief Minister Siddaramaiah reacted to the murder calling Kalburgi "progressive thinker" and said that the government had treated the incident "very seriously", and that culprits would be traced soon and "strictest punishment" would be meted out in accordance to law. Protests by a group of writers following the murder took place in Bangalore, led by playwright Girish Karnad. Protests led by pro-Kannada organizations, students and activists took place in other parts of Karnataka subsequently. Also, as a mark of protest, noted writers Uday Prakash and Chandrashekhar Patil decided to return their Sahitya Akademi Award and Pampa Awards. In October 2015, writer Nayantara Sahgal also returned Sahitya Akademi Award citing his murder among other incidents with people being "killed for not agreeing with the ruling [party's] ideology." Shashi Deshpande, K. Satchidanandan, P.K. Parakkadvu, and Aravind Malagatti resigned from the Akademi office. A number of Kannada writers also returned their Karnataka Sahitya Akademy Awards in October 2015. About forty national Akademi awardees returned their awards, upon which the Akademi requested the recipients to keep their awards.


Kalburgi, was a progressive voice among Lingayat, a caste group dominating Karnataka state politics. Kalburgi's life work has been to provide insights and raise new perspectives into the Lingayat history and community, which have many times lead to controversy and opposition from other members of the powerful Lingayat community that he was member of. K. M. Marulsidappa states "Kalburgi’s murder is less likely to implicate conventional Hindutva groups, and more likely to involve the fine rivalries and high political stakes within Lingayat caste politics." Writer H.S Anupama says "His research work on the Lingayat community, the Vachanas and the Shaiva-Vaishnava clash had created ideological enemies to him within the community."


Investigation


Investigations began on 30 August, the day of the murder. A special team of five inspectors, headed by an Assistant commissioner, was formed by the Hubli–Dharwad Police. Initial investigations revealed that there were no eyewitnesses to the incident. A CCTV footage retrieved from the area found "two youths aged between 24 and 28, wearing black clothes and riding a motorcycle". The police retrieved two empty cartridges from the crime scene and said an improvised firearm with 7.65 mm caliber bullets was used in the murder. Having not found any leads, the police, on 31 August, decided to hand over the case to Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI). However, till the time the formalities would be completed, the police said that investigations would be carried out by Crime Investigation Department (CID). The investigations stretched to include a property dispute within Kalburgi's close family circle which had been successfully settled after he had intervened. On 2 September, Karnataka Police released sketches of the two suspects to the press, based on accounts by Umadevi, Kalburgi's wife, and "another person who had a glimpse of them." The sketches as published in The Hindu reveal the two faces with an almost photographic clarity.

Works

Kalburgi is the author of over 20 publications, including:
Kavirajamarga Parisarada Kannada Sahitya
Marga (in 6 volumes)
Neeru Neeradisittu
Sarangarshi
Kettitthu Kalyan
Republic of Reason: Words They Could Not Kill – Selected Writings of Dabholkar, Pansare and Kalburgi. (2015), Sahmat

Awards

Karnataka Sahitya Academy Award (2006) for Marga 4
Kendra (Central) Sahitya Akademi Award
Janapad Award
Yakshagana Award
Pampa Award
Nrupatunga Award
Ranna Award
Basava Puraskara (2013)
Nadoja Award
मुक्ता सर्वगोड


Mukta Sarvegod is a dalit writer. Mukta Sarvagod in her autobiography Closed Doors delineate her experiences in exploring the nature of the dalit community. She worked at Baba Amte's ashram in Anandvan. She was conscious about the ramification of the inequality on the basis of caste. She believed that social work nurtures aspirations for leadership in the community. Her political struggle was influenced by Mahatma Jotirao Phule and Ambedkar. She was also influenced by the charitable activities of Baba Amte. She narrates the hardships of the Mahar women through the description of her family. Her experiences in the school abound with caste-based discriminations. Students from the dalit communitv had to bear different forms J of cruel punishments. The talent and skill of dalit children were not recognised by the teachers. The inhuman nature of such teachers had a negative impact on the minds of the dalit students. She describes the bonded labour of the Dalits in the homes of the feudal lords. Dalits used to work without rest for the dominant castes because the labour is imposed through the caste system. She explains the system of Devdasis and transvestites among the Dalits which is sanctioned in the name of the caste. The Mahar women were forced to. take up the occupation of village men. Those who were not willing to do such labour of indignity were excommunicated from the village. The women and men from the pottery community were not paid because of the Balutedari system. The women of Mahar and Mang castes were involved in different types of stigmatized labour with no proper payment. Her experience related to the caste-based labour and marginalization of dalits reinforced her belief in the Ambedkarite ideology. Ambedkar advised dalits to leave the 76 villages and migrate to the urban centres. Mukta Sarvagod also realized that a rural area was a site that breeds caste-based labour. She also narrates the popularity of Ambedkar' s newspaper Bahishkrut Bharath among the dalit proletarians. She described the involvement of dalits in caste-based occupations even after their conversion to Christianity. But, it changed the conditions of such dalits in case of food and residence. Her critique of the independence of India created a sensation in the circles of social workers. She argued that independence is achieved only because of the transitions in the world economy and it could not bring any change in the lives of the poor sections. She also emphasized that the atrocities against women have not stopped even after the attainment of independence.

Her critique reveals the marginalization and exploitation of dalit women after the emergence of the nation-state. She also supported Bhaurao Patil' s activities to provide education to the vulnerable sections. She also criticized and transformed the hierarchy of the Mahila mandals that were controlled by dalit males. She also explains how Mahila Mandals of Dalit women were fragmented on the basis of parochialism. Simultaneously, she explains the literacy mission that was part of the Mahila Mandai. Through their classes, they emphasised the need for the education of dalit children, health, small pox vaccination and reading habits. They also created consciousness among learners about Ambedkar' s ideology. She organised training courses for school teachers and young girls, which had modules on physical education, issues of sex workers, problems of working class, agrarian conditions and eradication of untouchability. She considered this training a prelude to the success of the five years plan.

मुक्ता साल्वे : मुक्ता बाई

(05.09.1843--??)
बहुजनों के कष्ट के बारे में लिखने वाली प्रथम अछूत छात्रा


ज्योतिबा फुले दंपति ने जब लड़कियों के लिए स्कूल शुरू किया, तब उनके स्कुल में कोई भी मातापिता अपनी लडकियां भेजने के लिए तैयार नही था! तब भारत के प्रथम, क्रांतिशिक्षक लहुजी सालवे ने अपनी भतीजी "मुक्ता सालवे “को सर्वप्रथम फुले दंपति के स्कुल में दाखिल कराया।


मुक्ता सालवे महाराष्ट्र की "मातंग" (अछूतों की एक जाती) जाती से थी, यह क्रांतिज्योती सावित्रीबाई फुले (सन 1848) की अछूत समाज से आनेवाली पहली शिष्या है। तीसरी कक्षा की मुक्ता ने एक निबंध स्पर्धा में हिस्सा लिया था। सत्यशोधक समाज आंदोलन के संस्कार में पढ़कर अपना आत्मभान-सम्मान जागृत होकर मुक्ता ने "अपना धर्म" निबंध लिखा। यह लेख 3000 लोगों के सामने पढ़ा गया था। यह लेख इतना क्रांतिकारी था कि इसमें ब्राह्मणों को चुनौती थी। मुक्ता सालवे का सवाल था "अगर ॿाम्हण वेद नहीं पढ़ने देते तो हमारा धर्म कौन-सा है?" इस निबंध ने ब्राह्मणों की नींदें उड़ा दी थी। 1853 में एक 10 वर्षीय अछूत लड़की ने शुद्रातिशूद्रों को गुलाम बनाने वाला हिंदू धर्म मुट्ठी भर लोगों का धर्म शासन, सामाजिक असमानता, महिलाओं के कष्ट के विरुद्ध आवाज उठाई। धर्म, संस्कृति, रूढ़ि-परंपरा के नाम पर मूलनिवासियों के साथ होने वाले अत्याचार-हिंसा का मुक्ता ने निबंध में विरोध किया। वह अपने निबंध में शुद्रातिशूद्रों को शिक्षित होने का आवाहन करती है।
यह निबंध आगे ज्ञानोदय अखबार में 17 फरवरी 1853 में प्रकाशित हुआ। आज भी देश भर में आंदोलन के वर्णन में इस निबंध का उल्लेख होता है।

साभार
मूलनिवासी दिनदर्शिका (कैलेंडर) 2017
डी के खापर्डे मेमोरियल ट्रस्ट (पब्लिकेशन डिवीजन)

मुक्ता साल्वे का निबंध-"अपना धर्म"

मैं यह महसूस करके विनम्र हूँ कि भगवान ने मेरे जैसी एक अस्पृश्य (जिसे जानवर से भी कम माना जाता है) लड़की के दिल को मेरे लोगों (महार और मांग) के दर्द और दुखों से भर दिया है। मैं इस निबंध को प्राप्त हुए ज्ञान की ताकत से लिखने की हिम्मत करती हूँ। सृष्टिकर्ता ने मांग, महार और ब्राह्मणों को भी बनाया है और वह एक है, जो मुझे लिखने के लिए ज्ञान से भर रहा है। वह मेरे काम को एक फलदायी परिणाम के साथ आशीष देगा।


यदि वेद केवल ब्राह्मणों के लिए हैं, तो वे स्पष्ट रूप से हमारे लिए नहीं हैं अर्थात हमारे पास किताब नहीं है। हम बिना किसी धर्म के हैं। यदि वेद केवल ब्राह्मणों के लिए हैं, तो हम वेदों के अनुसार कार्य करने के लिए बाध्य नहीं हैं।
मुसलमान अपने कुरान के अनुसार जीवन जीते हैं, अंग्रेज बाइबल का पालन करते हैं और ब्राह्मणों का अपना वेद है। उनके पास अपना अच्छा या बुरा धर्म है। ब्राह्मण हमारे धर्महीन होने से कुछ हद तक खुश हैं। ओह, भगवान, कृपया हमें बताएं, हमारा धर्म क्या है? या आपका सच्चा धर्म क्या है कि जिसके अनुसार हम अपनी ज़िंदगी जी सकते हैं। वह धर्म, जहाँ केवल एक व्यक्ति को विशेषाधिकार प्राप्त हो, ऐसे किसी भेदभावपूर्ण धर्म का दावा करने के लिए कभी भी हमारे मन में प्रवेश न करें।


इन लोगों ने हम गरीब अछूतो को, हमारी जमीन से हमें दूर किया, अपनी बड़ी इमारतों का निर्माण करने के लिए। वे मांग और महारों को लाल रंग के साथ मिश्रित तेल पीने को मजबूर करते हैं और हमारे लोगों को अपनी इमारतों की नींव में दफन कर देते हैं, जिससे हमारे गरीब लोगों की पीढ़ी के बाद पीढ़ी समाप्त हो जाती है। उन्होंने हमें बाजीराव पेशवा के शासन के दौरान गधों से भी कम माना। आप एक लंगडे गधे को पीट देते हैं, तो उसका मालिक बदला लेता है। लेकिन महारों और मांगों पर अत्याचारों को रोकने के लिए वहां कौन था? बाजीराव के शासन के तहत, यदि किसी भी मांग या महार एक व्यायामशाला के सामने से गुज़रा, तो वे उसके सिर को काटकर, मैदान पर अपनी तलवार को बल्ले के रूप में और उसके सिर को गेंद के रूप में प्रयोग करके खेलते थे। जब हमें उनके दरवाजे से गुज़रने के लिए दंडित किया गया, शिक्षा पाने का सवाल कहाँ था।


अछूत के लेबल से हमें बहुत दुख होता है? कोई भी हमें रोजगार नहीं देता क्योंकि हम अस्पृश्य हैं। कोई नौकरी नहीं, का मतलब है धनहीनता। हमें गरीबी को सहन करना पड़ता है। हे पंडितों! अपने स्वार्थी पुजारिनपन और अपने खोखले ज्ञान की बकबक को रोककर सुनो, जो मैं कहता हूँ। जब हमारी महिलाएं शिशुओं को जन्म देती हैं, तो उनके सिर पर छत भी नहीं होती। वे बारिश और ठंड में कैसे पीड़ित हैं! कृपया इसे अपने अनुभव से समझने की कोशिश करें अगर उन्हें जन्म देकर कुछ बीमारी हो जाती है, तो उन्हें चिकित्सक या दवाइयों के लिए पैसा कहां मिलेगा? क्या आपके बीच में कोई डॉक्टर है जो ऐसे लोगों का मुफ्त में ईलाज करे।


मांग और महार बच्चे कभी भी शिकायत दर्ज करने की हिम्मत नहीं करते, भले ही ब्राह्मण बच्चों ने पत्थर फेंक दिया और उन्हें गंभीर रूप से घायल कर दिया। वे चुपचाप पीड़ित हैं क्योंकि उन्हें पता है कि उन्हें बचे हुए भोजन के लिए भीख मांगना है। अफसोस! हे भगवान! यह पीड़ा क्या है! अगर मैं इस अन्याय के बारे मैं और अधिक लिखती हूं तो मैं आँसूओं में फंस जाऊंगी।


इस तरह के उत्पीड़न से उद्धार हेतु, दयालु परमेश्वर ने हमें, उदार ब्रिटिश सरकार दी है। आइए देखें कि इस सरकार ने हमारे दर्द को कैसे कम किया है।


पहले, गोखले, आप्टे, त्रिंकाजी, आंवला, पंसरा, काले, बेहर, इत्यादि (सभी ब्राह्मण उपनाम) ने अपने घरों में चूहों की हत्या करके अपनी बहादुरी को दिखाया, हमें सताया, बिना किसी गलती या कारण के। गर्भवती महिलाओं को भी नहीं छोड़ा। यह अब बंद कर दिया है। पुणे में अंग्रेजी शासन के दौरान उत्पीड़न और यातनाएं बंद हो गई हैं। अब, किलों और मकानों की नींव के लिए मानव बलिदान बंद हो गया है। अब कोई भी हमें जीवित नहीं गाड़ता, अब हमारी आबादी संख्या में बढ़ रही है। इससे पहले, अगर किसी भी महार या मांग ने ठीक कपड़े पहन लिए, तो कपड़े चोरी करने का आरोप लगाया गया। जब भी अछूत कपड़े पहनते थे; वे उन्हें पेड़ से बांधकर सज़ा देते थे। लेकिन, ब्रिटिश शासन के तहत, पैसे से कोई भी कपड़े खरीद और पहन सकता है। इससे पहले, ऊपरी जातियों के खिलाफ किसी भी गड़बड़ी का दंड अछूत को मिलता था- अब यह बंद हो गया है अत्यधिक और शोषक कर बंद कर दिये गये है। कुछ स्थानों पर अस्पृश्यता बंद हो गयी है। खेल के मैदान पर हत्या बंद कर दी गई है। अब हम भी बाजार जा सकते हैं। निष्पक्ष ब्रिटिश शासन के तहत, ऐसी कई चीजें हुई हैं।


कुछ महान लोगों ने अछूतों के लिए स्कूल शुरू कर दिए हैं, और ऐसे स्कूल दयालु ब्रिटिश सरकार द्वारा समर्थित हैं ओह, अछूतों आप गरीब और बीमार हैं। केवल ज्ञानरुपी दवा या शिक्षा ही आपको ठीक कर सकती है। यह आपको जंगली मान्यताओं और अंधविश्वास से दूर ले जाएगी। आप धर्मी और नैतिक बनेंगे। यह शोषण को रोक देगी। जो लोग आपसे जानवरों की तरह व्यवहार करते हैं, वे किसी भी तरह के अत्याचार की हिम्मत नहीं करेंगे। इसलिए कृपया कड़ी मेहनत और अध्ययन करें। शिक्षित हो जाओ और अच्छे मनुष्य बनो।लेकिन मैं यह भी साबित नहीं कर सकती। उदाहरण के लिए, जिन लोगों ने अच्छी शिक्षा प्राप्त की है, उन्हें बहुत बुरा काम करते देख आश्चर्य होता है!


सावित्रीबाई और जोतिबा फुले की छात्रा मुक्ता साल्वे (मुक्ताबाई) का यह निबंध 1855 में ज्ञानोदय पत्रिका में छपा था। ब्रज रंजन मणि के अनुसार यह एक अछूत लड़की द्वारा लिखने का सबसे पहला उपलब्ध लेख हो सकता है।
from : dalitweb

Manoranjan Das
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Born Babu
10 March 1923
Cuttack district42 muza, patana, Odisha, India
Died 17 February 2013 (aged 89)
Cuttack district, Odisha, India
Occupation playwright
Nationality Indian
Literary movement modernismexperimentalism
Notable awards Padma Shri,
Sahitya Academy
Spouse Kusum Kumari Das
Children Punyasloka, Sabita,
Sujata, Sikata

Manoranjan Das (10 March 1923 – 17 February 2013) was an influential Indian dramatist, and pioneer of modernism in Odia Literature. He was known for his experimentalism and deep socio-political awareness, who became most known in the 1960s with his experimental theatre.

Amongst his most known work are, Kathagodha (The Wooden Horse) and Aranya Fasal (The Wild Harvest), which won him the Sahitya Akademi Award (1971). In a career spanning over four decades, his plays include Janmamati (Land of Birth) written in 1943 and his latest Nandika Kesari which appeared in 1985.

Early life and education



A street in 42 muza, patana, dedicated to Sri Manoranjan Das.

Born in 1923 in a village (named "Patana,42-Mouza, Cuttack sadar") near Cuttack, he did his schooling in Kunjang near Paradip, completing his intermediate in 1942. Thereafter he joined Ravenshaw College in Cuttack.
Career
He joined All India Radio where he rose to the level of Producer Emeritus. During his literary career, he has written 14 other plays, including Aranya Fasal (The Wild Harvest), which won him the Sahitya Akademi Award given Sahitya Akademi, India's National Academy of Letters in 1971, and the Padma Shri by Government of India in 2004.

His other plays are Jauban (Youth), August Na (The Ninth August 1947), Baxi Jagabandhu (The Sacrifice of Jagabandhu), Agami (The Oncoming), Abarodha (The Seize), Kathagodha (The Wooden Horse), and Sabdalipi (The Word-script).
लॉर्ड मैकाले
( 25.10.1800--28.12.1859)

स्त्री/बहुजन की शिक्षा एवं न्याय के पुरोधा


राजनीतिज्ञ, कवि, इतिहासकार, साहित्यकार, निबन्धकार, समीक्षक, शिक्षाविद, न्यायविद अर्थात बहुप्रतिभा के धनी व्यक्तित्व के रुप में विख्यात है लोर्ड मैकाले

लॉर्ड टॉमस बैबिंग्टन मैकॉले १८३४ से १८३८ तक मैकॉले भारत की सुप्रीम काउंसिल में लॉ मेंबर तथा लॉ कमिशन का प्रधान रहे। प्रसिद्ध दंडविधान ग्रंथ "दी इंडियन पैनल कोड" की पांडुलिपि मैकॉले ने तैयार की थी। अंग्रेजी को भारत की सरकारी भाषा तथा शिक्षा का माध्यम और यूरोपीय साहित्य, दर्शन तथा विज्ञान को भारतीय शिक्षा का लक्ष्य बनाने में मैकॉले का बड़ा हाथ था।

जन्म 25.10.1800 रोथले टैंपिल (लैस्टरशिर) में हुआ। पिताजी जकारी मैकॉले व्यापारी थे। शिक्षा केंब्रिज के पास एक निजी विद्यालय में, फिर एक सुयोग्य पादरी के घर, तदनंतर ट्रिनिटी कालेज कैंब्रिज में हुई। 1826 में वकालत शुरू की। इसी समय अपने विद्वत्ता और विचारपूर्ण लेखों द्वारा लंदन के शिष्ट तथा विज्ञ मंडल में पैठ पा गया।

1830 में लॉर्ड लेंसडाउन के सौजन्य से पार्लियामेंट में स्थान मिला। 1832 के रिफॉर्म बिल के अवसर पर की हुई इसकी प्रभावशाली वक्ताओं ने तत्कालीन राजनीतिज्ञों की अग्रिम पंक्ति कें इसे स्थान दिया। १८३३ से १८५६ तक कुछ समय छोड़कर, इसने लीड्स तथा एडिनगबर्ग का पार्लिमेंट में क्रमश: प्रतिनिधित्व किया। १८५७ में यह हाउस ऑव लॉर्ड्स का सदस्य बनाया गया। पार्लिमेंट में कुछ समय तक इसने ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी संबंधी बोर्ड ऑव कंट्रोल के सचिव, तब पेमास्टर जनरल और तदनंतर सैक्रेटरी ऑव दी फोर्सेज के पद पर काम किया।

साहित्य के क्षेत्र में भी मैकॉले ने महत्वपूर्ण काम किया। इसने अनेक ऐतिहासिक और राजनीतिक निबंध तथा कविताएँ लिखी हैं। इसके क्लाइव, हेस्टिग्स, मिरावो, मैकिआवली के लेख तथा "लेज ऑव एंशेंट रोम" तथा "आरमैडा" की कविताएँ अब तक बड़े चाव से पढ़ी जाती हैं। इसकी प्रमुख कृति "हिस्ट्री ऑव इंग्लैंड" है, जो इसने बड़े परिश्रम और खोज के साथ लिखी थी और जो अधूरी होते हुए भी एक अनुपम ग्रंथ है।

मैकॉले बड़ा विद्वान्, मेघावी और वाक्चतुर था। इसके विचार उदार, बुद्धि प्रखर, स्मरणशक्ति विलक्षण और चरित्र उज्जवल था।

स्त्री व बहुजन शिक्षा के क्रांतिदूत

नई शिक्षा नीति लागूकर बहुजनों की उन्नति एवं मुक्ति का द्वार खोलने वाले लॉर्ड मैकाले भले ही किसी और काम के लिए आलोचना के पात्र हो, किंतु बहुजनों के लिए मसीहा से कम नहीं है।

1813 में ब्रिटिश संसद ने प्रस्ताव पारित किया कि भारत में सभी की शिक्षा पर कम से कम एक लाख प्रति वर्ष खर्च किया जाए। परंतु भाषा विवाद हो गया। लॉर्ड मैकाले ने अंग्रेजी पर जोर दिया। लाॅर्ड मैकाले शिक्षा नीति के तहत (1835-1853) प्रत्येक जिले में जिला स्कूल खोले गए। 1844 में अंग्रेजी पढ़े लोगों को सर्विस में प्राथमिकता की घोषणा की गई। "भारतीय शिक्षा का इतिहास" के लेखक "शंकर विजयवर्गीय" के अनुसार अंग्रेजी शिक्षा ने स्वतंत्रता संग्राम सेनानियों को जन्म दिया। राजनीतिक, वैज्ञानिक, धार्मिक विचारधारा पनपी।

पढ़ना पढ़ाना अर्थात शिक्षक और शिक्षार्थी बनाना बहुजनों के लिए निषिद्ध था लॉर्ड मैकाले ने शिक्षक भर्ती की नई व्यवस्था की जिसमें हर जाति धर्म का व्यक्ति शिक्षक बनने का अधिकारी था अर्थात और लार्ड मैकाले की शिक्षा नीति ने शिक्षक और शिक्षार्थी बनने के सभी के रास्ते खोल दिये।

परंपरावादी लोग ब्राह्मणों का शिक्षा पर एकाधिकार को चुनौती देने के कारण मैकाले की आलोचना करते हैं जबकि मैकाले ने शिक्षा में समता की धारा को प्रवाहित किया। इसी कारण मैकाले के कथन,"हमारे पास उपलब्ध संसाधनों के आधार पर यह मुमकिन नहीं कि सभी भारतीयों को एक साथ शिक्षित किया जा सके। कोशिश करनी चाहिए कि ऐसा वर्ग तैयार किया जाए जो रक्त-रंग से तो भारतीय हो पर संवाद नजरिया नैतिकता बौद्धिकता में इंग्लिश हो जो हमारे शेष भारतीयों के बीच इंटरप्रेटर का काम कर सके" को गलत समझा गया जबकि मैकाले भारत का भाग्य विधाता साबित हुआ। अंग्रेजी ज्ञान के कारण भारत आगे बढ़ा और बढ़ रहा है और जिसकी बदौलत डॉ आंबेडकर जैसा विश्वरत्न दुनिया को मिला। अंग्रेजी में लिखी "सर एडविन अर्नाल्ड" की "लाइट ऑफ एशिया" से बुद्धा को विश्व फलक पर जगह मिली।

प्रसिद्ध स्तंभकार, लेखक और चिंतक चंद्रभान प्रसाद का मानना है कि अंग्रेज भारत में देर से आया और पहले चले गए। यदि ब्रिटिश शासन 1600 में पूर्णत: स्थापित हो जाता और 2001 तक रहता तो पिछड़ा समाज उन्नति के सोपान पर होता।

स्त्री व बहुजनों के न्यायदूत

लॉर्ड मैकाले ने भारत आने से पूर्व ब्रिटिश पार्लियामेंट को संबोधित करते हुए कहा था- भारत में असमान ब्राह्मण कानून चलता है जो भारत के लिए घातक है।

10.6.1834 को लोर्ड मैकाले गवर्नर जनरल की काउंसलिंग का कानून सदस्य नियुक्त होकर भारत आया। उन्होंने यहां की व्यवस्था में सामाजिक भेदभाव धार्मिक पाखंडवाद और शैक्षिक गैर बराबरी का तांडव देखा। मैकाले ने देखा कि यहां के दंड व्यवस्था जाति और वर्ण के आधार पर बंटी हुई है। जहां इंसानियत का इतना निरादर किया गया है कि एक शुद्र आदमी की स्थिति एक जानवर से भी अधिक गिरी हुई है और दूसरे ब्राह्मण आदमी को देवतुल्य स्थान प्राप्त है। 1834 में ही पहला भारतीय विधि आयोग का गठन हुआ जिसका प्रथम प्रेसिडेंट लॉर्ड मैकाले था। लार्ड मेकाले ने 14 अक्टूबर 1837 को IPC का ड्राफ्ट रिपोर्ट तत्कालीन गवर्नर जनरल को सौंप दिया। कई बार जांच पड़ताल के बाद ड्राफ्ट रिपोर्ट को अंतिम रुप से 1856 में प्रस्तुत किया गया और 6 अक्टूबर 1860 को इंडियन पेनल कोड (भारतीय दंड संहिता) के रूप में यह भारत में लागू हो गया। इसके पारित होते ही भारत के सभी विषमता पर आधारित मनु के पूर्ववर्ती नियम कानून निष्प्रभावी हो गए तथा देश में कानूनी एकरूपता और समानता आ गई। मनु का विषमतावादी कानून मिट गया। वर्ण व जातिवाद की रीढ़ टूट गई। यह भारत में बहुजनों के हक में सबसे बड़ी क्रांतिकारी घटना थी।

6.10.1860 के दिन IPC के लागू होने से यह दिन बहुजनों के लिए बहुत महत्व रखता है। पहले भारत में मनुस्मृति आधारित कानून एवं दंड विधान थे। निम्न वर्ण पर मनु की अग्रलिखित निषेधाज्ञाएं थी - शुद्र विद्या, संपत्ति, शस्त्र से रहित रहे, गांव के आखिरी छोर पर बसे, जूठन खाए, मुर्दों के वस्त्र पहने, राजा व न्यायधीश ना बने, कच्चे घरों में रहे, बिना पगार सेवा करे, आर्थिक दंड राजकोष में जमा, पीड़ित को मुआवजा नहीं। मनुविधान के कारण डॉ.अंबेडकर, छत्रपति शिवाजी, शाहू जी महाराज ज्योतिबा फुले तिरस्कृत हुए। एक ही अपराध पर ब्राह्मण क्षत्रिय वैश्य शुद्र को अलग अलग दंड का प्रावधान था। ब्राह्मण स्त्री से, शुद्र व्यभिचार करें तो गुप्तांग काटकर संपत्ति हड़पने का दंड, वैश्य करे तो एक वर्ष की कैद व संपत्ति हड़पने का दंड, क्षत्रिय या ब्राह्मण करें तो एक हजार पण का आर्थिक दंड मात्र। ब्राह्मण चारों वर्णों की स्त्री भोग सकता था। ब्राह्मण मृत्युदंड से मुक्त था चाहे कितना भी जघन्य अपराध किया हो। लॉर्ड मैकाले ने मनुस्मृति की भेदभाव पर आधारित न्याय व्यवस्था को ध्वस्त कर दिया जिसके तहत प्रथम बार नंद कुमार देव ब्राह्मण अपराधी को 1774 में फांसी की सजा सुनाई गई। जाति वर्ण आधारित दंड व्यवस्था का यह मनुस्मृति कानून भारत में 6.10.1860 तक चला।

अपने वर्चस्व वाली जीवन व्यवस्था को खोने से ब्राह्मणों के प्राण निकल रहे थे। उन्होंने प्राणपण से लॉर्ड मैकाले का विरोध किया। मैकाले का कानून लागू होने पर भी ब्राह्मण मानने को तैयार नहीं था। समाज में आज तक भी मनुविधान का भूत उतरा नहीं है। गाहे-बगाहे इसके समर्थक आज भी मिलते हैं। 9.1.1917 को यवतमाल में बाल गंगाधर तिलक ने ऐलान किया था कि हमारा कानून मनुस्मृति है। राजस्थान में हाईकोर्ट के सामने मनु का स्टेच्यु, 2015 में याकूब मेनन की फांसी के आदेश के समय मनुस्मृति का श्लोक पढ़ा जाना है इसके उदाहरण भर हैं।

परंपरावादी लोग मनु विधान को चुनौती देने के कारण मैकाले की नीति की आलोचना करते हैं।आरोप लगाते हैं कि लॉर्ड मैकाले ने ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी के व्यापारिक उद्देश्यों की पूर्ति करने, जड़े जमाने, अंग्रेजी साहित्य का प्रचार करने तथा इंग्लैंड की चीजों के उपभोग को बढ़ाने के लिए ही अंग्रेजी शिक्षा को बढ़ावा दिया।

जब भी देश में शिक्षा के निरंतर गिरते स्तर पर चर्चा होती है तो इसके लिए सबसे पहले ब्रिटिश विद्वान लॉर्ड मैकाले को गाली देकर शुरुआत की जाती है। खासतौर से बुद्धिजीवी तबका तो अपनी नाकामी को छुपाने के लिए ब्रिटिश, अंग्रेजी और मैकाले पर ही सारी शैक्षणिक बर्बादी का ठीकरा फोड़ देते हैं। इससे बहुजन भी इतिहास की असलियत को जाने बिना मैकाले को दुश्मन मान रहा है।

बारीकी से देखें तो ये सारे आरोप निराधार हैं। यदि अंग्रेजों द्वारा मिशनरी स्कूलों में वंचितों को प्रवेश नहीं मिलता तो ज्योतिबा फुले, डॉ.अंबेडकर पैदा ही नहीं होते क्योंकि वे शूद्र/अछूत वर्ग से थे। बाबा साहेब की अंग्रेजी व ज्ञान का भारत के ही नहीं बल्कि विदेशी लोग भी लोहा मानते थे। स्वामी विवेकानंद को अंग्रेजी ज्ञान (सिस्टर्स एंड ब्रदर्स संबोधन) के कारण अमेरिका में बहुत ख्याति मिली।

मौर्य शासनकाल में भारत शिक्षा साहित्य कला विज्ञान समाज की दृष्टि से सोने की चिड़िया था। मौर्य सम्राट बृहद्रथ की हत्या के बाद एक बार फिर वर्ण/जाति व्यवस्था का वर्चस्व हो गया। जिसको मैकाले व आधुनिक विज्ञान ने तोड़ा। मैकाले ने अंग्रेजी के फायदे के बारे में विस्तृत रुप से बताया है। उनका मानना था कि शिक्षा का उद्देश्य इंसानों में गैर बराबरी को तोड़कर बराबरी स्थापित करना है। अंधविश्वास और गलत परंपराओं से मुक्ति दिलाना है। शिक्षा का अर्थ से पुरानी बातों को रटना, बार-बार दोहराना, स्वयं ही गुणगान करना दुनिया से कटे रहना नहीं है। बल्कि दुनिया को एक बेहतर जगह बनाना है।

वंचित समाज में लॉर्ड मैकाले व डॉ.अंबेडकर के कारण शिक्षा की जो किरण आई थी वह अब प्रतिनिधित्व (तथाकथित आरक्षण) के खात्मे, शिक्षा के निजीकरण व महंगीकरण, शिक्षा व सरकारी स्कूलों की उपेक्षा, शैक्षणिक संस्थानों पर पूंजीपतियों का कब्जा से वह धीरे धीरे बुझती जा रही है। गांव में बहुजन समाज के बच्चे आठवीं दसवीं से आगे बढ़ नहीं पा रहे हैं। क्लर्क डॉक्टर इंजीनियर बनना तो बहुत दूर की बात है। इल्जाम लगाते हैं कि मैकाले ने सिर्फ बाबू तैयार किए लेकिन अब तो उच्च वर्णों के खेतों फैक्ट्रियों महलों सड़कों पर काम करने के लिए गुलामों की पौध तैयार हो रही है जो बहुजन समाज की है। शोषक वर्ग की साजिश साकार होती नजर आ रही है कि शोषित को शिक्षा से दूर रखकर, हर हालात में तीर्थयात्रा, पूजापाठ, कर्मकांड, तीजत्योहारों में व्यस्त रखो। उसकी सारी कमाई येन-केन-प्रकारेण शोषक वर्ग की तिजोरी में ही जाए। आज बहुजन निरर्थक तीर्थयात्रा, पूजापाठ, कर्मकांड, तीजत्योहार, परंपराओं में मदहोश है। उसे अपनी भावी पीढ़ी की जरा भी चिंता नहीं है। आखिर यह वर्ग अपने सामाजिक शैक्षणिक विकास के प्रति कब सचेत होगा। बुद्ध-कबीर-फुले-अंबेडकर की शिक्षा को कब अपने जीवन में उतारेगा।

अमेरिका में जो अब्राहम लिंकन व रूस सहित साम्यवादी जगत में जो कार्ल मार्क्स ने किया। वही भारत में लार्ड मैकाले ने किया। भारत में सबसे बड़ी क्रांति को लॉर्ड मैकाले ने जन्म दिया जिसके कर्ज से यहाँ के बहुजन कभी भी मुक्त नहीं हो सकते। लॉर्ड मैकाले के शिक्षा व कानून सुधारों से फकीर, पंडित, शूद्र सब समान माने जाने लगे। यह सच्चाई है कि मैकाले ने आगे आने वाली पीढ़ी का मार्ग प्रशस्त किया जिसके कारण ज्योतिबा फुले, शाहूजी महाराज, रामासामी नायकर और डॉ.अंबेडकर जैसी महान विभूतियों का उदय हुआ। जिन्होंने भारत का नया अध्याय लिखा।

पढ़ना-पढाना उस समय बहुजन के लिए निषिद्ध था व समान न्याय के रास्ते बंद थे। अंग्रेजी शिक्षा और आईपीसी लागू कर लॉर्ड मैकाले ने उस जंजीर को काट दिया है जो बहुजनों को सदियों से जकड़े थी। लॉर्ड मैकाले ने शिक्षक भर्ती की नई व्यवस्था की जिसमें हर जाति धर्म का व्यक्ति शिक्षक बनने का अधिकारी था। हम गलतफहमीवस मैकॉले के प्रति अगर अनादर का भाव रखते हैं तो यह ठीक नहीं। हमारे अन्य बहुजन नायकों की तरह वह भी हमारे उद्धारक हैं। वर्णवादी समाज की नजरों में मैकाले भले ही आदरणीय नहीं हो परंतु बहुजनों के लिए तो वे मसीहा थे। हम उन्हें कोटिश: नमन करते हैं।

संदर्भ

1.पुस्तक-दलितों को अनपढ़ रखने की साजिश
संपादक-डॉ एम एल परिहार
प्रकाशक-बुद्धम पब्लिशर्स 21-A, धर्म पार्क, श्याम नगर-II, अजमेर रोड, जयपुर 302019 राजस्थान
फोन नंबर 09414242059
2.विकिपीडिया

कौन था मैकाले ?
मैकाले नाम हम अक्सर सुनते है मगर ये कौन था? इसके उद्देश्य और विचार क्या थे ?

मैकाले: मैकाले का पूरा नाम था ‘थोमस बैबिंगटन मैकाले’....अगर ब्रिटेन के नजरियें से देखें...तो अंग्रेजों का ये एक अमूल्य रत्न था। एक उम्दा इतिहासकार, लेखक प्रबंधक, विचारक और देशभक्त.....इसलिए इसे लार्ड की उपाधि मिली थी और इसे लार्ड मैकाले कहा जाने लगा। अब इसके महिमामंडन को छोड़ मैं इसके एक ब्रिटिश संसद को दिए गए प्रारूप का वर्णन करना उचित समझूंगा जो इसने भारत पर कब्ज़ा बनाये रखने के लिए दिया था ...२ फ़रवरी १८३५ को ब्रिटेन की संसद में मैकाले की भारत के प्रति विचार और योजना मैकाले के शब्दों में:

"मैं भारत में काफी घुमा हूँ। दाएँ- बाएँ, इधर उधर मैंने यह देश छान मारा और मुझे एक भी व्यक्ति ऐसा नहीं दिखाई दिया, जो भिखारी हो, जो चोर हो। इस देश में मैंने इतनी धन दौलत देखी है, इतने ऊँचे चारित्रिक आदर्श और इतने गुणवान मनुष्य देखे हैं की मैं नहीं समझता की हम कभी भी इस देश को जीत पाएँगे। जब तक इसकी रीढ़ की हड्डी को नहीं तोड़ देते जो इसकी आध्यात्मिक और सांस्कृतिक विरासत है और इसलिए मैं ये प्रस्ताव रखता हूँ की हम इसकी पुराणी और पुरातन शिक्षा व्यवस्था, उसकी संस्कृति को बदल डालें, क्यूंकी अगर भारतीय सोचने लग गए की जो भी विदेशी और अंग्रेजी है वह अच्छा है और उनकी अपनी चीजों से बेहतर हैं, तो वे अपने आत्मगौरव, आत्म सम्मान और अपनी ही संस्कृति को भुलाने लगेंगे और वैसे बन जाएंगे जैसा हम चाहते हैं। एक पूर्णरूप से गुलाम भारत।"

कई बंधू इस भाषण की पंक्तियों को कपोल कल्पित कल्पना मानते हैं.....अगर ये कपोल कल्पित पंक्तिया है, तो इन काल्पनिक पंक्तियों का कार्यान्वयन कैसे हुआ ?
मैकाले की गद्दार औलादें इस प्रश्न पर बगलें झाकती दिखती हैं और कार्यान्वयन कुछ इस तरह हुआ की आज भी मैकाले व्यवस्था की औलादें सेकुलर भेष में यत्र तत्र बिखरी पड़ी हैं। अरे भाई मैकाले ने क्या नया कह दिया भारत के लिए ?

भारत इतना संपन्न था की पहले सोने चांदी के सिक्के चलते थे कागज की नोट नहीं। धन दौलत की कमी होती तो इस्लामिक आतातायी श्वान और अंग्रेजी दलाल यहाँ क्यों आते... लाखों करोड़ रूपये के हीरे जवाहरात ब्रिटेन भेजे गए जिसके प्रमाण आज भी हैं मगर ये मैकाले का प्रबंधन ही है की आज भी हम लोग दुम हिलाते हैं 'अंग्रेजी और अंग्रेजी संस्कृति' के सामने। हिन्दुस्थान के बारे में बोलने वाला संस्कृति का ठेकेदार कहा जाता है और घृणा का पात्र होता है।

शिक्षा व्यवस्था में मैकाले प्रभाव : ये तो हम सभी मानते है की हमारी शिक्षा व्यवस्था हमारे समाज की दिशा एवं दशा तय करती है। बात १८२५ के लगभग की है जब ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी वितीय रूप से संक्रमण काल से गुजर रही थी और ये संकट उसे दिवालियेपन की कगार पर पहुंचा सकता था। कम्पनी का काम करने के लिए ब्रिटेन के स्नातक और कर्मचारी अब उसे महंगे पड़ने लगे थे। १८२८ में गवर्नर जनरल विलियम बेंटिक भारत आया जिसने लागत घटने के उद्देश्य से अब प्रसाशन में भारतीय लोगों के प्रवेश के लिए चार्टर एक्ट में एक प्रावधान जुड़वाया की सरकारी नौकरी में धर्म जाती या मूल का कोई हस्तक्षेप नहीं होगा। यहाँ से मैकाले का भारत में आने का रास्ता खुला। अब अंग्रेजों के सामने चुनौती थी की कैसे भारतियों को उस भाषा में पारंगत करें जिससे की ये अंग्रेजों के पढ़े लिखे हिंदुस्थानी गुलाम की तरह कार्य कर सकें। इस कार्य को आगे बढाया जनरल कमेटी ऑफ पब्लिक इंस्ट्रक्शन के अध्यक्ष 'थोमस बैबिंगटन मैकाले' ने.... 1858 में लोर्ड मैकोले द्वारा Indian Education Act बनाया गया। मैकाले की सोच स्पष्ट थी, जो की उसने ब्रिटेन की संसद में बताया जैसा ऊपर वर्णन है। उसने पूरी तरह से भारतीय शिक्षा व्यवस्था को ख़त्म करने और अंग्रेजी (जिसे हम मैकाले  शिक्षा व्यवस्था भी कहते है) शिक्षा व्यवस्था को लागू करने का प्रारूप तैयार किया। मैकाले के शब्दों में:
"हमें एक हिन्दुस्थानियों का एक ऐसा वर्ग तैयार करना है जो हम अंग्रेज शासकों एवं उन करोड़ों भारतीयों के बीच दुभाषिये का काम कर सके, जिन पर हम शासन करते हैं। हमें हिन्दुस्थानियों का एक ऐसा वर्ग तैयार करना है, जिनका रंग और रक्त भले ही भारतीय हों लेकिन वह अपनी अभिरूचि, विचार, नैतिकता और बौद्धिकता में अंग्रेज हों।" और देखिये आज कितने ऐसे मैकाले व्यवस्था की नाजायज श्वान रुपी संताने हमें मिल जाएंगी... जिनकी मात्रभाषा अंग्रेजी है और धर्मपिता मैकाले। इस पद्दति को मैकाले ने सुन्दर प्रबंधन के साथ लागू किया। अब अंग्रेजी के गुलामों की संख्या बढने लगी और जो लोग अंग्रेजी नहीं जानते थे वो अपने आप को हीन भावना से देखने लगे क्योंकि सरकारी नौकरियों के ठाठ उन्हें दिखते थे, अपने भाइयों के जिन्होंने अंग्रेजी की गुलामी स्वीकार कर ली और ऐसे गुलामों को ही सरकारी नौकरी की रेवड़ी बँटती थी। कालांतर में वे ही गुलाम अंग्रेजों की चापलूसी करते करते उन्नत होते गए और अंग्रेजी की गुलामी न स्वीकारने वालों को अपने ही देश में दोयम दर्जे का नागरिक बना दिया गया। विडम्बना ये हुई की आजादी मिलते मिलते एक बड़ा वर्ग इन गुलामों का बन गया जो की अब स्वतंत्रता संघर्ष भी कर रहा था। यहाँ भी मैकाले शिक्षा व्यवस्था चाल कामयाब हुई अंग्रेजों ने जब ये देखा की भारत में रहना असंभव है तो कुछ मैकाले और अंग्रेजी के गुलामों को सत्ता हस्तांतरण कर के ब्रिटेन चले गए ..मकसद पूरा हो चुका था.... अंग्रेज गए मगर उनकी नीतियों की गुलामी अब आने वाली पीढ़ियों को करनी थी और उसका कार्यान्वयन करने के लिए थे कुछ हिन्दुस्तानी भेष में बौद्धिक और वैचारिक रूप से अंग्रेज नेता और देश के रखवाले (नाम नहीं लूँगा क्यूंकी एडविना की आत्मा को कष्ट होगा) कालांतर में ये ही पद्धति विकसित करते रहे हमारे सत्ता के महानुभाव ..इस प्रक्रिया में हमारी भारतीय भाषाएँ गौड़ होती गयी और हिन्दुस्थान में हिंदी विरोध का स्वर उठने लगा। ब्रिटेन की बौद्धिक गुलामी के लिए आज का भारतीय समाज आन्दोलन करने लगा। फिर आया उपभोगतावाद का दौर और मिशिनरी स्कूलों का दौर चूँकि २०० साल हमने अंग्रेजी को विशेष और भारतीयता को गौण मानना शुरू कर दिया था तो अंग्रेजी का मतलब सभ्य होना, उन्नत होना माना जाने लगा। हमारी पीढियां मैकाले के प्रबंधन के अनुसार तैयार हो रही थी और हम भारत के शिशु मंदिरों को सांप्रदायिक कहने लगे क्यूंकी भारतीयता और वन्दे मातरम वहां सिखाया जाता था। जब से बहुराष्ट्रीय कंपनिया आयीं उन्होंने अंग्रेजो का इतिहास दोहराना शुरू किया और हम सभी सभ्य बनने में, उन्नत बनने में लगे रहे मैकाले की पद्धति के अनुसार ..अब आज वर्तमान में हमें नौकरी देने वाली हैं अंग्रेजी कंपनिया जैसे इस्ट इंडिया थी। अब ये ही कंपनिया शिक्षा व्यवस्था भी निर्धारित करने लगी और फिर बात वही आयी कम लागत वाली, तो उसी तरह का अवैज्ञानिक व्यवस्था बनाओं जिससे कम लागत में हिन्दुस्थानियों के श्रम एवं बुद्धि का दोहन हो सके।

एक उदहारण देता हूँ: कुकुरमुत्ते की तरह हैं इंजीनियरिंग और प्रबंधन संस्थान ..मगर शिक्षा पद्धति ऐसी है की १००० इलेक्ट्रोनिक्स इंजीनियरिंग स्नातकों में से शायद १० या १५ स्नातक ही रेडियो या किसी उपकरण की मरम्मत कर पायें, नयी शोध तो दूर की कौड़ी है.. अब ये स्नातक इन्ही अंग्रेजी बहुराष्ट्रीय कम्पनियों के पास जातें है और जीवन भर की प्रतिभा ५ हजार रूपए प्रति महीने पर गिरवी रख गुलामों सा कार्य करते है ...फिर भी अंग्रेजी की ही गाथा सुनाते है.. अब जापान की बात करें १०वीं में पढने वाला छात्र भी प्रयोगात्मक ज्ञान रखता है ...किसी मैकाले का अनुसरण नहीं करता.. अगर कोई संस्थान अच्छा है जहाँ भारतीय प्रतिभाओं का समुचित विकास करने का परिवेश है तो उसके छात्रों को ये कंपनिया किसी भी कीमत पर नासा और इंग्लैंड में बुला लेती है और हम मैकाले के गुलाम खुशिया मनाते हैं की हमारा फला अमेरिका में नौकरी करता है। इस प्रकार मैकाले की एक सोच ने हमारी आने वाली शिक्षा व्यवस्था को इस तरह पंगु बना दिया की न चाहते हुए भी हम उसकी गुलामी में फसते जा रहें है।

इस Indian Education Act की ड्राफ्टिंग लोर्ड मैकोले ने की थी। लेकिन उसके पहले उसने यहाँ (भारत) के शिक्षा व्यवस्था का सर्वेक्षण कराया था, उसके पहले भी कई अंग्रेजों ने भारत के शिक्षा व्यवस्था के बारे में अपनी रिपोर्ट दी थी। अंग्रेजों का एक अधिकारी था G.W.Litnar और दूसरा था Thomas Munro, दोनों ने अलग अलग इलाकों का अलग-अलग समय सर्वे किया था। 1823 के आसपास की बात है ये Litnar , जिसने उत्तर भारत का सर्वे किया था, उसने लिखा है कि यहाँ 97% साक्षरता है और Munro, जिसने दक्षिण भारत का सर्वे किया था, उसने लिखा कि यहाँ तो 100 % साक्षरता है और उस समय जब भारत में इतनी साक्षरता है और मैकोले का स्पष्ट कहना था कि:

"भारत को हमेशा-हमेशा के लिए अगर गुलाम बनाना है तो इसकी देशी और सांस्कृतिक शिक्षा व्यवस्था को पूरी तरह से ध्वस्त करना होगा और उसकी जगह अंग्रेजी शिक्षा व्यवस्था लानी होगी और तभी इस देश में शरीर से हिन्दुस्तानी लेकिन दिमाग से अंग्रेज पैदा होंगे और जब इस देश की यूनिवर्सिटी से निकलेंगे तो हमारे हित में काम करेंगे।"

और मैकोले एक मुहावरा इस्तेमाल कर रहा है

"कि जैसे किसी खेत में कोई फसल लगाने के पहले पूरी तरह जोत दिया जाता है वैसे ही इसे जोतना होगा और अंग्रेजी शिक्षा व्यवस्था लानी होगी।"

इसलिए उसने सबसे पहले गुरुकुलों को गैरकानूनी घोषित किया, जब गुरुकुल गैरकानूनी हो गए तो उनको मिलने वाली सहायता जो समाज के तरफ से होती थी वो गैरकानूनी हो गयी, फिर संस्कृत को गैरकानूनी घोषित किया और इस देश के गुरुकुलों को घूम घूम कर ख़त्म कर दिया उनमे आग लगा दी, उसमें पढ़ाने वाले गुरुओं को उसने मारा-पीटा, जेल में डाला। 1850 तक इस देश में 7 लाख 32 हजार गुरुकुल हुआ करते थे और उस समय इस देश में गाँव थे 7 लाख 50 हजार, मतलब हर गाँव में औसतन एक गुरुकुल और ये जो गुरुकुल होते थे वो सब के सब आज की भाषा में Higher Learning Institute हुआ करते थे उन सबमे 18 विषय पढाया जाता था और ये गुरुकुल समाज के लोग मिल के चलाते थे न कि राजा, महाराजा, और इन गुरुकुलों में शिक्षा निःशुल्क दी जाती थी। इस तरह से सारे गुरुकुलों को ख़त्म किया गया और फिर अंग्रेजी शिक्षा को कानूनी घोषित किया गया। फिर कलकत्ता में पहला कॉन्वेंट स्कूल खोला गया, उस समय इसे फ्री स्कूल कहा जाता था, इसी कानून के तहत भारत में कलकत्ता यूनिवर्सिटी बनाई गयी, बम्बई यूनिवर्सिटी बनाई गयी, मद्रास यूनिवर्सिटी बनाई गयी और ये तीनों गुलामी के ज़माने के यूनिवर्सिटी आज भी इस देश में हैं और मैकोले ने अपने पिता को एक चिट्ठी लिखी थी बहुत मशहूर चिट्ठी है वो, उसमें वो लिखता है कि::

"इन कॉन्वेंट स्कूलों से ऐसे बच्चे निकलेंगे जो देखने में तो भारतीय होंगे लेकिन दिमाग से अंग्रेज होंगे और इन्हें अपने देश के बारे में कुछ पता नहीं होगा, इनको अपने संस्कृति के बारे में कुछ पता नहीं होगा, इनको अपने परम्पराओं के बारे में कुछ पता नहीं होगा, इनको अपने मुहावरे नहीं मालूम होंगे, जब ऐसे बच्चे होंगे इस देश में तो अंग्रेज भले ही चले जाएँ इस देश से अंग्रेजियत नहीं जाएगी" और उस समय लिखी चिट्ठी की सच्चाई इस देश में अब साफ़-साफ़ दिखाई दे रही है और उस एक्ट की महिमा देखिये कि हमें अपनी भाषा बोलने में शर्म आती है, अंग्रेजी में बोलते हैं कि दूसरों पर रोब पड़ेगा, अरे हम तो खुद में हीन हो गए हैं जिसे अपनी भाषा बोलने में शर्म आ रही है, दूसरों पर रोब क्या पड़ेगा।

लोगों का तर्क है कि अंग्रेजी अंतर्राष्ट्रीय भाषा है, दुनिया में 204 देश हैं और अंग्रेजी सिर्फ 11 देशों में बोली, पढ़ी और समझी जाती है, फिर ये कैसे अंतर्राष्ट्रीय भाषा है। शब्दों के मामले में भी अंग्रेजी समृद्ध नहीं दरिद्र भाषा है। इन अंग्रेजों की जो बाइबिल है वो भी अंग्रेजी में नहीं थी और ईशा मसीह अंग्रेजी नहीं बोलते थे। ईशा मसीह की भाषा और बाइबिल की भाषा अरमेक थी। अरमेक भाषा की लिपि जो थी वो हमारे बंगला भाषा से मिलती जुलती थी, समय के कालचक्र में वो भाषा विलुप्त हो गयी। संयुक्त राष्ट संघ जो अमेरिका में है वहां की भाषा अंग्रेजी नहीं है, वहां का सारा काम फ्रेंच में होता है। जो समाज अपनी मातृभाषा से कट जाता है उसका कभी भला नहीं होता और यही मैकोले की रणनीति थी।

2. समाज व्यवस्था में मैकाले प्रभाव : अब समाज व्यवस्था की बात करें तो शिक्षा से समाज का निर्माण होता है। सन् 1836 में लार्ड मैकाले अपने पिता को लिखे एक पत्र में कहता है:

"अगर हम इसी प्रकार अंग्रेजी नीतिया चलाते रहे और भारत इसे अपनाता रहा तो आने वाले कुछ सालों में 1 दिन ऐसा आएगा की यहाँ कोई सच्चा भारतीय नहीं बचेगा।" (सच्चे भारतीय से मतलब......चरित्र में ऊँचा, नैतिकता में ऊँचा, धार्मिक विचारों वाला, धर्मं के रस्ते पर चलने वाला)।

भारत को जय करने के लिए, चरित्र गिराने के लिए, अंग्रेजो ने 1758 में कलकत्ता में पहला शराबखाना खोला, जहाँ पहले साल वहाँ सिर्फ अंग्रेज जाते थे। आज पूरा भारत जाता है। सन् 1947 में 3.5 हजार शराबखानो को सरकार का लाइसेंस। सन् 2009-10 में लगभग 25,400 दुकानों को मौत का व्यापार करने की इजाजत। चरित्र से निर्बल बनाने के लिए सन् 1760 में भारत में पहला वेश्याघर 'कलकत्ता में सोनागाछी' में अंग्रेजों ने खोला और लगभग 200 स्त्रियों को जबरदस्ती इस काम में लगाया गया। आज अंग्रेजों के जाने के 64 सालों के बाद, आज लगभग 20,80,000 माताएँ, बहनें इस गलत काम में लिप्त हैं। अंग्रेजों के जाने के बाद जहाँ इनकी संख्या में कमी होनी चाहिए थी वहीं इनकी संख्या में दिन दुनी रात चौगुनी वृद्धि हो रही है ।

शिक्षा अंग्रेजी में हुए तो समाज खुद ही गुलामी करेगा, वर्तमान परिवेश में 'MY HINDI IS A LITTLE BIT WEAK' बोलना स्टेटस सिम्बल बन रहा है जैसा मैकाले चाहता था की हम अपनी संस्कृति को हीन समझे ...मैं अगर कहीं यात्रा में हिंदी बोल दूँ, मेरे साथ का सहयात्री सोचता है की ये पिछड़ा है ..लोग सोचते है त्रुटी हिंदी में हो जाए चलेगा मगर अंग्रेजी में नहीं होनी चाहिए ..और अब हिंगलिश भी आ गयी है बाज़ार में..क्या ऐसा नहीं लगता की इस व्यवस्था का हिंदुस्थानी 'धोबी का कुत्ता न घर का न घाट का' होता जा रहा है। अंग्रेजी जीवन में पूर्ण रूप से नहीं सिख पाया क्यूंकी विदेशी भाषा है...और हिंदी वो सीखना नहीं चाहता क्यूंकी बेइज्जती होती है। हमें अपने बच्चे की पढाई अंग्रेजी विद्यालय में करानी है क्यूंकी दौड़ में पीछे रह जाएगा। माता पिता भी क्या करें बच्चे को क्रांति के लिए भेजेंगे क्या ?? क्यूकी आज अंग्रेजी न जानने वाला बेरोजगार है ..स्वरोजगार के संसाधन ये बहुराष्ट्रीय कंपनिया ख़त्म कर देंगी फिर गुलामी तो करनी ही होगी..तो क्या हम स्वीकार कर लें ये सब?? या हिंदी या भारतीय भाषा पढ़कर समाज में उपेक्षा के पात्र बने?? शायद इसका एक ही उत्तर है हमें वर्तमान परिवेश में हमारे पूर्वजों द्वारा स्थापित उच्च आदर्शों को स्थापित करना होगा। हमें विवेकानंद का "स्व" और क्रांतिकारियों का देश दोनों को जोड़ कर स्वदेशी की कल्पना को मूर्त रूप देने का प्रयास करना होगा, चाहे भाषा हो या खान पान या रहन सहन पोशाक। अगर मैकाले की व्यवस्था को तोड़ने के लिए मैकाले की व्यवस्था में जाना पड़े तो जाएँ ....जैसे मैं 'अंग्रेजी गूगल' का इस्तेमाल करके हिंदी लिख रहा हूँ और इसे 'अँग्रेजी फ़ेसबुक' पर शेयर कर रहा हूँ .....क्यूंकी कीचड़ साफ करने के लिए हाथ गंदे करने होंगे। हर कोई छद्म सेकुलर बनकर सफ़ेद पोशाक पहन कर मैकाले के सुर में गायेगा तो आने वाली पीढियां हिन्दुस्थान को ही मैकाले का भारत बना देंगी। उन्हें किसी ईस्ट इंडिया की जरुरत ही नहीं पड़ेगी गुलाम बनने के लिए और शायद हमारे आदर्शो 'राम और कृष्ण' को एक कार्टून मनोरंजन का पात्र। आज हमारे सामने पैसा चुनौती नहीं बल्कि भारत का चारित्रिक पतन चुनौती है। इसकी रक्षा और इसको वापस लाना हमारी प्राथमिकता होनी चाहिए।

3. कानून व्यवस्था में मैकाले प्रभाव : मैकाले ने एक कानून हमारे देश में लागू किया था जिसका नाम है Indian Penal Code (IPC). ये Indian Penal Code अंग्रेजों के एक और गुलाम देश Ireland के Irish Penal Code की फोटोकॉपी है, वहां भी ये IPC ही है लेकिन Ireland में जहाँ "I" का मतलब Irish है वहीं भारत में इस "I" का मतलब Indian है, इन दोनों IPC में बस इतना ही अंतर है बाकि कौमा और फुल स्टॉप का भी अंतर नहीं है।

मैकोले का कहना था कि भारत को हमेशा के लिए गुलाम बनाना है तो इसके शिक्षा तंत्र और न्याय व्यवस्था को पूरी तरह से समाप्त करना होगा और आपने अभी ऊपर Indian Education Act पढ़ा होगा, वो भी मैकोले ने ही बनाया था और उसी मैकोले ने इस IPC की भी ड्राफ्टिंग की थी। ये बनी 1840 में और भारत में लागू हुई 1860 में। ड्राफ्टिंग करते समय मैकोले ने एक पत्र भेजा था ब्रिटिश संसद को जिसमे उसने लिखा था कि::

"मैंने भारत की न्याय व्यवस्था को आधार देने के लिए एक ऐसा कानून बना दिया है जिसके लागू होने पर भारत के किसी आदमी को न्याय नहीं मिल पायेगा। इस कानून की जटिलताएं इतनी है कि भारत का साधारण आदमी तो इसे समझ ही नहीं सकेगा और जिन भारतीयों के लिए ये कानून बनाया गया है उन्हें ही ये सबसे ज्यादा तकलीफ देगी और भारत की जो प्राचीन और परंपरागत न्याय व्यवस्था है उसे जड़मूल से समाप्त कर देगा।“ वो आगे लिखता है कि

"जब भारत के लोगों को न्याय नहीं मिलेगा तभी हमारा राज मजबूती से भारत पर स्थापित होगा।"

ये हमारी न्याय व्यवस्था अंग्रेजों के इसी IPC के आधार पर चल रही है और आजादी के 64 साल बाद हमारी न्याय व्यवस्था का हाल देखिये कि लगभग 4 करोड़ मुक़दमे अलग-अलग अदालतों में पेंडिंग हैं, उनके फैसले नहीं हो पा रहे हैं। 10 करोड़ से ज्यादा लोग न्याय के लिए दर-दर की ठोकरें खा रहे हैं लेकिन न्याय मिलने की दूर-दूर तक सम्भावना नजर नहीं आ रही है, कारण क्या है? कारण यही IPC है। IPC का आधार ही ऐसा है।
Manoranjan Byapari
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Manoranjan Byapari (Bengali: মনোরঞ্জন ব্যাপারী) is an Indian Bengali writer and socio-political activist. He was born in 1950. Along with Manohar Mouli Biswas, Gobinda Das Sounda, Sunil Das, Mahitosh Biswas, Sukriti Ranjan Biswas, Achintya Biswas, Bimalendu Haldar, Jatin Bala, Kapil Krishna Thakur, Lily Haldar, Kalyani Thakur Charal ] , Manju Bala, Bina Das, Anil Ranjan Biswas, he is among the early writers of Dalit literature in Bengali from the Indian state of West Bengal. He could not afford any formal education and is perhaps the only convict-turned-Rickshaw puller who has penned a dozen novels and over a hundred short stories, apart from non-fiction essays.

Early life

Byapari was born into Namasudra caste at Barisal in Bangladesh. His family migrated to West Bengal when he was three years old. The family was first resettled in Bankura, Shiromanipur Refugee camp. Later they were forced to move to Ghutiyari Sharif, Gholadoltala Refugee Camp, South 24 Paraganas and they lived there until 1969. However, the young Byapari had left his home at the age of fourteen and undertook a number of low-paid informal sector jobs in various cities in Assam, Lucknow, Delhi and Allahabad. After spending two years in Dandakaranya, he shifted to Kolkata in 1973. He had a brief stint with the Naxals in central India. It was during his prison term, he educated himself to read. He was closely associated with the famous labour activist Shankar Guha Niyogi.

Life as an author

He came to prominence with the publication of his influential essay Is there a Dalit writing in Bangla?, translated by Meenakshi Mukherjee, in the journal Economic and Political Weekly. While working as a rickshaw puller, he had a chance meeting with Mahasweta Devi, and she asked him to write for her 'Bartika' journal

He has pointed out that how the upper Caste refugees from East Bengal are given preferential treatment while being resettled in Kolkata, as favoured by the Upper Caste officials in the West Bengal.

Rajya Sabha TV has made a documentary on his life.

Books

He wrote a memoir ইতিবৃত্তে চণ্ডাল জীবন in Bengali, translated into English by Sipra Mukherjee as Interrogating my Chandal life: An Autobiography of a Dalit (Sage-Samya) which won The Hindu Prize.[The book records the experiences of oppression and marginalisation that Dalits face in Bengal which is otherwise known as a 'casteless society', as claimed by many a bhadralok. Being a Dalit is central to his writing. As he says, "I’m a Dalit by birth. Only a dalit, oppressed by social forces can experience true dalan (oppression) in life. There should be that dalan as a dalit in Dalit writing. Dalit literature should be based on dalit life. Some of my writings deal with dalit life; some to be judged neutrally, without any preconceived estimation". He says he is a chandal in two ways, by birth and by rage (krodha chandal).

Award

In 2014 he was honoured with Suprabha Majumdar prize awarded by Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi. He received the Sharmila Ghosh Smriti Literary prize in 2015.[citation needed] The translation of his autobiography Interrogating My Chandal Life won the 2019 The Hindu Literary Prize in non-fiction.


Manoranjan Byapari. Source: FacebookHaving migrated from Bangladesh to West Bengal in the 1950s, Byapari was illiterate until his mid-twenties. Now he is a prolific author, having written 10 novels, more than a hundred stories, and an autobiographical novel “Itibritte Chandal Jiban”.

Having spent his youth in penury and without education, it was during a two-year imprisonment that Byapari taught himself the Bengali alphabet and started reading and writing. While working as a rickshaw puller after he came out of prison, he met the late Mahasweta Devi who asked him to write. His literary career started when he wrote an article ‘I pull Rickshaw’ for Devi’s journal Bartika in 1981.
Manoj Das
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Manoj Das
Native name
ମନୋଜ ଦାସ
Born 27 February 1934
Died 27 April 2021 (aged 87)
Occupation Writer, columnist, editor, professor
Alma mater Samanta Chandra Shekhar College, Puri
Genre Fiction, mythology, biography
Notable works Cyclones
Notable awards Padma Shri

Spouse Pratijna Devi
Signature 
Website

Manoj Das (27 February 1934 – 27 April 2021) was an Indian author who wrote in Odia and English. In 2000, Manoj Das was awarded the Saraswati Samman. He was awarded Padma Shri in 2001,the fourth-highest Civilian Award in India, Padma Bhusan in 2020, the third highest Civilian Award in India for his contribution in the field of Literature & Education.

Kendra Sahitya Akademi has bestowed its highest award (also India's highest literary award) i.e Sahitya Akademi Award Fellowship.

In 1971, his research in the archives of London and Edinburgh brought to light some of the little-known facts of India's freedom struggle in the first decade of the twentieth century led by Sri Aurobindo for which he received the first Sri Aurobindo Puraskar (Kolkata).

His deeper quest led him to mysticism and he was an inmate of Sri Aurobindo Ashram in Puducherry since 1963 where he taught English Literature and the Philosophy of Sri Aurobindo at the Sri Aurobindo International University.

Early life

Manoj Das was born in the small coastal village of Shankari in Bhograi, Balasore district of Orissa. His father, Madhusudan Das, worked under British Government. He had started writing early. His first work a book of poetry in Odia, Satavdira Artanada was published in 1949 when he was in high school. He launched a literary magazine, Diganta in 1950. He graduated high school in 1951. His first collection of short stories Samudrara Kshyudha (Hunger of Sea) was in that year. He was active in student politics while studying BA in Cuttack College. He was a youth leader with radical views in his college days, and spent a year in jail for his revolutionary activities. In 1959 he was a delegate to the Afro-Asian students' conference at Bandung, Indonesia. He did not complete his degree in Cuttack. He ultimately finished his graduation from Samanta Chandra Shekhar College, Puri in 1955. During his college years, he kept on writing and he published a novel Jeebanara Swada, a collection of short stories Vishakanyar Kahani and a collection of poems Padadhawani. After graduating with a degree in English literature, he got a post graduate degree in English literature from Ravenshaw college. After a short stint as a lecturer in Christ College (Cuttack), he joined Sri Aurobindo Ashram at Puducherry. Since 1963, he has been professor of English Literature at Sri Aurobindo International Centre of Education, Puducherry.

He cited Fakir Mohan SenapatiVyasa, and Valmiki as early influences.

As editor and columnist

He edited a cultural magazine, The Heritage, published from Chennai in 1985-1989. The magazine is no longer in circulation.

He wrote columns on quest for finding eternal truth in common lives in India’s national dailies like The Times of India, The Hindustan Times, The Hindu and The Statesman.

Creative writing and story-telling

Manoj Das is perhaps the foremost bilingual Odia writer and a master of dramatic expression both in his English and Odia short stories and novels. Das has been compared to Vishnu Sharma, in modern Odia literature for his magnificent style and efficient use of words[citation needed] and for the fact that, he is one of the best story-tellers in India in modern times. Over the years many research scholars have done their doctoral thesis on the works of Manoj Das, P. Raja being the first scholar to do so.

National and international positions

Among the other important positions that Das held were, Member, General Council,[clarification neededSahitya Akademi, New Delhi 1998–2002, and Author-consultant, Ministry of Education, Government of Singapore, 1983–85. He was the leader of the Indian delegation of writers to China (1999).

Awards

Odisha Sahitya Academy Award, 1965 and 1987
Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award, 1972
Sarala Award, 1981
Vishuba Award, 1986
Sahitya Bharati Award, 1995
NTR Literary Award, 2013
Amritakeerti Puraskar, 2013
Veda Vyas Samman
Mystic Kalinga Literary Award (2020) 

Selected works

Novels
The Escapist, 2001
Tandralokara Prahari, 2000
Aakashra Isara, 1997
Amruta Phala, 1996 (Saraswati Samman)
A Tiger at Twilight, 1991
Bulldozers and Fables and Fantasies for Adults, (1990)
Cyclones, 1987
Prabhanjana
Godhulira Bagha
Kanaka-Upatyakara Kahani
Amruta phala
Sesha tantrikara sandhanare

Short Story Collections

Upakatha Sataka
Abu Purusha
Sesa Basantara Chithi, 1966
Manoj Dasanka Katha O Kahani, 1971
Dhumabha Diganta O Anyana Kahani, 1971
The Crocodile's Lady: A Collection of Stories, 1975
Manoj-pancha-bimsati, 1977
The Submerged Valley and Other Stories, 1986
Farewell to a Ghost: Short Stories and a Novelette, 1994
Legend of the Golden Valley, 1996
Samudra-kulara Eka Grama (Balya Smruti), 1996
Aranyaka; (adapted to Aranyaka, 1994)
Bhinna Manisha O Anyana Kahani
Abupurusha O Anyana Kahani
Lakshmira Abhisara
Abolakara Kahani
Aranya Ullasha
Selected Fiction,

Chasing the Rainbow : 

growing up in an Indian village, 2004

Travelogue
Kete Diganta (Part I)
Kete Diganta (Part -II)
Antaranga Bharata (Part I) (My Little India)
Antaranga Bharata (Part II)
Dura-durantara
Adura Bidesh – 2004

Poetry

Tuma Gaan O Anyanya Kabita, 1992
Kabita Utkala

History & Culture

Bharatara Aitihya: Shateka Prashnara Uttara,1999
Manoj Das Paribesita Upakatha Shataka (Tales Told by Mystics), 2002
Mahakalara Prahelika O Anyana Jijnansa, 2006
Jibana Jijnasa o Smaraika Stabaka
Prajna Pradeepika

Commentary

Graham Greene once said, I have read the stories of Manoj Das with great pleasure. He will certainly take a place on my shelves besides the stories of Narayan. I imagine Odisha is far from Malgudi, but there is the same quality in his stories with perhaps an added mystery.
कवि मलखान सिंह 

सर्वप्रथम, प्रलेष के जिला सचिव कॉ. आर डी आनन्द ने दलित कवि मलखान सिंह के बारे में विस्तार से बताया कि श्री मलखान सिंह दलित साहित्य के आधुनिक शेखस्पियर थे. क्रांतिकारी और विद्रोही दलित कवि मलखान सिंह का जन्म 30 सितम्बर 1948 को पश्चिमी उत्तर प्रदेश के गाँव वसई काजी, जिला- हाथरस (अब अलीगढ़) के दलित परिवार में हुआ था. मलखान सिंह ने उच्च शिक्षा अलीगढ़ और आगरा से प्राप्त किया. मलखान सिंह के पिता का नाम श्री भोजराज सिंह और माता का नाम श्रीमती कलावती था. जब वे आठवीं के छात्र थे तभी उनकी मां का देहांत हो गया था. उनकी पत्नी श्रीमती चंद्रावती सिंह का देहांत 19 मार्चब2003 को हो गया था. है. इनके भाइयों में श्री पृथ्वी सिंह, श्री कुमर सिंह, श्री शेर सिंह,श्री नाहर सिंह, श्री अशोक सिंह, श्री विजय सिंह हैं. पुत्र श्री मानवेन्द्र सिंह और पुत्रबधू श्रीमती लता सिंह हैं. पुत्रियों और दामादों में श्रीमती प्रतिभा सिंह पत्नी डॉ. रामेश्वर दयाल, श्रीमती मीता सिंह पत्नी श्री विमल वर्मा, श्रीमती कृष्णा सिंह पत्नी श्री संदीप वर्मा और श्वेता सिंह हैं. पौत्र तपेन्द्र और पौत्री कृति हैं. इनका वर्तमान पता-कालिंदी विहार आगरा, निकट बुद्धा पार्क, सौ फुटा रोड, आगरा है. पहले ये ताजगंज, ताजमहल के निकट ही रहते थे. वह भी इनका निजी आवास था. बाद में उसको बेंचकर वे सौ फुटा रोड पर कालिंदी विहार में आवास निर्माण करवा लिया था. मलखान सिंह को मजदूर आंदोलनों में सक्रीय भागीदारी की वजह से दो बार तिहाड़ जेल जाना पड़ा था. वे 1979 से 2008 के मध्यावधि में आगरा के पूर्व बेसिक शिक्षा अधिकारी तथा एटा के पूर्व जिला विद्यालय निरीक्षक रहे. सन 2012 के साहित्य सर्वेक्षण में ”आउटलुक” ने उन्हें सबसे अधिक लोकप्रिय दलित कवि करार दिया था. मलखान सिंह अपने पहले कविता संग्रह “सुनो ब्राह्मण” के साथ 1996 में चर्चा में आए और साहित्य जगत में सूर्य की तरह स्थापित हो गए. देहरादून में जिस मंच पर ओमप्रकाश वाल्मीकि जी को परिवेश (1996) सम्मान दिया गया था, उसी मंच पर डी. प्रेमपति ने मलखान सिंह के कविता-संग्रह “सुनो ब्राह्मण’’ का विमोचन भी किया था. लोकार्पण कार्यक्रम में काशीनाथ सिंह, अनिल चमड़िया और डॉ. रघुवंशमणि त्रिपाठी भी मौजूद थे. ओमप्रकाश वाल्मीकि ने मलखान सिंह की कविताओं को जनवादी कविताएँ कहकर दलित कविताओं की पंगत से खारिज कर दिया था. ऐसा माना जाता है कि दलित कविता में जनवादी चेतना की बहस वहीं से प्रारम्भ हुई. कँवल भारती और बजरंग बिहारी तिवारी ने मलखान सिंह की कविता में ब्राह्मण और सामंतवाद के गठजोड़ की सार्थक अभिव्यक्ति को सर्वप्रथम स्थापित करने का काम किया था. बजरंग तिवारी ने कथादेश में मलखान सिंह पर विशेष सामग्री छापी थी.

तदन्तर, अपनी बात को जारी रखते हुए कॉ. आर डी आनंद ने बताया, मलखान सिंह दलित साहित्य के एक सशक्त हस्ताक्षर हैं. “सुनो ब्राह्मण” इनका बहुचर्चित दलित कविता संग्रह है. सर्वप्रथम यह 1996 में ‘परिवेश’ पत्रिका के संपादक मूलचंद गौतम द्वारा चंदौसी, मुरादाबाद से प्रकाशित किया गया. दूसरा संस्करण 1997 में मलखान सिंह ने स्वयं प्रकाशित किया. वर्तमान संस्करण 2018 में ‘रश्मि प्रकाशन’ लखनऊ से हरे प्रकाश उपाध्याय जी द्वारा प्रकाशित किया गया है. शुरू में इस संग्रह में 16 कविताएँ थीं और बहुत रद्दी पेपर पर प्रकाशित हुआ था. उस संग्रह को सुरक्षित रखना बहुत कठिन था, हलाकि, वह प्रथम संस्करण आज भी मेरे पास सुरक्षित है. दूसरे संस्करण में भी वही चित्र और वही 16 कविताएँ थीं. इस वर्तमान संग्रह में भी वही 16 कविताएँ हैं. इस संग्रह की एक नई विशेषता यह है कि इसमें मलखान सिंह की लेखकीय टिप्पणी के साथ ओम प्रकाश वाल्मीकि की “मलखान सिंह की कविताएँ”, कमला प्रसाद की “अधिकार संघर्ष की कविता”, कँवल भारती का “मलखान सिंह का कविता-संघर्ष”, अजय तिवारी की “अच्छी कविता की जमीन”, सूरज बडात्या का “महास्वप्न की महाभिव्यक्ति”, बजरंग बिहारी तिवारी की “दलित संवेदना और मलखान सिंह की कविताएँ”, और नमस्या का “फटी बंडी का बोध: जातिबोध का महाख्यान” जैसी सात समीक्षाएं, मूल्याङ्कन और अध्ययन सामिल किया गया है. इनका दूसरा काव्य-संकलन “ज्वालामुखी के मुहाने” को रश्मि प्रकाशन, लखनऊ ने 2019 में प्रकाशित किया, जिसे भी पाठकों ने खूब सराहा. मैंने भी उनकी कविताओं की समीक्षा में तकरीबन 75 पेज लिखा है जो मलखान सिंह को बहुत अच्छा लगा. उन्होंने लेख की बहुत सराहना की है.

भारतीय जीवन बीमा निगम, मंडल कार्यालय फैज़ाबाद में सहायक प्रशासनिक अधिकारी के पद पर कार्य करने वाले राम सुरेश शास्त्री ने बताया कि महान कवि मलखान सिंह हमारे बीच नहीं रहे. यह बहुत दुखद है. 2006 में जब मैं ZTC आगरा में ट्रेनिंग हेतु गया था तो मेरे परम मित्र आर डी आनन्द जी के कहने पर डॉ राजाराम और मलखान सिंह जी के घर गया था. उस समय मलखान सिंह जी ताजगंज आगरा में अपने निजी मकान में रहते थे. लगभग 07 बजे सायं को उनके आवास पर पहुँचा और उनकी भारीभरकम शरीर और बुलंद मूँछ और कड़क आवाज़ से मैं सहमते हुए अन्दर प्रवेश किया . बातचीत के दौरान उनकी सहृदयता देखकर मैं दंग रह गया था . उनके साथ साहित्यिक चर्चा तीन घण्टे हुई और डिनर करने के उपरान्त रात्रि 10 बजे मैं ट्रेनिंग सेंटर सिकंदरा के लिए प्रस्थान किया . पुनः 27 मई 2019 को जब मैं उनसे मिला तो उनकी दुबली और मूँछ रहित शरीर को देखकर हैरान हो गया . मैंने पूँछा सर आप को क्या हो गया है ? जैसा मैंने आप को देखा था उसमें बदलाव है. उनके साथ बिताए गये एक एक पल मुझे उम्र भर प्रेरणा देते रहेंगे. मलखान सिंह साहब अपने व्यक्तित्व और अपनी कृति सुनो ब्राह्मण के कारण हमेशा याद किये जाएंगे . मेरी तरफ से उनको विनम्र अश्रुपूरित श्रद्धान्जलि .

वरिष्ठ दलित कवि श्री आशाराम जागरथ जी ने बताया कि वे एक महान दलित कवि थे. मुझे दुख हो रहा है कि मैं इतने बड़े कवि से नहीं मिल पाया. उन्होंने अपनी एक कविता “सुन बभना” पढ़कर श्रद्धांजलि अर्पित किया.

प्रलेस के संरक्षक व वरिष्ठ कवि स्वप्निल श्रीवास्तव ने बताया कि मलखान सिंह से मेरा परिचय बहुत पुराना था. उन्होंने कहा, मुरादाबाद चंदौसी में हमारे एक साथी आलोचक हैं मूलचन्द गौतम, उन्होंने परिवेश पत्रिका निकालना शुरू किया. उस प्लेटफार्म से उन्होंने मलखान सिंह का कविता संग्रह “सुनो ब्राह्मण” प्रकाशित किया था, उसमें कुछ सोलह कविताएँ थीं. पुस्तक का पेपर बहुत ही साधारण था लेकिन पुस्तक असाधारण हो गई. उनकी लिखी कविताएँ जन-सामान्य कविताओं से भिन्न हैं. दरअसल, वह समय दलित अस्मिताओं का समय था, दलित साहित्य के उभार का समय था तथा उनके समकालीन कई दलित कवि विभिन्न स्तर की कविताएँ लिख रहे थे लेकिन मलखान सिंह को कविताओं का वह तेवर व शिल्प पसंद नहीं था, इसलिए उन्होंने कुछ नए तेवर व शिल्प की कविताएं लिखीं जो कालांतर में लोकप्रिय हुईं और आज जेएनयू और लखनऊ जैसे विश्विद्यालय में उनकी कविताएँ पढ़ाई जा रही हैं. यह एक बड़ी उपलब्धि है. इससे उनके महत्व का पता चलता है.

श्रद्धेय मलखान सिंह को श्रद्धांजलि अर्पित करते हुए वरिष्ठ आलोचक डॉ. रघुवंशमणि त्रिपाठी ने बताया कि उनकी कविताएँ परंपरावाद को नकारती हैं और स्थापित दर्शन से प्रश्न करती हैं. उनकी कविता में लालित्य की जादूगरी नहीं है बल्कि समाज का यथार्थ उभरता है. मलखान सिंह मजदूर आंदोलनों में भाग लेने के कारण दो बार जेल भी गए हैं. प्रारंभिक दौर में वे मार्क्सवादी थे. ओमप्रकाश वाल्मीकि ने उन्हें दलित कवि नहीं जनवादी कहा था और कविताओं को जनवादी कविताएँ कहकर दलित खेमे से हटा दिया था किंतु वरिष्ठ आलोचक और चिंतक कँवल भारती ने मलखान सिंह को दलित कवि और उनकी कविताओं को दलित कविताओं के रूप में स्थापित करने की कोशिश की. उन्होंने बताया कि देहरादून की सभा में मैं भी था. वहाँ दलित साहित्य के मूल सवालों पर जोरदार बहस हुआ कि दलित साहित्य क्या है? क्या इसका कोई भविष्य है? इसका सौंदर्यबोध क्या होगा? इत्यादि. सभा के दौरान काशीनाथ सिंह को अपनी एक टिप्पणी पर श्योराज सिंफह बेचैन से माँफी मांगनी पड़ी. सौंदर्य का कोई एक पैमाना नहीं है. उदाहरण देते हुए उन्होंने बताया, किसी स्त्री के सौंदर्य के बारे में भी कोई एक पैमाना नहीं है. अफ्रीकियों को अपनी स्त्रियों के मोटे होंठ अच्छे लगते हैं तो भारतीयों को अपनी स्त्रियों के पतले होंठ अच्छे लगते हैं. इसी तरह दलित साहित्यकारों ने अपने सत्य की अभिव्यक्ति के लिए अलग मापदंड तैयार किए. “सुनो ब्राह्मण” जातीय अस्मिता की अभिव्यक्ति है. मलखान सिंह के कविता संग्रह ने लोगों के ध्यान को आकृष्ट किया. उनकी कविताएँ मनुष्य को छूती हैं. उनकी कविताएँ जमीनी हक़ीक़त की समकालीन कविताएँ हैं.

डॉ. विशाल श्रीवास्तव जी ने बताया कि मलखान सिंह परंपरागत दायरे से बाहर थे. सौंदर्यबोध स्थिर चीज नहीं है, वह निरन्तर बदलता है. मलखान सिंह समकालीन सौंदर्यबोध के दायरे में रचते हैं. दलित जीवन मे परिवर्तन नहीं दिखता है. अँधेरा बहुत गहरा है. अपना हाथ अपने ही हाथ को खोजने में गच्चा खा जाता है. उनकी कविताएं आत्मकथात्मक कविताएँ है. वे नए प्रतीक और नए बिम्ब गढ़ते हैं.

जन्म 30 सितम्बर 1948
निधन 09 अगस्त 2019
जन्म स्थान गाँव बसई काजी, हाथरस, उत्तर प्रदेश, भारत।
कुछ प्रमुख कृतियाँ
सुनो ब्राह्मण (1996), ज्वालामुखी के मुहाने पर (2016) (दोनों कविता-संग्रह)
विविध
for more : 
Mridula Koshy

From Wikipedia
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful.




Mridula Susan Koshy
Born 1969
Occupation Writer
Website


Mridula Susan Koshy (born 1969) is an Indian writer and free library movement activist. She lives in New Delhi with her three children.

Professional life

Koshy was born in New Delhi and migrated to the US in the 1984, at the age of 14. She has worked as a trade union organiser and community organiser, parent and writer.


She returned to India in 2004 and currently works as a librarian and community organiser with The Community Library Project , which runs four free community libraries, which together serve over 4000 members in Delhi NCR.


Her writing about the free library movement can be read in Caravan Magazine, on the blog of TCLP, All About Book Publishing, Scroll, Yahoo News, and Goethe Institut India's website.


Her collection of short stories, If It Is Sweet won the 2009 Shakti Bhatt First Book Prize and was shortlisted for the 2009 Vodafone Crossword Book Award.


Her first novel, Not Only the Things That Have Happened (Harper Collins, 2012) was shortlisted for the 2013 Crossword Book Award.

Koshy's books often explore the lives of Delhi's working class. Her latest novel Bicycle Dreaming focuses on family life in a waste worker community in Delhi. It follows a 13-year-old girl named Noor, who dreams of owning a bicycle and working as a kabadiwala like her father. However, the loss of his job forces him to work as a ragpicker, adversely affecting her family.


Her stories have appeared in literary journals including Wasafiri, as well as in anthologies in India, the United Kingdom and Italy.

Bibliography


Bicycle Dreaming (Speaking Tiger, 2016)
Not Only the Things That Have Happened (Harper Collins India, 2012)
If It Is Sweet, a collection of short stories (Westland/Tranquebar Press, 2009; Brass Monkey, 2011)
"Intimations of a Greater Truth" in Existere.
"Romancing the Koodawallah" in Wasafiri, Summer 2008.
"Stray Blades of Grass" in The Dalhousie Review, Autumn 2008.
"Companion" in Prairie Fire.
"Good Mother" in India Currents, winner first place, Katha 2008. (online text)
"The Large Girl" in 21 Under Forty from Zubaan and Katha: Short Stories by Indian Women from Saqi, March 2007.
"When the Child was a Child" in First Proof 3 from Penguin India, April 2008.
"Jeans" in India from Isbn Edizioni.
"Same Day" in Tehelka's first fiction special, December 2008 (online text).
Manohar Biswas
A revolutionary Dalit voice in Bengali Dalit Literature


Of the great writers of Bengali Dalit Literature, Manohar Mouli Biswas stands out as an outstanding figure. He was born and brought up in a remote village Dakshin Matiargati in Khulna district in Purba Banga (East Bengal) in 1943. He passed matriculation in 1959. After passing Intermediate Science in 1961 with National Scholarship, he took admission in C.U and completed graduation in 1963.


His is a great revolutionary voice. His poems speak of the sorrows and sufferings of the oppressed Dalit people in the caste-ridden Indian society. For his excellent literary creations, he has been awarded Baba Saheb Dr. B R Ambedkar National Fellowship Award-2009 by Indian Dalit Literary Academy, New Delhi.


At present, he is the President of Bangla Dalit Sahitya Sanstha. He has been editing a famous pioneering bi-monthly literary magazine named “Dalit Mirror” in English for more than a decade. During his stay at Nagpur in 1968 for his Departmental Training as Engineering Supervisor in P and T Dept. of Central Govt. he came in contact with Dalit people and Dalit Literary Movement. That changed the course of his life as a writer.


His poems, short stories are of special flavor. His works are illuminated in the light of Dalit consciousness. Some of his famous works include: Ora Aamar Kabita (They are my poetry) poetry collection, Dalit Sahityer Dikboloy (History of Dalit Literature), Dalit Sahityer Ruprekha (Outline History of Dalit Literature), Poetic Rendering As Yet Unborn’ (Translation from his Bengali Poems). He has written more than a dozen books, and lately he has been writing his autobiography named-Aamar Bhubaney Aami Benche Thaki (I Live in my own world).


In a detailed interview, Manohar Mouli Biswas tells citizen journalist Santanu Halder about his love for the poetry and the significance of Dalit Literature. Excerpts.


Tell us a bit about your childhood days?
My childhood days were something unique and unparallel because of the fact that in those days I worked as a labourer in agricultural fields along with my father and great uncle. My schooling started late and as one with secondary in the scale of importance in life. Upbringing of cattle was the primary one.


Why do you write?
To be a writer is not my motto in life. What is there inside, I feel, life is full of lot of odd experiences, uncommon with others. The same I should share with people through penning.


Do you think of yourself as a Dalit writer?
Why shall I go to call myself a Dalit writer? What is fact I’m born in a Dalit caste and I write about my own people and their sufferings. That is the reason why people call me a Dalit writer.


What according to you is Dalit Literature?
It’s a new kind of literature that evolved recently in the field of Indian literature where the Dalit people themselves are directly expressing their own sufferings and feelings by writing novels, short stories, poetries, dramas, autobiographies etc. After going through a detailed study into the subject, once in my book of ‘Dalit Sahityer Digboloy’, published in 1992 I had defined it as “Dalit Sahitya is the introspection of the Dalit focussed by the Dalit themselves in the perspective of their retrospective misfortunes under the casteism of Hinduism.”


Let us know about the other Dalit writers in West Bengal.


In West Bengal, Dalit writers have a history different from the rest of India. They have their history of writings from hundred years back. Recently I’ve compiled a book titled “Shatobarsher Bangla Dalit Sahity” where I’ve accommodated about hundred Dalit writers whose books had been published from1911 to 2010, on choosing and covering mostly all the genres of writing such as essays, short stories, novels, dramas, poetries and autobiographies. Beyond this group of writers there are more writers left out.


Are you familiar with Indian Dalit Writers?
I do feel myself as one of the family members of Indian Dalit writers, because of the fact I keep myself in touch with the Dalit writings and writers of the states such as Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andra Pradesh, Delhi, Gujarat, Tripura, Assam and Uttarakhand. Sometimes in the national level seminar I do have interactions with them. Some of the Dalit writers are at present writing in English even. In the last Jaipur Literary Festival, you know, a Telegu writer, very favourite to me, Kancha Ilaiah’s novel ‘Untouchable God’ has been released. Om Prakash Valmiki known to me, a writer from Uttarakhand has written his autobiography in his mother tongue and the English version of the same has been published by a publisher in Kolkata.


You are involved with Choturtha Duniya. Tell us a bit about its activities, span, and its importance in the cultural perspective?
At present, I’m working as President of Bangla Dalit Sahitya Sanstha which we had formed in 1992 after the sad demise of Chuni Kotal, a university student of Vidyasagar University and it happened due to caste hatred in West Bengal. This Sanstha is an organisation of Dalit literary and cultural movement in the state. Chaturtha Dunia is a quarterly Dalit literary and cultural magazine published in Bengali since 1994, two years after the formation of Bangla Dalit Sahitya Sanstha as its mouth-piece, and at the initial stage I was working as one of the assistant editors. I’m still attached with it. Sometimes in between I had worked as its editor too.

Do you think being a Dalit writer one has to be a Dalit by birth? Is it compulsory to be a Dalit writer?

Literature and none of its activity is related with the birth. Anybody can write about the Dalits. If you talk about the Dalit literature, then of course we find its creators are coming from the Dalit background.

At present, some people are writing about the Dalits.Can they be categorized as Dalit Writers or Dalit literary critics?
Writer and critic are two different things. A critic has his authority to criticise any kind of literature whether it is a mainstream literature or Dalit literature.


What is the speciality of your writings which is absent in so-called literature?
The mainstream writers depict the Dalit-life in their own seeing them and a Dalit writer describes his own sufferings which are mostly becoming autobiographical in nature.


When did you get acquainted with Dalit Literature in West Bengal?
In the late sixties, I had been in Nagpur for a quite some time and became acquainted with the term ‘Dalit Literature’ and subsequently I could have traced out it in Bengal in the Charya poets. That I may term as old Dalit literature and what is being written at present is modern of the kind.


Do you think that Dalit literature has a separate identity?
The Dalit literature may be otherwise termed as, what I believe as a critic of literature, a kind of identity literature.


Tell a bit about your recent writings and where are they getting published?

You know our literary magazine is named Chaturtha Dunia and we have a small publishing shop in the same name at Stall 22, Bhabani Dutta Lane of Kolkata-73. Most of our writers are getting their books published from the same place at their own cost. The recent writings what I have just completed is my autobiography named “Aamar Bhubaney Aami Benche Thaki” which may be published soon. You know Calcutta publishers are not much interested in Dalit literature.

Do you have any autobiographical work? If any, please tell a bit about its speciality?

I’m a man born in a remote rural Bengal village abounded with marshy lands. In my autobiography, I have told of my life and livelihood what I enjoyed therein. It’s nothing but an untold story, a hyacinth floats unstably sometimes in favour of current and sometimes against the current.

Have you ever read the lives and writings of B.R Ambedkar and Phule, the pathfinders of Dalit communities? How do they influence Bengali Dalit Literature?

The life and writings of Dr. B R Ambedkar, Mahatma Jotiba Phule, E. V. Ramaswami Naicker are undoubtedly thought provoking in the minds of Dalits all over India. I’m also influenced by them in the formation of ideas. But what I feel every writer has his own way of moving forward. In Bengal, the Buddhist kings of the Pala dynasty had ruled Bengal for more than four hundred years at a stretch and Charya poets of Dalit castes came up at that time.

Mahasweta Devi worked on different marginalized people and their lives. Has she successfully portrayed the inner consciousness of your race?

I do have great regards for Mahasweta-di. I can now remember that my book of short stories ‘Krishna Mrittikar Manoosh’ which was published long back was dedicated to her. She has nicely talked about the tribal people. Her studies about them has inspired all other writers, mine too. But she has not gone to the best of details about the Dalits. However, I get her bliss all the time and she has written the foreword of my book ‘Dalit Sahityer Ruprekha’ published from Bani Shilpa of Kolkata.

What is the future of the Dalit writings in India?

The more and more the Dalits are becoming educated and knowing the art of expression the future of this kind of literature is becoming bigger and brighter.

Do you have any message in your writings?

All writings, I believe, carry some message and the message of becoming conscious of their position in the social spectrum. They can locate themselves and can find out the way how they should move on and survive.

What is your opinion on Brahminical system in Bengal?
The discriminations what are exercised in West Bengal in different fields due to the exigencies of this system are not outwardly visible and understandable but it works in very refined manner under the carpet. Only the sufferers know inner truth.

How about translation of your works into English?
India is a country of different federal states. Unless any writing is translated into English the people of the other states and people beyond India cannot know it. I’m happy to say that some critics and good translators have come forward to translate the Bengali Dalit writings into English. Dr. Joydeep Sarangi, Dr. Sipra Mukherjee, Dr. Sankar Prasad Singha and some other good translators are befriending me in this regard. A good number of my poems are translated and published with title ‘Poetic Rendering As Yet Unborn’.

Any memorable incident in your life?
I’d started my service career in Nagpur and perhaps that had provided me a turning point in my life.

Do you think Dalit Literature should be included in the B.A, M.A syllabus of our Indian universities to make it more relevant to the students?

At present, lot of Indian universities have introduced Dalit Literature in their syllabii. State University, Barasat had taught one of my short story (Nanchera Valmiki) for one year in M.A. (English) course. Some Brahmins, however, removed it out of the syllabus.
Nalini Bala Devi
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Nalini Bala Devi
Born 23 March 1898
Guwahati, Assam
Died 24 December 1977
Occupation Poet, writer
Language Assamese
Nationality Indian
Citizenship India
Notable works Sondhiyara Sur
Alakananda
Notable awards Sahitya Akademi Award
Spouse Jibeswar Changkakoti

Nalini Bala Devi (23 March 1898– 24 December 1977) was an Indian writer and poet of Assamese literature, known for nationalistic as well as mystical poetry. She was awarded the Padma Shri by the Government of India in 1957 for her contribution to literature, and 1968 she won the Sahitya Akademi Award given by Sahitya Akademi (India's National Academy of Letters) for her poetry collection Alakananda. She is the first woman Assamese poet to be awarded with Padma Shri and the first lady to the chair the Assam Sahitya Sabha.

Biography

She was born in GuwahatiAssam in 1898. Her father, Karmaveer Nabin Chandra Bordoloi (1875–1936), was an Assamese Indian freedom movement activist and writer. She wrote her first poem, Pita at age 10, and was married at age 12, but her husband, Jeeveshwar Changkakoti, died when she was 19. Two of her sons also died early in her life. She began writing poems, with emotion, tragedy, patriotism and devotion as central themes, which are still acclaimed in Assamese literature.

Her first book of poems Sandhiyar Sur (Evening Melody), published in 1928, was later adopted by Calcutta University and Guwahati University as a textbook in 1946 and 1951 respectively. Her other works include Alakananda, Sopunar Sur (Melody of Dreams), Porosh Moni, Yuga Devata (Hero of the Age), Shesh Puja (The last worship), Parijator Abhishek, Prahlad, Meghdut, Suravi, Rooprekha, Shantipath (Essay anthology), Sheshor Sur (The last Melody)m  Smritir Tirtha (Biography on her father), Biswadeepa (A collection of biographies of famous women), Eri oha Dinbur (The Days Passed, Autobiography), Sardar Vallavbhai Patel are some of her biographical works. She had to her credit one drama titled Meerabai.

In 1950, she established Sadou Asom Parijat Kanan which later become famous as Moina Parijat, the children organisation in Assam. She was the president of 23rd Jorhat session of Assam Sahitya Sabha (Assam Literary Society) in 1955.

She died on 24 December 1977, but is remembered in Assamese literature by the last four lines of her famous poem NaatGhar (The theatre)

....Kun Kar Jogotor / Kun Kar Moromor / Chokur Chinaki Dudinor // Sasimor Rooprekha /Asimot Bur Jabo / Khohi Gole Jori Moromor (Who's for whom in this world / Who's under whose care / Temporary acquaintances, eye-to-eye contacts these are with // Bounded facial outlines / That get dissolved in the infinite oblivion / If the thread of love that binds them snaps.)

The Cotton College, Guwahati named its girls hostel after her as 'Padmashree Nalini Bala Devi Girls' Hostel' in 1986. The Sadou Asom Lekhika Samaroh Samiti literary organization has published Mahasweta, about her works.

Works
Statue at Paltan Bazar, Guwahati
Sandhiyar Sur (Evening Melody, 1928)
Sopunar Sur (Melody of Dreams, 1943)
Smritir Tirtha (Biography, 1948)
Paroshmoni (Touchstone, 1954)
Jagriti (Awakening, 1962)
Alakananda (1967)

Awards and recognition

She was awarded with Sahitya Akademi Award for her poetry anthology Alakananda in 1968 and conferred Padma Shri in 1957 by the Government of India.
ND Rajkumar
ND Rajkumar's works refuse to be determined by a singular caste identity.
cebook


ND Rajkumar is among the finest living Tamil poets. He happens to be Dalit. At Navayana, I had published a selectin of his poems translated into English by Anushiya Ramaswamy in December 2010. It is called Give Us This Day a Feast of Flesh. The book fared poorly in sales but was critically acclaimed. The poet and translator Ranjit Hoskote reviewing it, said: “Powerful liminalities, threshold moments of transit and transformation, are at play in the poems of N.D. Rajkumar.”

Rajkumar, 47, was to speak on November 16, 2014, on a panel at the Sahitya Akademi’s Book Exhibition, organised as part of the National Book Week, in Nagercoil, Tamil Nadu. The subject given to him was, “My Poetry and I”. When a poorly informed moderator introduced Rajkumar as belonging to the tradition of well-known Tamil poets of the past and present such as KannadasanMu Mehta and Vairamuthu, Rajkumar began his talk with this clarification: “I would like to humbly suggest that I do not place myself in the same literary tradition. I function in a radically different literary field. I have no opinion on their literary work. Fine. Let me now begin to speak on my topic…”

This was reason for all hell to break loose. A section of the audience, barely five people, charged at Rajkumar accusing him of insulting a great poet like Kannadasan. Despite Rajkumar’s appeal for calm, he was browbeaten into silence as both the organisers and fellow-writers watched quietly. The Sahitya Akademi did nothing to stop the lumpens from hijacking a literary platform.

Show of support

When Rajkumar narrated the sequence of events to me on 17 November, I urged him to write about it. We are carrying his account in full on the Navayana site, where he says: “It was shocking how the Sahitya Akademi acted: they not only refused to grant me the respect it would give a fan club president, they were also out to humiliate me. While all this was going on, the two writers on the stage, Lakshmi Manivannan and Nada Sivakumar, expressed no concern on my behalf.” Many writers and intellectuals – including Arvind Krishna Mehrotra, Meena Kandasamy, Theodore Basakaran, Ivan Kostka, Umakant, Janice Pariat, Anand Patwardhan, Kalpana Kannabiran, K. Satchidanandan, Dr Manisha Bangar, Nathaniel Roberts, Manisha Sethi, Oishik Sircar, Shuddhabrata Sengupta, Gitanjali Kolanad – have expressed solidarity with Rajkumar and outrage at the manner in which the Sahitya Akademi has handled the situation.

Let me use this opportunity to introduce the reader to the world of Rajkumar.

We had not spoken to each other in a long while. He began by telling me how he had lost his only source of regular income – as temporary coolie with the Railway Mail Service in Nagercoil, an ad hoc job he had held for the past 13 years. He said he was now teaching music to a few children the past few months. “Some of them do not even pay the tuition fee.” His job as someone who hauled parcels of mail from and into coaches had earned him Rs 5,000 a month, at best.

Rajkumar is a poet in the bardic tradition – he performs his poetry by singing them to raga-based improvisations. He shuts his eyes and seems to go into a trance. He never looks at a paper or book when performing. “I write my poems down and publish so that you can read them. I remember almost everything I write.” Rajkumar is one of those rare poets, like Kabir, who believes the Word has to be remembered, it should be worth remembering. If anything is sacred, it is the Word. If the Word is memorable, it will be memorised. If the Word can be sung, it will become memorable. Rajkumar therefore remembers every word he writes. He writes every word he remembers. He casts a spell on his audience. He is, after all, someone who was born into the Kaniyan community, known to perform ‘black magic’ and practice Siddha medicine. His are words that have to be uttered, words that cure. Such a voice had been silenced in Nagercoil. What was forced shut was the artist, the magician, trapped in each of us.

Many identities

In her essay, Where Reason is Dazzled and Magic Reigns Supreme: Journeying into the Kaniyan World of N.D. Rajkumar, the afterword to the book of poems, Anushiya Ramaswamy offers us a glimpse into this world of liminalities:

The Tamil dalit writer’s terrain has been marked out between the lines of traditional liberatory rhetoric (Sivakami’s Palayana Kalidhalum, for instance, whose title “Shedding the Traditional” says it all) and the sorrows of being dalit (Imayam’s first novel Koveru Kazhudhaigal(translated as Beasts of Burden into English) is a prime example, where the travails of those who are the lowest on the caste totem pole, the dalits who serve other dalits, are described in minute detail).

Rajkumar’s poetry treats these lines as if they are drawn in sand. He shifts between the typological – as a dalit writer, belonging to a particular dalit caste, the kaniyan – and the familial (as son, grandson, husband and father) from poem to poem. He claims a plethora of identities and subjectivities, refusing the determinacy of a singular caste identity. He is ambivalent as to a unitary subject position in the midst of or even in spite of his exuberant claiming of one persona or another. He refuses the space/time constraints of an Enlightenment-derived rhetoric (of the kind most familiar to us through the writings and activities of the Tamil Enlightenment theorist EV Ramasamy or Periyar and modern dalit liberatory movements), preferring to push for the sort of originary tales similar to those envisioned by the late 19th century dalit activist and intellectual, Iyothee Thassar, which provide an alternative historiography of caste. The kaniyan caste deals with the occult, as the traditional medicine men or shamans among the Tamil dalits of the region, and Rajkumar’s poetry revels in the arcane lore of his community.

She further says:

Along with Rajkumar’s rejection of fixed notions of identity comes a stubborn refusal of pathos. In the English version of Bama’s Karukku, where the piteous cry of caste-based suffering echoes and re-echoes incessantly, pity is the only response the narrator demands of the reader. Historically, from the early Tamil literary novels written by caste Hindus to Arundhati Roy’s 1997 prize-winning novel The God of Small Things, the dalit character is always presented as the victim, as a being who evokes immense terror and pity through his tragic suffering. In Rajkumar’s poems, even as he describes a violent domestic tragedy – for instance, of a servant maid raped and threatened with continued rape at her place of work who then commits suicide – he swiftly brings about the transformation of a broken female body into an unrelenting goddess of vengeance. This fury refuses even the glint of pity in the beholder’s eyes.

Here’s a glimpse of that fury in one of the untitled poems featured in the book

Their women sit on the swing and sing
The story of Vaamanan
Who went into the untouchable
Kaniyan household to steal fire
Then in the form of a brahmin child
Measured the earth
In three steps.
He stood on the asura
King Mahabali’s
Head and trampled it
Into the ground.
Every year
During the Onam festival
When Mahabali comes up
To visit the Land
of the Living Stench,
Where history flings
Shit on our faces…

Spreading magic

I first met Rajkumar almost a year after I had published him. In September 2011, an academic acquaintance, who had been blown over by Rajkumar’s poetry, invited him to a Protest Workshop at a private university in Sonepat. When I first heard Rajkumar in the south Delhi guesthouse he was hosted in, I was and struck by the incantatory effect of his words. I had goosebumps. Then, after beer over a meaty lunch, we went to my office and bonded over Ustad Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan and our love for music.

I introduced him to Kumar Gandhrava’s Kabir. When he heard the Dhrupad ustads, Nasir Zahiruddin Dagar and Nasir Faiyazuddin Dagar singing raga Sohini, he excitedly said this corresponded to Hamsanandi in the Carnatic system. We listened to a night raga in the middle of the day. The next afternoon we watched Mani Kaul’s Duvidha, based on a Vijayadan Detha short story in Rajasthani, at a screening the city. Rajkumar loved the film about a ghostly husband, for in his poetic world, ghosts and unfulfilled spirits roam freely – thirsting for love and sometimes blood. He merely said since it was a ghost film we should have watched it at night. We heard Sohini in the day, we saw a ghost at noon. We had brought night into the day. Kabir would have laughed along.

Rajkumar has seven poetry volumes to his credit including Odakku, Rattha Santhana Paavai, Theri and Kal Vilakkugal. He has acted and written lyrics for a recent Tamil film called Madhubaana Kadai (The Liquor Shop, 2012). (Those who follow Tamil, or simply wish to see Rajkumar, may view his interview here, where he talks of his poetic journey.)

Rajkumar next came to perform in Delhi at Samanvay 2013, a literary festival that celebrates Indian languages, at the India Habitat Centre. Language is no barrier when Rajkumar takes the stage. He performs in the only language he knows – Tamil. Among those in the audience the poet and translator Arvind Krishna Mehrotra, Tibetan poet Tenzin Tsundue, Giriraj Kiradoo, Telugu poets Yakoob and K Siva Reddy showered Rajkumar with love and praise. He was virtually mobbed after his performance. Young men and women shot pictures with the wordsmith. I basked in the glow that surrounded him. The 10 copies of his book we had taken along got sold on the spot. Rajkumar was beaming.

What happened under the aegis of India’s National Academy of Letters is the exact opposite of the kind of love an artist like Rajkumar deserves. Rajkumar’s appeal is not just to the men and women who run Sahitya Akademi but also to “fellow-artists who have transcended caste and religious sentiments”. We hope he is heard. And read.
Narayan Gangaram Surve
From Wikipedia
Narayan Surve
Born
Narayan Gangaram Surve
15 October 1926

Died 16 October 2010

Occupation Poet
Awards Padma Shri


Narayan Gangaram Surve (15 October 1926 – 16 October 2010) was a Marathi poet from Maharashtra, India.

Life and career

He was born on 15 October 1926. Orphaned or abandoned soon after birth, he grew up in the streets of Mumbai, sleeping on the pavement and earning a meager livelihood by doing odd jobs. He taught himself to read and write, and in 1962, published his first collection of poems Aisa Ga Mi Brahma (ऐसा गा मी ब्रह्म ; Aisa Ga Mi Brahma). Majhe Vidyapeeth (माझे विद्यापीठ ; My University), the book he would be most known for appeared in 1966 while he stayed in Chinchpokli, Mahahrashtra. He received 11 prizes for his book Majhe Vidyapeeth Though he studied only till second standard and never climbed the steps of a college, he is known as one of the best poets of Marathi language.

Surve actively worked in the workers' union movement in Mumbai and supported himself as a schoolteacher. Surve ,who had much faith in Karl Marx, won the 'Soviet Land Nehru Award' (for his book Majhe Vidyapeeth) from the Soviet Union in the year 1973 as communist people of Russia were fascinated by his views and considered him similar to them. He became the editor of Lokvadmaygruha in the year 1972.

In the 1970s, he was often championed in India as well as in the Soviet Union and some Eastern bloc countries as a proletarian poet.

He died due to old age and after a brief illness on 16 August 2010.
Awards and recognition
He received 'Soviet Land Nehru Award' from Soviet Russia in 1973
In 1998, he received a Padma Shri award from the Government of India for excellence in Literature & Education.
In 2003, A Marathi Short Film named "Narayan Gangaram Surve" was awarded with 'Golden Lotus Award (Swarna Kamal)', a certificate and cash prize during the 50th National Film Awards.
In 1999, he was conferred Kabir Sammanin by the state government of Madhya Pradesh.
Narayan Surve was a Convener of the Marathi Advisory Board of Sahitya Akademi.
He presided over Marathi Sahitya Sammelan at Parbhani in 1995.
Famous works

The following is a partial list of compilations of Surve's poems and essays:
माझे विद्यापीठ (Majhe Vidyapeeth) (1966)
जाहीरनामा (Jahirnama) (1978)
ऐसा गा मी ब्रह्म (Aisa Ga Mi Brahma) (1962)
सनद (Sanad)
मानुष कलावंत (Manush Kalawant)
आणि समाज (Ani Samaj)
सर्व सुर्वे (Sarva Surve) (संपादन: वसंत शिरवाडकर) (Editor: Vasant Shirwadkar)
"Mastaranchi Savli" (Book written by his wife, Krishnabai Surve)
On the Pavement of Life (1973) is a compilation of English translations of Surve's early poems.
Narendra Jadhav

From Wikipedia

Dr. Narendra Jadhav

Dr. Narendra Jadhav

Member of Parliament
(Nominated)

Incumbent
Assumed office
25 April 2016
Member,
National Advisory Council
In office
2010–2014
Vice-Chancellor of the
University of Pune
In office
24 August 2006 – 15 June 2009
Preceded by Ratnakar Gaikwad
Succeeded by R. K. Shevgaonkar
Personal details
Born 28 May 1953
Alma mater Ramnarain Ruia College
University of Mumbai
Indiana University
Occupation Economist, Educationist, Professor, Writer
Website


Narendra Damodhar Jadhav (born 1953) is an Indian economist, bureaucrat, writer and educationist who is a member of the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Indian Parliament. He previously served as member of the Planning Commission of India and the National Advisory Council. Prior to this, he had worked with International Monetary Fund (IMF) and headed economic research at the Reserve Bank of India


Narendra Jadhav was born in a Mahar family (now Buddhist) and grew up in the village of Ozar and Mumbai suburb of Wadala Jadhav attended Chhabildas High School, Dadar. He did his BSc in Statistics from Ramnarain Ruia College, University of Mumbai in 1973. He also did his MA in Economics from University of Mumbai in 1975. He later received a PhD in Economics from Indiana University in 1986.
Career
Jadhav served in the Reserve Bank of India for 31 years, taking voluntary retirement in October 2008, from the position of Principal Adviser and Chief Economist (in the rank of Executive Director). In the RBI, he steered a team of 120 career economists and played a significant role in macroeconomic policy-making in India especially after the macroeconomic crisis in 1991. He worked for four and half years at the International Monetary Fund (IMF), first as Adviser to Executive Director for India and briefly as a Consultant to the Independent Evaluation office of the IMF.
He worked as Chief Economic Counsellor for Afghanistan (2006) and earlier, also as an Advisor to the Government of Ethiopia (1988). He served as the Vice-Chancellor of the University of Pune from 24 August 2006 to 15 June 2009. In 2008, the Chief Minister of Maharashtra appointed him as the Chairman of a One Man High Powered Committee in the context of 'Farmers' Suicides'. He was appointed to the Planning Commission by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh during the second UPA government.
In April 2016, he was nominated to the Rajya Sabha by the President of India.
Books
A writer with 100 research papers, 14 books on economic and social issues including four in Marathi to his credit. His latest contributions are two books in Marathi on Rabindranath Tagore – one is an anthology of Gurudev's poems translated into Marathi and the other one (being released) is on Gurudev's life and times. Jadhav's writings include:
Dr. Ambedkar : An Intellectual Biography (2013)
Ambedkar Writes (editor, two volumes, 2013)
Pradnya Mahamanavachi (2013)
Lasavi (editor)
Dr. Ambedkar Speaks (editor, three volumes, 2013)
Bol Mahamanavache
Ravindranath Tagore : Yug Nirmata Vishvamanav (2011)
Ravindranath Tagore : Samagra Sahitya Darshan (2011)
Bhayshoonya Chitta Jeth ... Ravindranathanchya Pratinidhik Kavita 151 (2010)
Untouchables: My Family's Triumphant Journey Out of the Caste System in Modern India (2005)
Monetary Policy, Financial Stability and Central Banking in India, (2005)
Re-emerging India: A Global Perspective (2005)
Outcaste – A Memoir, Life and Triumphs of an Untouchable Family In India (2003), winner of the Sahitya Academy Award for the Hindi version
Governors Speak (editor, 1997)
Challenges to Indian Banking: Competition, Globalization and Financial Markets (editor, 1996), winner of All-India Publishers' Association Award
Monetary Economics for India (1994), winner of All-India Publishers' Association Award
Amcha Baap Aan Amhi (1993)
Our Father and Us (2009)
Dr. Ambedkar : Economic Thought and Philosophy (1992)
Dr. Ambedkar: Aarthik Vichar Aani Tatvadnyan (1992), winner of Maharashtra Sahitya Parishad Award and Asmita Darsha Award
Macroeconomic Investment Management in LDCs: A Social Cost-Benefit Approach (1986)
Nilanjana S. Roy

Nilanjana S. Roy (b ca 1971) is a well-known Indian journalist and literary critic, author of The Wildings (Aleph Book Company, 2012). She currently writes a regular column for the Business Standard. She used to write a notorious literary blog called Kitabkhana under the pseudonym Hurree Babu. She is married to Devangshu Datta, a stock market columnist and a consultant to financial dailies and business magazines.

Roy is originally from Kolkata. She was educated at La Martiniere, Kolkata, and read English Literature at St Stephens at Delhi University in the 1990s. In 1998, she was Assistant Features Editor of Business Standard, and then Deputy Features Editor of the same newspaper.She did a brief stint as Books Editor for Outlook magazine and worked with Biblio before spending several years as a freelance writer. Her last job was as chief editor, Westland Books. She lives in Delhi with her husband.


N.Kumaran Asan


Bronze State of Asan near to his Tomp
In a mid day of 16th January 1924; the greatest poet of Malayalam, N.Kumaran Asan was waiting for holy darsan of the Guru Narayana in front of his ashram at Sivagiri. Asan was wishing to discussion with his guru of some matters relating the SNDP Yogam. He was in hurry due to afraid of missing his boat in which he had been proposed a journey via Alappuzha to Alwaye where he had

Asan with Guru

been owned a tile factory. The time being gone and Guru was still in meditation. At last Asan was decided to go without guru's darsan and he entrusted these words for guru that " Asan came and went away " . At that night Guru Narayana wake up from the meditation and then he alarmed those words that " Asan go away forever " and people of ashram were exclaimed on guru's nature and those were not been knowing what was going on. Then no more words come out from the guru. Meanwhile in the river "Pallana", the boat named "Redimeer ", which one Asan used to travel ; was sinking in to the deep of the water. In the course of searching the body of Asan had been found after 3 days of accident and buried at the bank of the river. This place was formerly known as Kumarakodi and by fate that Name synchronized with the resting in peace of place of Asan for ever.
Asan's Tomp

The river "Pallana" is a branch of holy river "Pampa" and flows around the village to the Arabian Sea. The Kumarakodi is an important tourist point on the way of National water way from Kollam - Kottappuram. There are somany Guru Mandir are located within 5 KM around the village. In that place Kumarakodi, Asan's family runs a U P School in memorial of Asan and Main attraction of this place is Asan's tomp builted by the Government of Kerala .
Kishor Shantabai Kale
INDIAN WRITER

ishor Shantabai Kale (1970–2007) was a Marathi writer and social worker from Maharashtra, India. He was the son of a Kolhati tamasha artist. He studied at the Grant Medical College to become a medical doctor. Kale died at age 37 in a car accident on February 21, 2007. He was closely related to Madhu Kambikar an Indian film artist.

Works

Kolhatyacha PorIn 1994, he wrote his autobiography Kolhatyacha Por (son of a kolhati) (कोल्ह्याट्याचा पोर) in Marathi. It has been translated to English by Sandhya Pandey and titled Against all odds. There has been a demand from the Kolhati community that the book be banned as they consider it libellous.

Hijara Ek MardHis novel, Hijara Ek Mard Eunuch, A Man, was also adapted for the stage. Kale acted in the lead role of a eunuch in this play, Andharyatra.
Neeraj Badhwar

राजस्थान के श्रीगंगानगर में पले-बढ़े नीरज बधवार ने कॉलेज खत्म होने तक जिंदगी में सिर्फ तीन ही काम किए—टी.वी. देखना, क्रिकेट खेलना और देर तक सोना। ग्रेजुएट होते ही उन्हें समझ आ गया कि क्रिकेटर मैं बन नहीं सकता, सोने में कॅरियर बनाया नहीं जा सकता, बचा टी.वी., जो देखा तो बहुत था, मगर उसमें दिखने की तमन्ना बाकी थी। यही तमन्ना उन्हें दिल्ली ले आई। जर्नलिज्म का कोर्स किया और छुट-पुट नौकरियों में शोषण करवाने के बाद वो टी.वी. एंकर हो गए। एंकर बन परदे पर दिखने का शौक पूरा किया तो लिखने का शौक पैदा हो गया। हिम्मत जुटा एक रचना अखबार में भेजी। उनके सौभाग्य और पाठकों के दुर्भाग्य से उसे छाप दिया गया। इसके बाद तो उनका दुःस्साहस बढ़ा और एक-एक कर उन्होंने कई अखबारों में रायता फैलाना शुरू कर दिया। हिंदी हास्य-व्यंग्य की जिस दुर्गति के लिए जानकार अखबारी कॉलमों को जिम्मेदार मानते हैं, उसमें ये अपनी महती भूमिका पिछले आठ साल से निभा रहे हैं। सिर्फ अखबार और टी.वी. में लोगों को परेशान कर जब इनका दिल नहीं भरा तो ये सोशल मीडिया की ओर कूच कर गए। 2011 में khabarbaazi.com के नाम से हास्य-व्यंग्य का पोर्टल लॉञ्च किया। अपने वनलाइनर्स के माध्यम से हजारों लोगों को आज ये ट्विटर पर अपने झाँसे में ले चुके हैं। जल्द आनेवाली एक हिंदी फिल्म के डायलॉग्स का कूड़ा भी इनके हाथों हुआ है। वर्तमान में ‘सहारा समय’ चैनल में डिप्टी एडिटर/एंकर के पद पर कार्यरत हैं। ‘सहारा समय’ पर ही हास्य-व्यंग्य के कार्यक्रम ‘अर्थात्’ के जरिए लोगों को राजनीति और बाकी दुनिया की बातों का अनकहा मतलब समझा रहे हैं। ‘खबरबाजी’ के संपादन के अलावा ‘दैनिक हिंदुस्तान’ और ‘नवभारत टाइम्स’ में साप्ताहिक कॉलमों के जरिए भी लोगों पर जुल्म ढाने का सिलसिला जारी है।

यह पुस्तक लेखक के उसी जुल्म की दास्ताँ का एक और किस्सा है। और इस उम्मीद के साथ आपके हाथों में है कि इसका हिस्सा बनकर आप इस किस्से को सुनाने लायक बना पाएँगे।
Nagaraju Koppula
By shinjinidb in Society
Nagaraju Koppula was a journalist from a small village in Sarapaka, Telangana. He was probably the only Madiga Dalit journalist to work for The New Indian Express in Hyderabad. After battling illness since 2012, Nagaraju met an untimely death on 12 April 2015 from lung cancer at the age of 34, bringing an end to a career that was meant to change the perception of society towards Dalit in India. Even though he died of lung cancer, his friends and colleagues have come forward in unison to blame the inherent casteism in the society for his death.

Along with the Telangana Union of Working Journalists and the Delhi Union of Journalists (DUJ), Nagaraju’s friends have started a campaign organizing protests across the country. Their contention is that Nagaraju’s employers practiced caste discrimination and didn’t support him financially or mentally to deal with the trauma of cancer. They underpaid him, denied him health benefits, provident fund and other such benefits- the lawful right of any employee working in an organisation. This unfair treatment and insensitivity shown by the organisation towards his illness is the reason for his untimely death.

At the condolence meeting in Delhi on April 23, the DUJ have resolved to “fight for justice against the casteist discrimination and contractual exploitation meted out to him by his employers”. Their belief is that Nagaraju had been discriminated on account of being a Madiga Dalit in what is a pre-dominantly upper caste media industry. His death brings to attention the lack of diversity that exists in workspaces, especially in the Indian media.

The number of Dalit journalists in mainstream media is dismal. Even more worrying is the differential treatment directed towards the marginalized section of the society. It can operate in multiple ways in the form of snide comments, ‘invisibalisation’ and a general lack of concern. So people from marginal sections will probably get paid less, be bullied by seniors, denied benefits- all of which contribute to demoralizing a whole section of society.

Dalits enter the field of media believing that they can empower their community, but many times their identity itself can become a source of derision. In such cases, the work place becomes a battle zone where the person section will work harder and exert himself more in order to undo centuries of discouragement.

Nagaraju’s friends vouch by his hardworking nature, “He had to struggle a lot in order to make it into the media, given his background. He worked day and night without any real remuneration,” said his friend Durgam Bhaskar- student leader of the campaign from Osmania University. His friends argue that he contributed a lot to the organisation, but the same organisation did not show any sympathy towards his ailment.

From what we gathered from his friends and the campaigners, Nagaraju’s measly income wasn’t enough to pay for his medical expenses. This led him to seek medical help under Andhra Pradesh government’s rural health care scheme which misdiagnosed him with Tuberculosis. As the illness persisted, he sought the help of a private hospital where he was diagnosed with advanced lung cancer on 1st April.

At the offset, what became clear is that his treatment for cancer was delayed because he couldn’t afford to seek reliable medical help. Further, Nagaraju was on unpaid leave which added to his misery. Nagaraju, even in his condition, tried negotiating with the management for financial support, but to no avail.

Chittibabu Padavala, a close friend of Nagaraju and a journalist himself pointed out the inherent hypocrisy that is casteism- “He was denied the basic rights given to every employee, only because he was a Dalit.” The management did not even consider his background. There can be no denying the fact that the management could have given some consideration on humanitarian grounds, but their lack of concern makes their casteism clear.

Durgam Bhaskar compared this casteist attitude to a “psychological disorder”- Dalits are stigmatized in our society. These marginalized sections are harassed everyday- at least in spirit. We never talk about the mental trauma of being cornered and dejected because of a status that is socially ascribed by birth. A person is therefore judged not for their merit but their position in the caste system- a relic of a conservative past.

Through the campaign, Nagaraju’s friends and supporters want to raise the issue to a national level so that no one from any marginal community ever faces discrimination again. “What we see here is a clear- cut case of caste discrimination. We want the government to undertake an investigation to make sure the management is prosecuted for the unfair treatment of its employee. There should be some kind of mechanism to make sure that harassment against Dalits is documented so that action can be taken,” said Manisha Lath, a student of JNU and a campaigner. The campaign is called ‘Justice for Dalit Journalist Nagaraju Koppula Campaign’.
Whatever the reason for Nagaraju’s death- terminal disease or caste discrimination, what is clear is the humanitarian failure right from the start. It might not overtly look like a case of discrimination but structural biases against a targeted section of a society is worth investigating.
Om Prakash Valmiki
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Omprakash Valmiki
Born 30 June 1950
Died 17 November 2013 (aged 63)
Occupation Writer and poet
Spouse Chanda Valmiki
Omprakash Valmiki (30 June 1950 – 17 November 2013) was an Indian writer and poet. Well known for his autobiography, Joothan, considered a milestone in Dalit literature. He was born at the village of Barla in the Muzzafarnagar district of Uttar Pradesh. After retirement from Government Ordnance Factory he lived in Dehradun where he died of complications arising out of stomach cancer on 17 November 2013.

Besides Joothan (1997) Valmiki published three collections of poetry: Sadiyon Ka Santaap (1989), Bas! Bahut Ho Chuka (1997), and Ab Aur Nahin (2009). He also wrote two collections of short stories, Salaam (2000), and Ghuspethiye (2004). In addition, he wrote Dalit Sahitya Ka Saundaryshaastra (2001) and a history of the Valmiki community, Safai Devata (2009), Do Chera' (a play).
Phanishwar Nath "Renu"
Wikipedia from the free encyclopedia

Phanishwar Nath 'Renu' (March 4, 1921 Awrahi Hingna, Forbesganj - April 11, 1 to 9, 77) is a Hindi language the author used. His debut novel Maaila Aanchal was very well received for which he was awarded the Padma Shri award.

Biography

Born fanishwar Nath 'Renu' On March 4, 1921 in Bihar 's Araria near Forbisganj district was in Awrahi Hingna village. At that time it was in Purnia district. He was educated in India and Nepal . Renu did his matriculation after completing his elementary education in Farbisganj and Araria , living in the Koirala family from the Viratnagar Adarsh ​​School in Viratnagar , Nepal . He did Intermediate from Kashi Hindu University in 1942 after which he plunged into the freedom struggle. Later in 1950, he also participated in the Nepali Revolutionary Movement, which resulted in Nepal Democracy was established in Actively participated in the student struggle committee along with the students of Patna University and played an important role in the entire revolution of Jayaprakash Narayan. He was horribly diseased during the year 1952–53, after which he leaned towards writing. A glimpse of this period is found in his story Tbe Ekla Chalo Re . He laid the foundation of the regional story in Hindi . Sachchidananda Hiranand Vatsyayan Agnayya , a contemporary poet , was his ultimate friend. The mention of the railway station of Katihar is found in many of his compositions .

Writing-style

His writing style was descriptive, describing each psychological thinking of the character in a breathtaking manner. Character-building of the characters was quite rapid as the characters were nothing but a simple-minded human mind (usually). In almost every story, the thinking of the characters was dominated by events. The smell of a primitive night is a beautiful example of this.

In Renu's stories and novels, he has successfully tried to tie words to every tune, every scent, every rhythm, every rhythm, every sound, every beauty and every ugliness of the regional life. His language style has a magical effect that binds the readers with him. Renu was a wonderful anecdote and reading his works, it seems as if someone is telling a story. He has made a very creative use of the folk songs of rural life in his fiction.

His writing Premchand increases further the social realist tradition and they Premchand after independence is also termed. In his works, he has used regional terms a lot.

Literary works
Novel

It is rare to find an example of the fame Renu got in Hindi literature from her novel Maila Aanchal. The publication of this novel made him famous overnight as a big Hindi narrator. Some critics were not too late to declare it the second best Hindi novel after Godan. However, the controversy did not raise any less. It was attempted to be a copy of Sathinath Bhaduri's Bengali novel 'Dhodhai Charit Manas'. But over time such false accusations started getting cold.

In Renu's novel writing, the graph of writing goes up to the sloppy Aanchal and fallow tale, but that is not seen in the subsequent novels.


Storytelling
Reportage
The smell of vanilla
Famous stories
Begum of red beans
The third Kasam made the famous film with the same name in the lead role of Raj Kapoor and Waheeda Rehman , directed by Basu Bhattacharya and produced by noted lyricist Shailendra . The film is considered a landmark in Hindi cinema . This love story of Hiraman and Hirabai created a wonderful epic narrative of love with a sad narrative that still captivates readers and audiences.

Honor

He was awarded the Padma Shri for his debut novel 'Maaila Aanchal' .

Book

Narrative Crafts of Phanishwar Nath Renu, published from University Grants Commission grant (190), Author: Renu Shah

Bharat Ratna demand

In the year 2014, Uday Mandal , national president of Youth for Bihar and national general secretary of All India Dhanuka Ekta Mahasangh, demanded the Government of India to give Bharat Ratna to Phaniswaranath ‘Renu’.
Panna Naik
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Panna Naik
Naik at Ahmedabad, 2006
Born 28 December 1933 
Occupation Poet, story writer
Language Gujarati
Education M.A., M.S.
Genres Free verse
Notable works Pravesh (1975), Videshini (2000)
Spouse
Nikul Naik
​(m. 1960; died 2004)​
Signature 
Website


Panna Naik (born 28 December 1933) is an Indian Gujarati language poet and story writer who has lived in Philadelphia, United States since 1960. Working in the local university, she wrote poetry drawn from the world around her. Her book Pravesh (1975) received critical acclaim and she has published several poetry collections since.

Life[edit]

Panna Naik was born on 28 December 1933 in Bombay (now Mumbai) to Dhirajlal Modi and Ratanben. Her grandfather Chhaganlal Modi (1857-1946) was an education inspector for Baroda State and had written popular historical fiction, Irawati. Her family were from Surat. Her mother Ratanben had recited her Gujarati and Sanskrit religious and secular poems which made her interested in poetry.She completed her B.A. in 1954 and her M.A. in 1956 with Gujarati and Sanskrit from St. Xaviers College affiliated with the University of Bombay (now University of Mumbai). In 1960, she moved to the United States as a bride. She completed Master of Science in Library Science from Drexel UniversityPhiladelphia, in 1962 and M.S. in South Asian Studies from University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, in 1973. She served as a bibliographer and librarian at the Van Pelt Library in the University of Pennsylvania from 1964 to 2003 and as professor of Gujarati from 1985 to 2002. Her husband Nikul Naik died in 2004. In 2015, she was romantically involved with accountant Natwar Gandhi.

Poetry

Panna's poetry depicts the feelings of a woman living in the modern city and a foreign country focusing on "Survival, Identity and Alienation". She also captures her relationship with men, the confusions of married life, hopes and afflictions in her poems which are considered as feminist in nature. She is influenced by American poet Anne Sexton whose Love Poems (1967) inspired her to write poetry. She draws inspiration from Indian as well as Western poetic traditions. Her first poetry collection was Pravesh (Admission, 1975) which drew her critical acclaim. Philadelphia (1981), Nisbat (1984), Arasparas (1989), Avanjavan (1991), Rang Zarukhe (2005), Cherry Blossom (2004), Ketlak Kavyo (1990) are her poetry collections. Videshini (2000) is republication of her first five poetry collections which addresses the issues of Indian diaspora. Attar Akshar is her Haiku collection. Flamingo (2003) is her story collection. Her poetry is anthologised in poetry collections: Udi Gayo Hans in 1996ni Shreshth Vartao, Qutip in Gujarati Navalika Chayan (1997), Katha Nalinbhaini in Gujarati Navalika Chayan (2001), Galna Tanka in Gujarati Navalika Chayan (2002). Her essay is anthologised in Ab To Baat Fail Gai edited by Suresh Dalal.

Awards

She won the Government of Gujarat's Prize in Poetry in 1978 for her first poetry collection, Pravesh (1975). She also won the Chunilal Velji Mehta Award in 2002.

Selected works

Pravesh (Admission, 1975)
Philadelphia (1981)
Nisbat (1984)
Arasparas (1989)
Avanjavan (1991)
Rang Zarukhe (2005)
Cherry Blossom (2004)
Ketlak Kavyo (1990)
Videshini (2000)
Attar Akshar
Flamingo (2003)
Pavanan
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Pavanan
പവനൻ

Born
Puthan Veetil Narayanan Nair
October 26, 1925

Died June 22, 2006 (aged 80)
Occupation Atheist, journalist, politician, author, activist
Spouse(s) Parvathi Pavanan

Puthan Veetil Narayanan Nair, fondly called and popularly known by his pen name Pavanan (പവനൻ) who was born on 26 October 1925 and died on 22 June 2006, was a well-known rationalistliterary critic and left wing political activist from KeralaIndia. He was also a well-accomplished author and journalist, who had won the Kerala Sahithya Akademi Award in 1965 and the Soviet Land Nehru Award in 1979. He was the secretary of the Kerala Sahithya Academy (1977-84) and the General Secretary of the Kerala Union of Working Journalists, and a member of Kerala Kalamandalam and Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Academy. Pavanan was the editor of Malayalam Encyclopedia. He had authored more than a dozen books. Pavanan Foundation Award was constituted by Pavanan Foundation to recognize and honour literary works. In 2011 M. K. Sanu, Malayalam critic and writer had received this award.

Early days and education

Pavanan was born on 26 October 1925 at Vayalalam, Thalassery, Kerala, India. His father was Kuttamath Kunniyur Kunhisankara Kurup and mother, Puthan Veetil Devaki Amma. He had his education at Raja's High School, NileshwaramKasaragod and at Brennen College High School, Thalassery.

Career

During 1944–46, Pavanan served in the Indian Army of British India. Later, after leaving the army, he worked as an Inspector in Co-operative Department in north Kerala.

Since 1949, Pavanan took up journalism as his career along with his left-wing political activism. He first stint as a journalist was as an editorial board member of the Malayalam journal, Jayakeralam, published from Chennai then known as Madras. During 1952–53 he worked as a sub-editor of Pourashakthi before becoming a staff-reporter with Deshabhimani, the Malayalam organ of the undivided Communist Party of India. During 1965–67, he worked as the editor of Navayugam and as correspondent of India Press Agency. He was a style editor with Soviet Information Office, Chennai during 1970–75 and General Editor with Manorajyam group of publications during 1984–86. He then, during 1988–94, worked as Director-in-Charge of Vishwa Vijnana Kosham, an Encyclopedia published by the Government of Kerala. Pavanan was Assistant Secretary of Kerala Sahitya Academy between 1975–78 and its Member Secretary during 1978–84.

A rationalist

As a rationalist, Pavanan was the founder-Chief-editor of Yukthirekha, the organ of Kerala Yukthivadi Sangham, a well-known rationalist group in Kerala. He was the organization's president for a long time before he was afflicted with Alzheimer's disease from which he had been suffering for the last 4–5 years of his life.

Awards and honours

Pavanan was awarded the Sovietland-Nehru Award (twice), Kerala Sahitya Akademy Award, G. Sankara Kurup Award, Puthezhan Memorial Award, Vailoppally Memorial Award, M.C. Joseph award as well as V.T. Bhattathrippad Memorial Award for his contribution in the fields of journalism and literature. He received Emeritus Fellowship (1989–93) from the Human Resource Department, Government of India.

Death

Pavanan died on 22 June 2006 at Trissur at 7:15 am, after a prolonged illness.

After his death, his eyes were donated to an eye bank. Following his wishes, he was cremated without any religious ceremonies thus upholding his rationalist ideal until his death.

Books by Pavanan

Pavanan wrote more than 40 books in Malayalam and English languages. Some of the titles are:

In Malayalam
Keralam Engane Jeevikkunnu (1967)
Parichayam (1968)
Soviet Unionanil Krushchevinu Sesham (1965)
Mahakavi Kuttamath (1980)
Pavanante Thiranjedutha Prabhandangal (1988)
Adyakala Smaranakal (1990)
Sahitya Nirupanam
Yathra Vivaranam
Thathva Chintha
Yukthivadam
Jeevacharithra Smaranakal
Yukthi Darsanam (editor) (Published by Kerala Yukthivadi Sangham)
Brahmananda Shivayogi (Biography)
Matham, Marxism, Mathetharatwam
Peristroicayum Socialisavum (1992)

In English
A journey through Moscow and Georgia
What happened in China
Buddhist influence in Malayalam Literature
Parag Kumar Das
Journalist

Parag Kumar Das was the former editor of Asomiya Pratidin, a radical journalist, human right activist and one of the founders of human rights movement in Assam. He was also the founder leader of Manab Adhikar Sangram Samiti. Prior to that he was the manager of Guwahati Stock Exchange. Wikipedia
Born: 24 February 1961, Shillong
Died: 17 May 1996, Guwahati

Pratibha Ray
Pratibha Ray is an Indian academic and writer. She was born on 21 January 1943, at Alabol, a remote village in the Balikuda area of Jagatsinghpur District formerly part of Cuttack district of Orissa state. She was the first woman to win the Moortidevi Award in 1991.

She is an eminent fiction writer in contemporary India. She writes novels and short stories in her mother tongue Oriya. Her first novel Barsha Basanta Baishakha (1974) proved itself as a best seller for its readability among rural female half literate readers. She attributed the boldness, the revolt and humanism in her literature, to the impact ofVaisnaism, her family religion, which preaches no caste, no class, and also due to the influence of her Gandhian teacher-father, Parashuram Das.

Her search for a "social order based on equality, love, peace and integration", continues, since she first penned at the age of nine. When she wrote for a social order, based on equality without class, caste, religion or sex discriminations, some of her critics branded her as a communist, and some as feminist. But she says "I am a humanist. Men and women have been created differently for the healthy functioning of society. The specialities women have been endowed with should be nurtured further. As a human being however, woman is equal to man".

She continued her writing career even after her marriage and raising a family of three children, for which she credits her parents and her husband. She completed her Masters in Education, and PhD in Educational Psychology while raising her children. Her post-doctoral research was on 'Tribalism and Criminology of Bondo Highlander', one of the most primitive tribes of Orissa, India.
Pradnya Daya Pawar
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Pradnya Daya Pawar, also known as Pradnya Lokhande, (born February 11, 1966), is an Indian poet and fiction writer of Marathi descent.

Pawar has been a member of the Maharashtra State Literary and Cultural Board. Recently she returned her state government awards in protest against what she believes is a rising atmosphere of intolerance and hate in India. A Buddhist, Pawar is the daughter of Daya Pawar.

Pawar is editor of fortnightly Pariwartanacha Watsaru (परिवर्तनाचा वाटसरू)

Writings
Books of Poetry writings

Antahstha (Marathi: अंतःस्थ) (1993, 2004)
Utkat Jiwaghenya Dhagiwar (Marathi: उत्कट जीवघेण्या धगीवर)(2002)
Mi Bhidawu Pahatey Samagrashi Dola (Marathi: मी भिडवू पहातेय समग्राशी डोळा) (2007)
Aarpaar Layit Pranantik (Marathi: आरपार लयीत प्राणांतिक) (2009,2010)
Drushyancha Dhobal Samudra (Marathi: दृश्यांचा ढोबळ समुद्र) (2013)
Other writings

Dhadant Khairalanji (Marathi: धादान्त खैरलांजी), a 2007 play
Kendra Ani Parigh (Marathi: केन्द्र आणि परिघ), a 2004 collection of columns
Mi Bhayankarachya Darwajyat Ubha Ahe – Namdeo Dhasal Yanchi Nivadak Kavita (Marathi: मी भयंकराच्या दरवाज्यात उभा आहे - नामदेव ढसाळ यांची निवडक कविता), a work co-edited with Satish Kalsekar, 2007
Disha – Mahavidyalayin Kavi – Kavyitrinchya Kavita (Marathi: दिशा - महाविद्यालयीन कवी - कवयित्रींच्या कविता), a work co-edited with Nitin Rindhe, 2007
Afawa Khari Tharawi Mhanun (Marathi: अफवा खरी ठरावी म्हणून), a 2010 collection of short stories
Tehaltikori (Marathi: टेहलटिकोरी), a 2016 collection of columns
Arwachin Aaran (Marathi: अर्वाचीन आरण), a 2020 collection of columns

Honors and awards

Birsa Munda Rashtriya Sahitya Puraskar
Maharashtra Foundation Award
Shanta Shelke Award
Maharashtra State's Keshavsut, Balkavi and Indira Sant Vishesh Puraskar
Bodhivardhan Award
Maharashtra State's Ga.La.Thokal Vishesh Puraskar
Vanita Samaj Gaurav Puraskar
Presided over in various prestigious Literary Gatherings such as Gunijan Sammelan (2012, Aurangabad), Regional Sahitya Sammelan (2015, Patan, District Satara), Asmitadarsh Sammelan (2017, Latur), and Shikshak Sahitya Sammelan (2019, Virar, District Palghar).
Palkuriki Somanatha
From Wikipedia
Noted Kannada poets and writers in Hoysala Empire
(1100-1343 CE)
Kanti 1108
Rajaditya 12th. c
Harihara 1160–1200
Udayaditya 1150
Vritta Vilasa 1160
Kereya Padmarasa 1165
Nemichandra 1170
Sumanobana 1175
Aggala 1189
Sujanottamsa(Boppana) 1180
Kavi Kama 12th c.
Devakavi 1200
Raghavanka 1200–1225
Bhanduvarma 1200
Balachandra Kavi 1204
Parsva Pandita 1205
Maghanandycharya 1209
Janna 1209–1230
Puligere Somanatha 13th c.
Hastimalla 13th c.
Chandrama 13th c.
Somaraja 1222
Gunavarma II 1235
Polalvadandanatha 1224
Andayya 1217–1235
Sisumayana 1232
Mallikarjuna 1245
Kumara Padmarasa 13th c.
Mahabala Kavi 1254
Kesiraja 1260
Kumudendu 1275
Nachiraja 1300
Ratta Kavi 1300
Nagaraja 1331
Noted Kannada poets and writers in the Seuna Yadava Kingdom
Kamalabhava 1180
Achanna 1198
Amugideva 1220
Chaundarasa 1300

Palkuriki Somanatha was one of the most noted Telugu language writers of the 12th or 13th century. He was also an accomplished writer in the Kannada and Sanskritlanguages and penned several classics in those languages. He was a Shaiva (devotee of the Hindu god Shiva) by faith and a follower of the 12th century social reformer Basava and his writings were primarily intended to propagate this faith. He was a well acclaimed Shaiva poet.
Life
Indication that he was not a Shaiva by birth comes from the fact that he mentions the names of his parents in his very first work, Basava Purana, as Visnuramideva and Sriyadevi, violating a general practice of Shaiva writers who do not mention their real parents but rather consider the god Shiva as the father and his consort Parvati as the mother. However, the scholar Bandaru Tammayya has argued that he was born a Jangama (devotee of the god Shiva). The scholar Seshayya places him in the late 13th to early 14th century and proposes that the writer lived during the reign of Kakatiya king Prataparudra II, whereas the Kannada scholar R. Narasimhacharya dates his writings to the 12th century and claims Somanatha was patronised by Kakatiya king Prataparudra I (1140–1196). His place of birth is uncertain because there is a village by the name Palkuriki in the Warangal district of the Telangana state as well as in the Kannada speaking region (Karnataka).
Writings

Telugu language
Important among his Telugu language writings are the Basava Purana, Panditaradhya charitra, Malamadevipuranamu and Somanatha
Stava–in dwipadametre ("couplets"); Anubhavasara, Chennamallu Sisamalu, Vrishadhipa Shataka and Cheturvedasara–in verses; Basavodharana in verses and ragale metre (rhymed couplets in blank verse); and the Basavaragada.Kannada language
His contributions to Kannada literature are, the Basavaragada, Basavadhyaragada, Sadgururagada, Silasampadane, Sahasragananama, Pancharantna. Several Vachana and ragale poems are also his contributions to Kannada literature. Somanatha's Telugu Basavapurana was the inspiration for Vijayanagara poet Bhimkavi (c. 1369) who wrote a Kannada book by the same name. Somanatha was the protagonist of a 16th-century Kannada purana ("epic religious text") written by the Vijayanagara poet Tontadarya.Sanskrit language
Important among his Sanskrit language writings are the Somanathabhashya, Rudrabhashya, Vrishabhastaka, Basavodharana, Basavashtaka, Basava panchaka, Ashtottara satanama gadya, Panchaprakara gadya and Asharanka gadya.

पलाश विश्वास
*जन्म 18.5.1958
*शिक्षा एमए अंग्रेजी साहित्य, डीएसबी कालेज नैनीताल, कुमाऊं विश्वविद्यालय
*संपादक दैनिक आवाज, प्रभात खबर, अमर उजाला, जागरण के बाद जनसत्ता में 1991 से 2016 तक सम्पादकीय में सेवारत रहने के उपरांत रिटायर होकर उत्तराखण्ड के उधमसिंह नगर में अपने गांव में बस गए और फिलहाल मासिक साहित्यिक पत्रिका प्रेरणा अंशु के कार्यकारी संपादक।
लेखन

*उपन्यास - अमेरिका से सावधान
*कहानी संग्रह - अंडे सेंते लोग, ईश्वर की गलती।
*सम्पादन - अनसुनी आवाज - मास्टर प्रताप सिंह
*फीचर फिल्मों वसीयत और इमेजिनरी लाइन के लिए संवाद लेखन
*मणिपुर डायरी और लालगढ़ डायरी
*हिन्दी के अलावा अंग्रेजी औऱ बंगला में भी नियमित लेखन
*अंग्रेजी में विश्वभर के अखबारों में लेख प्रकाशित।
*2003 से तीनों भाषाओ में ब्लॉग
Dr Ajay S. Sekher



I am from Kerala, a small peninsular state in south India. I teach, research, write, translate, paint and photograph. I like music and traveling. I also like to ride my bike quite a lot as I like fresh air, flight and freedom.


I was awarded Ph D in English by M G University, Kottayam in 2007. My critical essays and translations have been published in leading Malayalam and English journals in my state and country, including The Economic and Political Weekly, Indian Literature, Littcrit, Mathrubhumi, Madhyamam, Malayalam and Bhashaposhini.


My Doctoral Thesis deals with the representation of caste and gender issues in Indian fiction written in various Indian languages and in English. It was done with Prof. P P Raveendran of School of Letters. The work is titled Representing the Margin.


My recent published titles iclude:
— Unknown Subjects: Songs of Poykayil Appachan. (Trans.) Kottayam: IPRDS Studies, 2007.
— Writing in the Dark: A Selection of Dalit Poetry from Malayalam. ( Trans.) Mumbai: Vikas Adhyayan Kendra, 2009.
— Irutile Kali. (Trans. of Toni Morrison’s Playing in the Dark.) Pathanamthitta: Prasakti, 2007.
— Sahodaran Ayyappan: Towards A Democratic Future. Calicut: Other Books, 2012.
— Dr B R Ambedkar. Kottayam: SPCS, 2016.
— Nanuguruvinte Atmasahodaryavum Matetara Bahuswara Darsanavum: Anukampayute Neetisastram. Trivandrum: Mytri, 2016.
— ed. Kerala Navodhanam: Putuvayanakal. (with Dr S R Chandramohanan) Trivandrum: Raven, 2017.
— Putan Keralam: Kerala Samskaratinte Baudha Atitara. Trivandrum: Kerala Bhasha Institute, 2018.
I have done group and solo art shows in Kochi, Thrissur, Calicut, Chennai and Kottayam. I have been guest lecturing on literary and cultural studies at various university departments and colleges in Kerala from 2002 onwards, including School of Letters, M G University and S S University, Kalady. Served as Assistant Professor of English in Government Colleges at Thrissur and Kasaragod from 2010 to 2012. From 2012 April to 2014 June I was teaching at the English Dept at the Tirur Centre of S S University situated in Tirunavaya, Malapuram as Assistant Professor. From June 2014 onward I am teaching in SSUS main centre Kalady as Assistant Professor of English. My academic writing samples are available on academia.edu:
Pichu Sambamoorthi
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Pichu Sambamoorthi
Born 14 February 1901
Died 23 October 1973 (aged 72)
Occupation Musicologist
Writer
Years active 1928–1973
Known for Music academics
Spouse(s) Anandavalli

Pichu Sambamoorthi (1901–1973) was an Indian musicologist, writer and the professor of musicology at the Sri Venkateswara UniversityTirupati. He was the author several books on music, including A Dictionary of South Indian Music and Musicians, Great composers, South Indian Music, Sruthi Vadyas (Drones) and Laya Vadyas: Time-Keeping Instruments. He was awarded the Madras Music Academy's Sangeetha Kalanidhi in 1972. The Government of India awarded him the third highest civilian honour of the Padma Bhushan, in 1971, for his contributions to music. He was also a 1963 recipient of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship.

Biography

Born on 14 February 1901 at Bitragunta, a small village in the erstwhile Madras Presidency (presently in Guntur districtAndhra Pradesh), Sambamoorthi trained in vocals and violin under various teachers such as Boddu Krishniah, M. Doraiswami Iyer, S. A. Ramaswami Iyer and Krishnaswami Bhagavatar. He started his career, in 1928, as a member of faculty of music at Queen Mary's College but moved to Germany, in 1931, under a grant from Deutsche Akademie, and studied musicology at the academy, simultaneously learning Hochschule für Musik und Theater München, then known as Staatliche Akademie der Tonkunst. On his return to India, he joined Madras University as a lecturer and, later, a Reader in Music, and continued there till 1961 when he joined Sangita Vadyalaya, Chennai, as its director. In 1964, he was appointed as the Professor of Musicology at Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, a post he held for two years, till his return to Madras University in 1966.

Sambamoorthi was associated with several universities in India, including Banaras Hindu University, under a University Grants Commission programme. He published over 50 books which included a six-volume treatise, South Indian Musi and a two-volume biographical account, Great Composers. The Catalogue of Musical Instruments, in display at the Government Museum, Chennai, was prepared by him in 1962, which has since gone into several re-prints. He received the third highest civilian honour of the Padma Bhushan from the Government of India in 1971. A year later, he was selected for the Sangeetha Kalanidhi award by the Madras Music Academy.

Sambamoorthi, who was married to Anandavalli, died on 23 October 1973, at the age of 72. His life and work have been documented in a book, Prof. Sambamoorthy, the Visionary Musicologist, published by Madras Music Academy, in connection with his birth centenary in 2001.

Selected bibliography
English

P. Sambamoorthy (1929). South Indian music series. Indian Music Publishing House.
P. Sambamoorthy (1929). The Melakarta Janya-Raga Scheme: With an Explanatory Chart and Two Appendices. Indian Music Publishing House.
P. Sambamoorthy (1935). Syama Sastri and other Famous Figures of South Indian Music. Indian Music Publishing House.
P. Sambamoorthy (1952). A Dictionary of South Indian Music and Musicians (3 volumes). Indian Publishing House.
P. Sambamoorthy (1957). Sruti Vadyas: (drones). All India Handicrafts Board.
P. Sambamoorthy (1959). Laya Vadyas: Time-keeping Instruments. All India Handicrafts Board.
P. Sambamoorthy (1962). Great Composers (2 volumes). Indian Music Publishing House.
P. Sambamoorthy (1963). South Indian music (6 volumes). Indian Music Pub. House.
P. Sambamoorthy (1967). Tyagaraja. National Book Trust.
Government Museum (Madras, India); P. Sambamoorthy (1976). Catalogue of Musical Instruments: Exhibited in the Government Museum, Chennai. Principal Commissioner of Museums, Government Museum.
P. Sambamoorthy (1982). The Flute. Indian music Publishing House.
P. Sambamoorthy (1984). Aids to the teaching of music. Indian Music Pub. House.
P. Sambamoorthy (2006). Elements of Western Music for Students of Indian Music. Indian Music Publishing House.

Tamil

P. Sambamoorthy (1957). Kirtana sagaram (5 volumes). Indian Music Publishing House.
P. Sambamoorthy (2009). Practical course in karnatic music (3 volumes). Indian Music Publishing House.

P. K. Narayana Pillai

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

P. K. Narayana Pillai
Born 21 March 1879

Died 10 February 1936 (aged 56)

Kerala
Occupation Literary critic, essayist, scholar, grammarian, poet

Notable work

Panchananante Vimarsathrayam
Leghuvyakaranam
Vyakarana Pravesika
Sahithya Panchanante Krithikal
Spouse(s) Parukutty Amma
Parent(s)
Damodaran Pillai
Kunjulakshmi Amma

P. K. Narayana Pillai (21 March 1879 – 10 February 1936), better identified as Sahitya Panchanan P. K. Narayana Pillai, was an Indian literary critic, essayist, scholar, grammarian and poet of Malayalam language. One of the pioneers of literary criticism in Malayalam, he wrote more than 25 books which include Panchananante Vimarssthrayam, a critique of the writings of Thunchaththu EzhuthachanCherusseri Namboothiri and Kunchan Nambiar and two books on Malayalam grammar, Leghuvyakaranam and Vyakarana Pravesika. He was a judge of the High Court of Kerala, a member of the Sree Moolam Popular Assembly and the founder president of the Samastha Kerala Sahithya Parishad.

Biography

P. K. Narayana Pillai was born on 21 March 1879 at Ambalappuzha in the present-day Alappuzha district of the south Indian state of Kerala to Pozhincheri Madathil Damodaran Pillai and Kadamattuveettil Kunjulakshmi Amma. After completing early education in the traditional way under local teachers such as Chami Pillai Asan, Ananthakrishna Iyer and Raman Asan, he did his formal schooling at Ambalappuzha and passed the 10th standard examination in 1896. His college education was in Thiruvananthapuram where he completed his under graduate studies and after securing a bachelor's degree, he served as a teacher at the government high school and later at the government college in Thiruvananthapuram. Simultaneously, he studied law and after earning a degree, he started practicing as a lawyer in 1909. The next year, he was elected to Sree Moolam Popular Assembly. After practicing law in Kottayam, Alappuzha and Thiruvananthapram, he became a judge of the High Court of Kerala in 1929. Later, he also represented Ambalappuzha in the Sree Moolam Popular Assembly. When Samastha Kerala Sahithya Parishad was established in Kochi, he was selected as its founder president.

Narayana Pillai published over 25 books, mostly literary criticism, and he was one of the pioneers of literary criticism in Malayalam. Panchananante Vimarsathrayam, a critique on the writings of Thunchaththu EzhuthachanCherusseri Namboothiri and Kunchan Nambiar was one of his major works and the book was published by Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi. He also wrote two books on Malayalam grammar, Leghuvyakaranam and Vyakarana Pravesika. A four-volume work, Sahitya Panchanante Kruthikal has been published compiling all his major works.

Narayana Pillai, married to Parukutty Amma, died on 10 February 1936 at the age of 56. A library, P. K. Memorial Library, one of the first libraries in Kerala, was established in his honour by P. N. Panicker, known to be the father of library movement in Kerala, with Panicker serving as its secretary and it was here the representatives of 47 libraries in the state of Travancore met on 16 September 1945 to form the Thiruvithaamkoor Granthasala Sangham (All Travancore Library Association), the first library movement in Kerala. Incidentally, P. K. Memorial Library was the first entry in the association's register. Sahitya Akademi has published Narayana Pillai's biography under the title, Sahitya Panchanan P K Narayana Pillai, written by M. Gopalakrishnan Nair, under the series, Bharathiya Sahitya Silpikal (The Makers of Indian Literature).

Selected bibliography

K, Narayana Pillai P. (1916). Krishnagatha - Oru Niroopanam (in Malayalam). Kottayam: Central Travancore Bk depot.
Narayana Pillai, P. K. (1947). Vijnana ranjini / (in Malayalam). SPCS.
K, Narayana Pillai P. (1950). Pracheena Manipravalam (in Malayalam).
K, Narayana Pillai P. (1952). Neethisathakam (in Malayalam). Kerala Sarvakalasala.
Narayana Pillai, P. K. (1955). Bharatha deshiya gaanam / (in Malayalam). Ullur Publishers.
K, Narayana Pillai P. (1956). Smarana Mandalam (in Malayalam). Trivandrum: Kerala University Co.op.stores.
Pillai.P.K, Narayana (1965). Sahitheekadaksham (in Malayalam). Ullur Publisher.
Narayana Pillai, P. K. (1966). Veerajanani/. Kottayam: National Book Stall.
K, Narayana Pillai P. (1968). Thunchathezhuthachan (in Malayalam). Kottayam: National Book Stall.
Narayana Pillai, P. K. (1969). Samskara kaudukam / (in Malayalam). Kottayam: S.P.C.S.
K, Narayana Pillai P. (1970). Unniyachi Charitham (in Malayalam). Kerala Sarvakalasala.
K, Narayana Pillai P. (1971). Padyaratnam (in Malayalam). Trivandrum: Kerala Sarvakalasala.
Narayana Pillai, P. K. (1979). The universal light : a poem on Swami Vivekananda, with an English translation (in Sanskrit). Trivandrum: College Book House.
Narayana Pillai, P. K. (1980). Panchananante vimarssthrayam. Thrissur: Kerala Sangeetha Natak Akademi.
Narayana Pillai, P. K. (1983). Kairalidwani (in Malayalam). Kottayam: National Book Stall.
Narayana Pillai, P. K. (1988). Prayogadeepika. Trivandrum: Dept. of Cultural Publications.
Narayana Pillai, P. K. (1993). Sahithya Panchanante Krithikal (in Malayalam).
Narayana Pillai, P. K. (1995). Leghuvyakaranam. Thiruvananthapuram: State Institute of Languages.
Narayana Pillai, P. K. (1995). Vyakarana pravesika. Thiruvananthapuram: State Institute of Languages.
Narayana Pillai, P. K. (1995). Kavyamekhala: Sahithya Panjanande Padyakrithikal (in Malayalam). Thiruvananthapuram: Lt. Col. T.N.K.Nair.
K, Narayana Pillai P. Prasanga Tharangini (Part - 1) (in Malayalam).
Pillai.P.K, Narayana. Prasanga Tharangini Part II (in Malayalam).
K, Narayana Pillai P. Prayoga Deepika (in Malayalam).
K, Narayana Pillai P. Kesimadhanam (in Malayalam). Kerala Sarvakalasala.
K, Narayana Pillai P. Krishnarjjuna yudham (in Malayalam). Kerala Sarvakalasala.
Pt Raghunath Murmu

Pandit Raghunath Murmu (May 1905 – 1 February 1982) was an Indian Santal writer and educator. He invented the Ol Chiki script for Santali language. No culture can survive without their own language and script. Until the nineteenth century, Santal community had no written language and knowledge was transmitted orally from one generation to other. Wikipedia
Born: Baishakh Kunami, (Full Moon of May)Ye...

Died: 1 February 1982 (aged 76)
Occupation: Ideologist, playwright, and writer

Raj Gauthaman

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Raj Gauthaman is a leading Tamil intellectual who pioneered new approaches to Tamil cultural and literary history studies in the late 20th century. He has authored twenty research works that analyze the development of Tamil culture from ancient to modern periods with a focus on subaltern Dalit perspectives. He has also written three novels and translated Sanskrit works into Tamil. Raj Gauthaman was a part of the core group of writers and thinkers, many of whom were Dalits, which shaped the thinking of the influential journal, Nirapirikai in the early 1990s. He worked in academia before retiring in 2011.

Raj Gauthaman was awarded the Pudhumaipithan Ninaivu Virudhu by the Canadian and American Tamil diaspora in 2018. He is being awarded the Vishnupuram Award for 2018 by the Vishnupuram Ilakkiya Vattam for his significant contributions to the Tamil literary and cultural domain.

Biography

Raj Gauthaman was born in 1950 in Pudhupatti town in Virudhu Nagar district of Tamil Nadu. His original name was S Pushparaj. He obtained elementary education in Pudhupatti and high school education in Madurai. He attended St Xavier's college in Palayamkottai and received graduate degree in Zoology and post-graduate degree in Tamil literature. He then attended Annamalai University and received a post-graduate degree in Sociology. He completed his PhD based on research on writer A Madhaviah.

Raj Gauthaman was associated with government arts colleges in Pondicherry, and was lastly the Head of the Tamil Department at the Kanchi Mamunivar Centre for Postgraduate Studies in Pondicherry. and retired in 2011. His wife's name is K Parimalam, and his daughter is Dr Nivedha. He currently resides in Tirunelveli

Raj Gauthaman is the elder brother of the celebrated Tamil novelist Bama. He wrote the foreword to her first collection of stories, Kusumbukkaran.

Gauthaman cites among his formative influences the works of Ranajit Guha, Bakhtin, Foucault and Nietzsche.

Career
Early Works

Raj Gauthaman was closely associated with the wave of Dalit political thought and writing that rose in the 1980s in India and in Tamil Nadu. He published essays and articles that analyzed Tamil culture in subaltern perspectives through a Marxian approach. The energy of Tamil Dalit movement and Gauthaman's distinct contribution to it is captured in two widely cited early works, Dalit Panpaadu (Dalit Culture, 1993) and Dalit Paarvaiyil Tamil Panpaadu(Tamil Culture from a Dalit Perspective, 1994). He also published Iyothee Thassar Ayvugalon activist Iyothee Thass and Aram Adhikaram. Marxist scholars like N Muthumohan praise the works for their blend of Marxian analysis and satire.

Writer and critic Jeyamohan in his introductory note for the Vishnupuram Award contends that while his early works projected critical intensity and satire, they generally lacked the integrity of his later works. Jeyamohan remarks that Raj Gauthaman should primarily be known as one of the three stalwarts of Tamil literary history studies.

Dalit Paarvaiyil Tamil Panpaadu (1994) argues that analyzed carefully from below, mainstream Tamil culture reveals itself, not as a unified expression of Tamil achievement, but as comprising heterogeneous strands. It is in many ways a critique of the canonized non-Brahmin version of the Tamil past. Gauthaman's narrative is interrupted at specific points by an ordinary Dalit who brings in the freshness of a local dialect to question and comment on the account. At one point the Dalit interlocutor asks why students are never taught these things. The answer, 'they say such things are not interesting; literature has to be appreciated and enjoyed; it is not politics,' opens out onto another major achievement of these books and of the Nirapirikai group — the repositioning of literary and cultural texts outside the confines of the aesthetic.

In the mind of a Hindu of any hegemonic caste, the identity of Dalits is treated as a negative identity. As though it is natural, he treats his identity as positive and that of the Dalit as opposed to his. While he draws pleasure from the fact that he is not born an untouchable, he is full of fear and anxiety that he might become one. As a result, whenever a Dalit tries to improve his status, the caste Hindu is anxious that this will usurp his positive identity and, in its place, impose the Dalit's negative identity on him. This anxiety transforms his fear into anger. The Hindu is unable to free himself from such caste psychology... He is willing to sacrifice anything but his caste purity. He lives burdened by the fear that the lower castes will sully his caste purity at any time. For him, protecting his caste purity is more important than partaking in class identity. This is why the wealthy and landed hegemonic Hindus are able to prevent the petty bourgeoisie among the middle castes, and the agrarian working class among the lower castes and Dalits, from unifying as a class. They are able to safeguard their class interests by setting one caste against the other.

"Dalit Culture" in No Alphabet in Sight: New Dalit Writing from South India Vol.I, Ed. Satyanarayana and Tharu

Later Phase

Jeyamohan classifies Raj Gauthaman's works in the post-2000 period as more rounded and reflecting the balance necessary to explore ancient Tamil history and culture

Pattum Thogaiyum Tholkappiyamum Thamizh Samooga Uruvakkamum traced the cultural foundations of Tamil society through Tamil Sangam literature and Tholkappiyam. It explored how Tamil society consolidated its patterns of 'righteousness based hegemony', and how it used power to create prevailing social hierarchies over time.

Aakol Poosalum Perungarkaala Nagarigamum analyzed how the tribal society transformed into the urban village of the Sangam area, and how those boundaries slowly got blurred, affecting the lives and equations of participants on both sides. It charted unexplored areas on how wars gave way to games of cattle robbery, the changing role of the bards and pleasure women and the funerary customs of megalithic versus 'civilized' era.

Aarambakatta Mudhalaliyamum Thamizh Samooga Uruvakkamum describes and explores the late 19th century social and cultural milieu where those social groups which collaborated with the British rule were allowed to experience private land and property ownership. This included Dalit social groups which were newly unencumbered from slavery and started to enjoy property rights and urban mobility.

Raj Gauthaman's novel Siluvairaj Sarithiram was a satirical take on society through the eyes of a Dalit across twenty five years of his life. It is written in an autobiographical style and describes Siluvai's encounters with political, social and religious institutions.
Bibliography
Research & Criticism
A Madhavaiah
Enbadhugalil Thamizh Kalaacharam(1992)
Dalit Panpaadu (Dalit Culture, 1993)
Dalit Paarvaiyil Tamil Panpaadu (Tamil Culture from a Dalit Perspective, 1994)
K Iyothee Thassar ayvugal, research on early Dalit activist Iyothee Thassar
Aram Adhikaram
Dalitiya Vimarsana Katturaigal (2003)
Pattum Thogaiyum Tholkappiyamum Thamizh Samooga Uruvakkamum (2008)
Thamizh Samoogathil Aramum Aatralum (2008)
Aakol poosalum Perungarkaala Naagarigamum (2010)
Aarambakatta Mudhalaliyamum Thamizh Samooga Uruvakkamum (2010)
Kanmoodi Vazhakkam Ellam Manmoodi Poga
Kalithogai Paripaadal: Oru Vilimbunilai Nokku
Pudhumaipithan Ennum Brahmaraakshas
Poi + Abatham = Unmai
Penniyam: Varalarum Kotpadugalum
Pathitruppatthu Aingurunooru
Pazhanthamizh Agaval Padalgalin Parimatram
Sundara Ramasamy: Karuthum Kalaiyum
Vallalarin Aanmeega Payanam
Fiction
Siluvairaj Sarithiram
Kaalachumai (2003)
Londonil Siluvairaj
Translation
Vilimbunilai Makkalin Porattangal (translated into Tamil, from the original by Ranajit Guha and Susie Tharu)
Kilikkathaigal Ezhupathu (translation of Śukasaptati, Seventy Tales of the Parrot)
Anbu Enum Kalai
Kathakosa: Samana Kathaigal
Further reading
Satyanarayana, K & Tharu, Susie (2011) No Alphabet in Sight: New Dalit Writing from South Asia, Dossier 1: Tamil and Malayalam, New Delhi: Penguin Books.

Satyanarayana, K & Tharu, Susie (2013) From those Stubs Steel Nibs are Sprouting: New Dalit Writing from South Asia, Dossier 2: Kannada and Telugu, New Delhi: HarperCollins India.
Jeyamohan, (2018), Raj Gauthamanin Panpattu Varalatru Paarvai, Article series critiquing Raj Gauthaman's contribution to Tamil cultural history studies, www.jeyamohan.in



R. C. Majumdar
(Wikipedia)

R. C. Majumdar

In office
1 January 1937 – 30 June 1942
Preceded by A. F. Rahman
Succeeded by Mahmud Hasan
Personal details
Born 4 December 1888
Died 11 February 1980 (aged 91)
Nationality Indian

Ramesh Chandra Majumdar (known as R. C. Majumdar; 4 December 1888 – 11 February 1980) was a historian and professor of Indian history. Majumdar is a noted historian of modern India. He was a former Sheriff of Kolkata.

Early life and education

Coming from a Baidya family, Majumdar was born in Khandarpara, GopalganjBengal PresidencyBritish India (now in Bangladesh) on 4 December 1888, to Haladhara Majumdar and Bidhumukhi. In 1905, he passed his Entrance Examination from Ravenshaw CollegeCuttack. In 1907, he passed F.A. with first class scholarship from Surendranath College and joined Presidency College, Calcutta. Graduating in B.A.(Honours) and M.A. from Calcutta University in 1909 and 1911, respectively, he won the Premchand Roychand scholarship from the University of Calcutta for his research work in 1913.

Career

Majumdar started his teaching career as a lecturer at Dacca Government Training College. Since 1914, he spent seven years as a professor of history at the University of Calcutta. He got his doctorate for his thesis "Corporate Life in Ancient India". In 1921 he became professor of history in newly established University of Dacca. He also served, until he became its Vice Chancellor, as the head of the Department of History as well as the dean of the Faculty of Arts. Between 1924 and 1936 he was Provost of Jagannath Hall. Then he became the Vice Chancellor of that University, for five years from 1937 to 1942. From 1950, he was Principal of the College of Indology, Benares Hindu University. He was elected the general president of the Indian History Congress and also became the vice president of the International Commission set up by the UNESCO for the history of mankind.

Works

Majumdar started his research on ancient India. After extensive travels to Southeast Asia and research, he wrote detailed histories of Champa (1927), Suvarnadvipa (1938) and Kambuja Desa (1944). On the initiative of Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, he took up the mantle of editing a multi-volume tome on Indian history. Starting in 1951, he toiled for twenty-six long years to describe the history of the Indian people from the Vedic Period until the Independence of India in eleven volumes. In 1955, Majumdar established the College of Indology of Nagpur University and joined as Principal. In 1958–59, he taught Indian history in the University of Chicago and University of Pennsylvania. He was also the president of the Asiatic Society (1966–68) and the Bangiya Sahitya Parishad (1968–69), and also the Sheriff of Calcutta (1967–68).[citation needed]

When the final volume of "The History and Culture of the Indian People" was published in 1977, he had turned eighty-eight. He also edited the three-volume history of Bengal published by Dacca University. His last book was "Jivaner Smritidvipe".[citation needed]

The proposal to write on "Freedom movement" with Government sponsorship was put forth by in 1948 by R. C. Majumdar. In 1952 the ministry of education appointed Board of Editors for the compilation of the History. Professor Majumdar was appointed by the Board as the Director and entrusted with the work of sifting and collecting materials and preparing the draft of the history. However, the Board as consisting of politicians and scholars, was least likely to function harmoniously. Perhaps this was the reason why it was dissolved at the end of 1955. The scheme remained in balance for a year until the government decided to transfer the work on to a single scholar. To the disappointment of Professor Majumdar the choice of the ministry of education fell on one Tara Chand, a historian but also an ex-secretary of the Ministry of Education. Professor Majumdar then decided to write independently The History of the Freedom movement in India in three volumes.

Views on the Indian independence movement

When the Government of India set up an editorial Committee to author a history of the freedom struggle of India, he was its principal member. But, following a conflict with the then Education Minister Maulana Abul Kalam Azad on the Sepoy Mutiny, he left the government job and published his own book, The Sepoy Mutiny & Revolt of 1857. According to him the origins of India's freedom struggle lie in the English-educated Indian middle-class and the freedom struggle started with the Banga Bhanga movement in 1905. His views on the freedom struggle are found in his book History of the Freedom Movement in India. He was an admirer of Swami Vivekananda and Ramakrishna Paramahamsa.
Rajesh Vankar
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Rajesh Vankar
at MadgaonGoa - November 2016
Native name
રાજેશ પરમાભાઈ વણકર
Born Rajesh Parmabhai Vankar
September 4, 1981
Bahi (Shahera), PanchmahalGujarat
Occupation Poet, writer, editor
Language Gujarati
Nationality Indian
Education
Alma mater
Period postmodern Gujarati literature
Notable works
Maalo (2009)
Notable awards Yuva Puraskar (2015)
Years active 1995 - present
Spouse
Hetal
​(m. 2013)​
Children Bhargav
Signature 

Academic background
Doctoral advisor Jayesh Bhogayta

Rajesh Vankar is a Gujarati writer from Gujarat, India. He won the Yuva Puraskar of Sahitya AkademiNew Delhi in 2015 for his story collection Maalo. He is currently an editor of Parivesh.

Early life

Rajesh Vankar was born on 4 September 1981 in Bahi, village in Shehra of Panchmahal district. He is native of Rampura Jodka near GodhraGujarat. He took his primary education from Prathamik Shala Rampura and Prathamik Shala Jodka. He completed his Std. 12 in 1999 from Shri G.D Shah and Pandya High School, Mahelol. He started his college from J.L.K Kotecha and Gardi College, Kankanpur in 2000 but failed in exam of first year. Then, he took admission in Gujarati department of M.S University and graduated in 2004. He obtained his Ph.D degrees in 2009 from the same university for his research Gujarati Tunki Vartama Pariveshni Karyasadhakta (Function of Setting in Gujarati short stories). His guide for Ph.D. Degree was Jayesh Bhogayta, a Gujarati writer. In 2012, he earned M.Phil. from Gujarati Department of Mumbai University for his research Vicharti Vimukta Jatini Vartao (Sories of nomadic communities). Vankar married Hetal in 2013, and they have a son, Bhargav.

Career

He has been writing poetry from a young age and was first published at the age of fifteen. In 2003, his short story came out for first time in Tadarthya, a Gujarati language monthly journal. Subsequently, His writing has also been published in Tadarthya, Kavi, Tamanna, Hayati', DalitchetnaShabdasrishti, and Tathapi.

He has served as assistant professor at the Government Arts and Science College, Morva (Hadaf) near Godhra since 2015. Before that, he taught at graduate and postgraduate level at M.S University, Vadodara. He is a member in a committee of Kabir Dalit Sahitya Award since 2012 and also serving as a secretary of Panchmahal Pradesh Yuva Vikas Sanstha.

Works
Dr. Rajesh Vankar At Sahitya Akademi Delhi

His works include a collection of poetry, Tarbheto (2009) and a collection of short stories, Malo (2009). Pidapratyayan (2012) is a work of literary criticism by him.

Research

Dalit Chetna Kendri Tunki Vartama Parivesh (2012)
Vicharti Vimukta Jatinu Sahitya (M.Phil. theses; 2015)
Turi Barot Samaajno Abhyas

Compilation

Kalapina Kavyono Aswad (2014)
Navi Dharti Navo Mol (Poems of contemporary new poets)

Recognition

His research work Gujarati Tunki Vartama Pariveshni Karyasadhakta (Function of setting in Gujarati Short Stories) have won The Best Book Prize (2012) instituted by Gujarat Sahitya Akademi. In 2015, he was awarded Yuva Puraskar by Sahitya AkademiNew Delhi for his short story collection Maalo.
Ratan Kumar Sambharia


Born in a village in the Rewari district of Haryana, Sambharia has been living in Rajasthan for over three decades. He has written five collections of short stories and three collections of play in Hindi, but his work has also been translated into Kannada, Marathi, and other Indian languages. He was awarded the Sahara Samay Katha Award by the Vice President of India for his story ‘Chapadasan (The Attendant)’.

Ratan Kumar Sambharia, “Thunderstorm”

The process of translating the literature of the Dalits, among India’s most oppressed classes, brings one face-to-face with the bitter realities of our society. …The situation changed significantly with the advent of printing technology. Books became available to every Indian, irrespective of caste and creed. As a result, a number of important voices began to find a wider audience. While social reformers like Jyoti Ba Phule, Mahatma Gandhi and Dr B.R. Ambedkar brought to the fore the injustices inherent in a social order designed to perpetuate caste-based exploitation, the freedom movement, launched to liberate the country from its British colonial rulers, played a vital role in the social awakening of communities that had, so far, been denigrated as the lower classes. These simultaneous developments would go a long way in contributing to the creation of a specific literary genre that eventually came to be identified as Dalit literature — the literature of the oppressed.
Raja Dhale
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Raja Dhale
Political activist, social reformer and Dalit Panther member Raja Dhale
Personal details
Born 30 September 1940
Died 16 July 2019 (aged 78)
Political party Republican Party of India
Spouse(s) Deexa Dhale
Children Gatha Dhale
Residence Kannamwar Nagar 1, Vikhroli (E), MumbaiMaharashtra

Rajaram Piraji Dhale (30 September 1940 – 16 July 2019), commonly referred to as Raja Dhale, was an Indian writer, artist and activist for Dalit rights. In April 1972, he, along with Namdeo Dhasal and Arun Krushnaji Kamble, founded the Dalit Panthers, an organization dedicated to fighting for the rights of the Dalit community. Dhale was a veteran Ambedkarite and Buddhist.

Career

Dhale was a member of the Republican Party of India and led the Raja Dhale faction, after a split in the party.Dhale was a candidate in the 1999 parliament election from the Mumbai North Central constituency on Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangha party ticket, and 2004 parliament elections from Mumbai North East constituency, again on Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangha ticket.

Notable works

Dalit Pantherchi Sansthapana: Vastusthiti Ani Viparyas
Arun Kolhatkarchi Gacchi: Ek Nirupan
Ravi Belagere
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Ravi Belagere

Born 15 March 1958
BallariKarnataka, India
Died 13 November 2020
Bangalore, Karnataka, India
Occupation Journalist, writer, novelist, actor
Genre Fiction, non-fiction
Notable works

Himalayan Blunder
Nee Hinga Nodabyada Nanna
Bheema Theerada Hanthakaru
Indireya Maga Sanjaya
D Company
Website
www.ravibelagere.com


Ravi Belagere (15 March 1958 – 13 November 2020) was a writer and journalist based in Bangalore, Karnataka, India. He was the editor of Kannada language tabloid Hai Bangalore and fortnightly magazine O Manase. He founded Bhavana Prakashana, Prarthana School and Bhavana Audio Reach.

Personal life
Early life

Belagere was born on 15 March 1958 at Sathyanarayanapete, in Bellary. His mother's name is Parvathamma and his father was a writer. He studied his high school education from Siddhaganga High School, Tumkur for couple of years and he failed in SSLC. Later, he completed his master's degree in history and archaeology from Veerashaiva College, Bellary.

Married life

Belagere has been married twice. His first wife is Lalitha and the second wife is Yashomati, who was his colleague at Hai Bangalore office. His first wife has three children namely Chethana Belagere (daughter), Bhavana Belagere (daughter) and Karna (son). His second wife Yashomati has a son named Himavanth. He was an ardent fan of Khushwant Singh and he said he was attracted to leftist ideology and he had no political leanings.

Career

Belagere started his career as a lecturer of history, working as a lecturer of history in BellaryHassan and Hubli before heading to Bengaluru in 1984. He worked as a room boy, receptionist, newspaper boy, milk seller, medical representative, printing press owner, theatre gate keeper and many low-paying jobs in his time of desperation. After coming to Bengaluru, he started his own newspaper Hai Bangalore on September 25, 1995 along with R. T. Vittalamurthy, Ra. Somanath, Jogi and I. H. Sangam Dev which he published from his Padmanabhanagar office in Bengaluru. The columns like Love Lavike, Bottom Item and Khaas Baat apart from Papigala Lokadalli which was about the underworld, created many admirers and his paper was the largest circulated newspaper over the five years. After this success, he started a magazine O Manase which focused on difficulties and troubles of young people and it too was an instant success. Later, he produced several TV programs and acted in some movies.

Literary works

YearTitle
1980 Daari (Collection of Stories)
1983
Agin Kavya (Collection of Poems)

Golibaar (Novel)
Vivaaha (Translation)
1984
Nakshatra Jaaridaaga (Translation)
1990 Arti (Novel)
1991
Pyaasa (Biography)

Rajeev Hathye Yekayithu? Hegayithu? (History)
1995
Pa. Vem. Helida Kathe (Collection of Stories)

Paapigala Lokadalli Part-1
1996 Mandovi (Novel)
1997
Khasabath 1996 (Biography)

Paapigala Lokadalli Part-2
Khasabath 1997 (Biography)
Khasabath 1998 (Biography)
1998
Lavalavike 1

Maatagaathi (Novel)
Mysore Serial Killer Raveendra (Murder mystery)
1999
Omerta (Novel)

Himalayan Blunder (Translation)
17 Day war in Kargil (War Story)
2000
Company of Women (Translation)

Sarpa Sambandha (Novel)
Sanjaya (Biography)
2001
Ottaare Kathegalu (Collection of Stories)

Timepass (Translation)
Bheema Theerada Hanthakaru (Gangster History)
Keli (Collection of Articles)
Paapada Hoovu Phoolan (Biography)
2002
Muslim (War Story)

Bottom Item Part 1 (Collection of Articles)
Indireya Maga Sanjaya (Life Story)
Raja Rahasya (Translation)
2003
Heli Hogu Karana (Novel)

Gandhi Hathye & Godse (Life Story)
Nee hinga nodabyada Nanna (Novel)
Khasabath 1999 (Life Story)
Khasabath 2000 (Life Story)
Bottom Item Part 2 (Collection of Articles)
2004 Lavalavike Part 2
2005
Godfather (Translation)

Black Friday (Translation)
Paapigala Lokadalli (Crime)
2006 Bottom Item Part 3 (Collection of Articles)
2007
Diana (Biography)

Hanthaki I Love You (Translation)
Baba Bedroom Hathyakaanda (Investigation)
Khasabath 2001 (Life Story)
Reshme Rumalu (Translation)
Manase (Audio CD)
2008
Khasabath 2002 (Life Story)

Chalam (Biography)
Dangeya Dinagalu (Translation of "The Devil's Wind" by Manohar Malgonkar
D company (Crime)
2009
Neena Pakistana (War)

Avanobbanidda Godse (History)
Major Sandeep Hathye (War)
Lavalavike Part 3
Bottom Item Part 4 (Collection of Articles)
First Half
2010
KamaRaja Marga (Novel)

Anil Lad Matthu Nalavattu Kallaru (Novel)
2011
Bottom Item Part 5 (Collection of Articles)

Lavalavike Part 4
Khasabath 2003 (Life Story)
Khasabath 2004 (Life Story)
Bottom Item Part 6 (Collection of Articles)
2012
Kanase (Audio CD)

Udugore (Selected Writings)
Himagni (Novel)
Olave (Audio CD)
Amma Sikkidlu (Novel)
Kalpana Vilasa (Biography)
Khasabath 2005 (Life Story)
RangaVilasa Bangaleya Kolegalu (Crime)
Idu Jeeva, Iduve Jeevana (Biography)
Pramod Mahajan Hathye (Translation)
2013
Enaythu Magale (Life Story)

Bottom Item Part 7 (Collection of Articles)
2016
Aatma (Novel)

Bottom Item Part 8 (Collection of Articles)
Samadhana
Khasabath 2006 (Life Story)
Raj, Leela Vinod (Biography) idli vada deadly murder (crime )

Media works
He was the producer and narrator of the crime investigation show Crime Diary which aired on ETV Kannada and he has also given his voice for the movie Deadly Soma
He hosted a TV program Endhu Mareyada Haadu,Break fast which aired on Janashri TV
He has acted in movies like Ganda HendathiMadesha and Vaarasdhara and also he has played the role of a judge in Muktha Muktha serial
He has also produced a TV programs such as Night Beat Crime, Heli Hogu Karana which is based on his own novel on Suvarna TV
He has also conducted a radio program Bel Belagge Ravi Belagere on Akashvani.
He was a participant in Bigg Boss Kannada 7th season.
Awards and honours
AwardWork and Year
First Prize in Masti Story Competition Vandya –1990
Karnataka Sahitya Academy Award
Vivaha (Translation) (1984)

Pa. Vem. Helida Kathe (Collection Of stories) –1997
Shivarama Karantha Award Nee Hinga Nodabyada Nanna (novel)–2004
Computer Excellency award from Central Government (for his school) 2005
Karnataka Media Academy Award for Lifetime achievement 2008
Rajyothsava award 2010
Kempegowda Award 2011

Controversies
Controversial article on actress Rupini

He wrote a controversial article on Rupini (actress) which invited a huge criticism.
Movie on HDK and Radhika

He tried directing the movie Mukhyamantri I Love You which was based on the love story of H D Kumaraswamy and actress Radhika Kumaraswamy. But the movie didn't hit the screen as H. D. Deve Gowda brought the stay on the movie release.

Spat with Prathap Simha and cricisim of Vijaya Karnataka

In December 2010, he made a derogatory comment on Pratap Simha at the time when Pratap Simha was a writer at Vijaya Karnataka and it led to the resignation of Pratap Simha, then the editor-in-chief Vishweshwar Bhat, P. Thayagaraj and several others. After that, Pratap Simha hits back to Ravi Belagere on his website and the spat between the two continued for a while.
Extra-marital relationships

A magazine named Duniya printed an alleged love letter written by Ravi Belagere to a 22-year-old girl begging for love. Also, the magazine had an article saying that it had received many such cases.
Copyright issues

He had a spat with the producers of the movies such as Bheema Theeradalli and Om(Kannada film) over alleged copyright infringement of his works.
Death

Ravi died at 2:30 AM on 13 November 2020 due to heart attack in Bangalore. He was 62.
Radhanath Ray
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Kabi Bara Radhanath Ray
Portrait of Radhanath Ray
Native name
କବିବର ରାଧାନାଥ ରାୟ
Born 28 September 1848
Kedarpur, BaleswarBritish India (now OdishaIndia)
Died 17 April 1908 (aged 59)
Occupation Inspector of School
Language Odia
Nationality Indian
Notable works Kedara Gauri, Chilika
Spouse Parasamani

Radhanath Ray (Odiaରାଧାନାଥ ରାୟ) (28 September 1848 – 17 April 1908) was an Odia writer of initial modernity era in Odia poetry during the later part of nineteenth century. He was born in a Zamindar family in Baleshwar (Bengal Presidency), now in Odisha, and is honoured in Odia literature with the title Kabibara. In his early life, he composed in both Odia and Bengali languages, but later he shifted his writings in Odia only. He was born on 28 September 1848, at Kedarpur village in Baleswar districtOdisha. He has contributed verses and poetry for Odia literature in the nineteenth century.

Role in the Odia language

Though the medieval Odia literature was rich and distinct literary tradition and history, some of the Bengali educationalists wanted to abolish Odia language as the medium of teaching from schools. As Bengal was under by British rule much before Odisha, the Bengalis had the privilege to motivate the Anglicist scholars to prove Odia as a branch of Bengali language. However, John Beams, a British officer of East India Company first tried to prove that Odia is more ancient language than Bengali, and it had a richer literature which Bengali had not. In the Odisha division, there were only seven Odia School teachers; Bengalis formed the majority of teachers, even in the remote areas. Consequently, Bengali text books were prescribed for Odia students. At that time, Radhanath was one of prime figure along with Fakir Mohan Senapati, who fought against the expansionism of Bengali educationalist to eradicate Odia language from Odisha. He was the Inspector of Odisha Schools Association and along with Fakir Mohan Senapati and Madhusudan Rao, he tried to promote text book writings.

Major works

Radhanatha Ray's first major work was Kabitabali, a collection of poems in Bengali written at the age of eighteen. It featured in most of the major newspapers and journals in Kolkatta during that time. His other Bengali poem was Lekhabali. Later, he switched over to Odia language, and wrote famous Kavyas like Kedara Gauri, Nandikeshwari, Chilika, Mahajatra – Jajatikeshari, Tulasistabaka, Urbashi, Darabara, Dasaratha Biyoga, Savitri Charita and Mahendra Giri. Additionally, he wrote more than fifteen essays. Apart from his original works, he is also known for his translations and adaptations from the Latin Literature. They include Usha, Chandrabhaga and Parbati.

Father of Odia Modernism

His writings were inspired by many English Littérateurs like KeatsScott and Wordsworth. He has contributed to Odia poetry by introducing new forms. He has penned blank-verses, satire inspired by writings of Dryden and Alexander Pope, denunciation of despots, tyrants and oppressors, concern with social problems, a spirit of protest against conventional morality, a disbelief in the power of gods and goddesses, and patriotic sentiments, which finally brought him trouble from his employers. He was viewed as a national poet of the first order in Odisha.

Controversy

Though Radhanatha contributed a lot to Odia literature, however he was not accepted by the contemporary conservative readers of his time. Soon, he was dragged into a controversy. Sudhala Dev, the then king of Bamanda awarded the poet the title 'Kabibara', and the gesture made some of the critics and poets jealous. Some critics wrote that Kabi Samrat Upendra Bhanja is more powerful than Radhanatha, and these arguments turned into a serious topic of controversy like modernity versus tradition. Two of the literary journals The Indradhanu and The Bijuli engaged in this controversy, and later all the intellectuals got entangled in this discussion. However, this literary controversy ended with a letter of Radhanath.
राम प्रसाद 'बिस्मिल'
https://hi.wikipedia.org/s/6q
मुक्त ज्ञानकोश विकिपीडिया से

राम प्रसाद 'बिस्मिल'
११ जून १८९७ से १९ दिसम्बर १९२७


रामप्रसाद 'बिस्मिल'
उपनाम : 'बिस्मिल', 'राम', 'अज्ञात' व 'पण्डित जी'
जन्मस्थल : शाहजहाँपुर, ब्रिटिश भारत
मृत्युस्थल: गोरखपुर, ब्रिटिश भारत
माता-पिता: मूलमती/ मुरलीधर
भाई/बहन: रमेश सिंह,शास्त्री देवी,ब्रह्मादेवी ,भगवती देवी
धर्म: हिंदू
आन्दोलन: भारतीय स्वतन्त्रता संग्राम
प्रमुख संगठन: हिन्दुस्तान रिपब्लिकन ऐसोसिएशन
उपजीविका: कवि, साहित्यकार
राष्ट्रीयता: भारतीय
स्मारक: अमर शहीद पं॰ राम प्रसाद बिस्मिल उद्यान, ग्रेटर नोएडा
संग्रहालय, शाहजहाँपुर

अमर शहीद पं रामप्रसाद बिस्मिल संग्रहालय, िजला-मुरैना,म.प्र.

राम प्रसाद 'बिस्मिल' (११ जून १८९७-१९ दिसम्बर १९२७) भारतीय स्वतंत्रता आंदोलन की क्रान्तिकारी धारा के एक प्रमुख सेनानी थे, जिन्हें ३० वर्ष की आयु में ब्रिटिश सरकार ने फाँसी दे दी। वे मैनपुरी षड्यन्त्र व काकोरी-काण्ड जैसी कई घटनाओं में शामिल थे तथा हिन्दुस्तान रिपब्लिकन ऐसोसिएशन के सदस्य भी थे।
राम प्रसाद एक कवि, शायर, अनुवादक, बहुभाषाभाषी, इतिहासकार व साहित्यकार भी थे। बिस्मिल उनका उर्दू तखल्लुस (उपनाम) था जिसका हिन्दी में अर्थ होता है आत्मिक रूप से आहत। बिस्मिल के अतिरिक्त वे राम और अज्ञात के नाम से भी लेख व कवितायें लिखते थे।
शुक्रवार ज्येष्ठ शुक्ल एकादशी (निर्जला एकादशी) विक्रमी संवत् १९५४ को उत्तर प्रदेश के शाहजहाँपुर में जन्मे राम प्रसाद को ३० वर्ष की आयु में सोमवार पौष कृष्ण एकादशी (सफला एकादशी) विक्रमी संवत् १९८४ को वे शहीद हुए। उन्होंने सन् १९१६ में १९ वर्ष की आयु में क्रान्तिकारी मार्ग में कदम रखा था। ११ वर्ष के क्रान्तिकारी जीवन में उन्होंने कई पुस्तकें लिखीं और स्वयं ही उन्हें प्रकाशित किया। उन पुस्तकों को बेचकर जो पैसा मिला उससे उन्होंने हथियार खरीदे और उन हथियारों का उपयोग ब्रिटिश राज का विरोध करने के लिये किया। ११ पुस्तकें ही उनके जीवन काल में प्रकाशित हुईं और ब्रिटिश सरकार द्वारा ज़ब्त की गयीं।
बिस्मिल को तत्कालीन संयुक्त प्रान्त आगरा व अवध की लखनऊ सेण्ट्रल जेल की ११ नम्बर बैरक में रखा गया था। इसी जेल में उनके दल के अन्य साथियोँ को एक साथ रखकर उन सभी पर ब्रिटिश राज के विरुद्ध साजिश रचने का ऐतिहासिक मुकदमा चलाया गया था।

पूर्वज

मुरैना (म॰प्र॰) के बरबई गाँव में राम प्रसाद बिस्मिल की प्रतिमा

बिस्मिल के दादा जी नारायण लाल का पैतृक गाँव बरबाई था। यह गाँव तत्कालीन ग्वालियर राज्य में चम्बल नदी के बीहड़ों के बीच स्थित तोमरघार क्षेत्र के मुरैना जिले में था और वर्तमान में यह मध्य प्रदेश में है। बरबाई ग्राम-वासी आये दिन अंग्रेज़ों व अंग्रेज़ी आधिपत्य वाले ग्राम-वासियों को तंग करते थे। पारिवारिक कलह के कारण नारायण लाल ने अपनी पत्नी विचित्रा देवी एवं दोनों पुत्रों - मुरलीधर व कल्याणमल सहित अपना पैतृक गाँव छोड़ दिया। उनके गाँव छोड़ने के बाद बरबाई में केवल उनके दो भाई - अमान सिंह व समान सिंह ही रह गये जिनके वंशज आज भी उसी गाँव में रहते हैं। आज बरबाई गाँव के एक पार्क में मध्य प्रदेश सरकार द्वारा राम प्रसाद बिस्मिल की एक प्रतिमा स्थापित कर दी गयी है।वहीं 'बरबाई' ग्राम को 'सांसद आदर्श ग्राम योजना 'के तहत भी विकसित किया जा रहा है।इसके अतिरिक्त मुरैना में बिस्मिल का एक मन्दिर एवं जिला मुख्यालय पर 'अमर शहीद पं रामप्रसाद बिस्मिल संग्रहालय' भी बनाया गया है,जो चम्बल अंचल के अमर शहीदों एवं अंचल के ऐतिहासिक व पुरा स्थलों की जानकारी प्रदान करता है।
कालान्तर में यह परिवार उत्तर प्रदेश के ऐतिहासिक नगर शाहजहाँपुर आ गया। शाहजहाँपुर में मुन्नूगंज के फाटक के पास स्थित एक अत्तार की दुकान पर मात्र तीन रुपये मासिक में नारायण लाल ने नौकरी कर ली। इतने कम पैसे में उनके परिवार का गुज़ारा नहीं होता था। बिस्मिल की दादी विचित्रा देवी ने अपने पति का हाथ बटाने के लिये अनाज पीसने का कार्य शुरू कर दिया। यह सिलसिला लगभग दो-तीन वर्षों तक चलता रहा।
नारायण लाल यहीं के प्रसिद्ध तोमर वंश के क्षत्रिय थे। किन्तु उनके आचार-विचार, सत्यनिष्ठा व धार्मिक प्रवृत्ति से स्थानीय लोग प्रायः उन्हें "पण्डित जी" ही कहकर सम्बोधित करते थे। इससे उन्हें एक लाभ यह भी होता था कि प्रत्येक तीज - त्योहार पर दान - दक्षिणा व भोजन आदि घर में आ जाया करता। इसी बीच नारायण लाल को स्थानीय निवासियों की सहायता से एक पाठशाला में सात रुपये मासिक पर नौकरी मिल गयी। कुछ समय पश्चात् उन्होंने यह नौकरी भी छोड़ दी और रेजगारी (इकन्नी-दुअन्नी-चवन्नी के सिक्के) बेचने का कारोबार शुरू कर दिया। इससे उन्हें प्रतिदिन पाँच-सात आने की आय होने लगी। नारायण लाल ने रहने के लिये एक मकान भी शहर के खिरनीबाग मोहल्ले में खरीद लिया और बड़े बेटे मुरलीधर का विवाह अपने ससुराल वालों के परिवार की ही एक कन्या मूलमती से करके उसे इस नये घर में ले आये। शादी पश्चात मुरलीधर को शाहजहाँपुर की नगरपालिका में १५ रुपये मासिक वेतन पर नौकरी मिल गयी। किन्तु उन्हें यह नौकरी पसन्द नहीं आयी। कुछ दिन बाद उन्होंने नौकरी त्याग कर कचहरी में स्टाम्प पेपर बेचने का काम शुरू कर दिया। इस व्यवसाय में उन्होंने अच्छा खासा धन कमाया। तीन बैलगाड़ियाँ किराये पर चलने लगीं व ब्याज पर रुपये उधार देने का काम भी करने लगे।
प्रारम्भिक जीवन एवं शिक्षा
११ जून १८९७ को उत्तर प्रदेश के शाहजहाँपुर शहर के खिरनीबाग मुहल्ले में मुरलीधर और उनकी पत्नी मूलमती को जन्मे बिस्मिल अपने माता-पिता की दूसरी सन्तान थे। उनसे पूर्व एक पुत्र पैदा होते ही मर चुका था। बालक की जन्म-कुण्डली व दोनों हाथ की दसो उँगलियों में चक्र के निशान देखकर एक ज्योतिषी ने भविष्यवाणी की थी - "यदि इस बालक का जीवन किसी प्रकार बचा रहा, यद्यपि सम्भावना बहुत कम है, तो इसे चक्रवर्ती सम्राट बनने से दुनिया की कोई भी ताकत रोक नहीं पायेगी।'' माता-पिता दोनों ही सिंह राशि के थे और बच्चा भी सिंह-शावक जैसा लगता था अतः ज्योतिषियों ने बहुत सोच विचार कर तुला राशि के नामाक्षर र पर नाम रखने का सुझाव दिया। माता-पिता दोनों ही राम के आराधक थे अतः बालक का नाम रामप्रसाद रखा गया। माँ मूलमती तो सदैव यही कहती थीं कि उन्हें राम जैसा पुत्र चाहिये था। बालक को घर में सभी लोग प्यार से राम कहकर ही पुकारते थे। रामप्रसाद के जन्म से पूर्व उनकी माँ एक पुत्र खो चुकी थीं अतः जादू-टोने का सहारा भी लिया गया। एक खरगोश लाया गया और नवजात शिशु के ऊपर से उतार कर आँगन में छोड़ दिया गया। खरगोश ने आँगन के दो-चार चक्कर लगाये और फौरन मर गया। इसका उल्लेख राम प्रसाद बिस्मिल ने अपनी आत्मकथा में किया है। मुरलीधर के कुल ९ सन्तानें हुईं जिनमें पाँच पुत्रियाँ एवं चार पुत्र थे। आगे चलकर दो पुत्रियों एवं दो पुत्रों का भी देहान्त हो गया।
बाल्यकाल से ही रामप्रसाद की शिक्षा पर विशेष ध्यान दिया जाने लगा। उसका मन खेलने में अधिक किन्तु पढ़ने में कम लगता था। इसके कारण उनके पिताजी तो उसकी खूब पिटायी लगाते परन्तु माँ हमेशा प्यार से यही समझाती कि "बेटा राम! ये बहुत बुरी बात है मत किया करो।" इस प्यार भरी सीख का उसके मन पर कहीं न कहीं प्रभाव अवश्य पड़ता। उसके पिता ने पहले हिन्दी का अक्षर-बोध कराया किन्तु उ से उल्लू न तो उन्होंने पढ़ना सीखा और न ही लिखकर दिखाया। उन दिनों हिन्दी की वर्णमाला में उ से उल्लू ही पढ़ाया जाता था। इस बात का वह विरोध करते थे और बदले में पिता की मार भी खाते थे। हार कर उसे उर्दू के स्कूल में भर्ती करा दिया गया। शायद यही प्राकृतिक गुण रामप्रसाद को एक क्रान्तिकारी बना पाये। लगभग १४ वर्ष की आयु में रामप्रसाद को अपने पिता की सन्दूकची से रुपये चुराने की लत पड़ गयी। चुराये गये रुपयों से उन्होंने उपन्यास आदि खरीदकर पढ़ना प्रारम्भ कर दिया एवं सिगरेट पीने व भाँग चढ़ाने की आदत भी पड़ गयी थी। कुल मिलाकर रुपये - चोरी का सिलसिला चलता रहा और रामप्रसाद अब उर्दू के प्रेमरस से परिपूर्ण उपन्यासों व गजलों की पुस्तकें पढ़ने का आदी हो गया था। संयोग से एक दिन भाँग के नशे में होने के कारण रामप्रसाद को चोरी करते हुए पकड़ लिया गया। खूब पिटाई हुई, उपन्यास व अन्य किताबें फाड़ डाली गयीं लेकिन रुपये चुराने की आदत नहीं छूटी। आगे चलकर जब उनको थोड़ी समझ आयी तभी वे इस दुर्गुण से मुक्त हो सके।
रामप्रसाद ने उर्दू मिडिल की परीक्षा में उत्तीर्ण न होने पर अंग्रेजी पढ़ना प्रारम्भ किया। साथ ही पड़ोस के एक पुजारी ने रामप्रसाद को पूजा-पाठ की विधि का ज्ञान करवा दिया। पुजारी एक सुलझे हुए विद्वान व्यक्ति थे। उनके व्यक्तित्व का प्रभाव रामप्रसाद के जीवन पर भी पड़ा। पुजारी के उपदेशों के कारण रामप्रसाद पूजा-पाठ के साथ ब्रह्मचर्य का पालन करने लगा। पुजारी की देखा-देखी रामप्रसाद ने व्यायाम करना भी प्रारम्भ कर दिया। किशोरावस्था की जितनी भी कुभावनाएँ एवं बुरी आदतें मन में थीं वे भी छूट गयीं। केवल सिगरेट पीने की लत नहीं छूटी। परन्तु वह भी कुछ दिनों बाद विद्यालय के एक सहपाठी सुशीलचन्द्र सेन की सत्संगति से छूट गयी। सिगरेट छूटने के बाद रामप्रसाद का मन पढ़ाई में लगने लगा। बहुत शीघ्र ही वह अंग्रेजी के पाँचवें दर्ज़े में आ गए।
रामप्रसाद में अप्रत्याशित परिवर्तन हो चुका था। शरीर सुन्दर व बलिष्ठ हो गया था। नियमित पूजा-पाठ में समय व्यतीत होने लगा था। इसी दौरान वह मन्दिर में आने वाले मुंशी इन्द्रजीत से उसका सम्पर्क हुआ। मुंशी इन्द्रजीत ने रामप्रसाद को आर्य समाज के सम्बन्ध में बताया और स्वामी दयानन्द सरस्वती की लिखी पुस्तक सत्यार्थ प्रकाश पढ़ने को दी। सत्यार्थ प्रकाश के गम्भीर अध्ययन से रामप्रसाद के जीवन पर आश्चर्यजनक प्रभाव पड़ा।
स्वामी सोमदेव से भेंट
रामप्रसाद जब गवर्नमेण्ट स्कूल शाहजहाँपुर में आठवीं कक्षा के छात्र थे तभी संयोग से स्वामी सोमदेव का आर्य समाज भवन में आगमन हुआ। मुंशी इन्द्रजीत ने रामप्रसाद को स्वामीजी की सेवा में नियुक्त कर दिया। यहीं से उनके जीवन की दशा और दिशा दोनों में परिवर्तन प्रारम्भ हुआ। एक ओर सत्यार्थ प्रकाश का गम्भीर अध्ययन व दूसरी ओर स्वामी सोमदेव के साथ राजनीतिक विषयों पर खुली चर्चा से उनके मन में देश-प्रेम की भावना जागृत हुई। सन् १९१६ के कांग्रेस अधिवेशन में स्वागताध्यक्ष पं॰ जगत नारायण 'मुल्ला' के आदेश की धज्जियाँ बिखेरते हुए रामप्रसाद ने जब लोकमान्य बालगंगाधर तिलक की पूरे लखनऊ शहर में शोभायात्रा निकाली तो सभी नवयुवकों का ध्यान उनकी दृढता की ओर गया। अधिवेशन के दौरान उनका परिचय केशव बलिराम हेडगेवार (छ्द्मनाम: केशव चक्रवर्ती), सोमदेव शर्मा व मुकुन्दीलाल आदि से हुआ। बाद में इन्हीं सोमदेव शर्मा ने किन्हीं सिद्धगोपाल शुक्ल के साथ मिलकर नागरी साहित्य पुस्तकालय, कानपुर से एक पुस्तक भी प्रकाशित की जिसका शीर्षक रखा गया था - अमेरिका की स्वतन्त्रता का इतिहास। यह पुस्तक बाबू गनेशप्रसाद के प्रबन्ध से कुर्मी प्रेस, लखनऊ में सन् १९१६ में प्रकाशित हुई थी। रामप्रसाद ने यह पुस्तक अपनी माताजी से दो बार में दो-दो सौ रुपये लेकर प्रकाशित की थी। इसका उल्लेख उन्होंने अपनी आत्मकथा में किया है। यह पुस्तक छपते ही जब्त कर ली गयी थी बाद में जब काकोरी काण्ड का अभियोग चला तो साक्ष्य के रूप में यही पुस्तक प्रस्तुत की गयी थी। अब यह पुस्तक सम्पादित करके सरफरोशी की तमन्ना नामक ग्रन्थावली के भाग-तीन में संकलित की जा चुकी है और तीन मूर्ति भवन पुस्तकालय, नई-दिल्ली सहित कई अन्य पुस्तकालयों में देखी जा सकती है।
मैनपुरी षड्यन्त्र
पण्डित गेंदालाल दीक्षित का जन्म यमुना किनारे स्थित मई गाँव में हुआ था। इटावा जिले के एक प्रसिद्ध कस्बे औरैया के डीएवी स्कूल में अध्यापक थे। देशभक्ति का जुनून सवार हुआ तो शिवाजी समिति के नाम से एक संस्था बना ली और हथियार एकत्र करने शुरू कर दिये। आगरा में हथियार लाते हुए पकड़े गये थे। किले में कैद थे वहाँ से पुलिस को चकमा देकर रफूचक्कर हो गये। बिस्मिल की मातृवेदी संस्था का विलय शिवाजी समिति में करने के बाद दोनों ने मिलकर कई काम किये। एक बार पुन: पकड़े गये, पुलिस पीछे पड़ी थी, भाग कर दिल्ली चले गये जहां उनका प्राणान्त हुआ। बिस्मिल ने अपनी आत्मकथा में पण्डित गेन्दालाल जी का बड़ा मार्मिक वर्णन किया है।सन १९१५ में भाई परमानन्द की फाँसी का समाचार सुनकर रामप्रसाद ब्रिटिश साम्राज्य को समूल नष्ट करने की प्रतिज्ञा कर चुके थे, १९१६ में एक पुस्तक छपकर आ चुकी थी, कुछ नवयुवक उनसे जुड़ चुके थे, स्वामी सोमदेव का आशीर्वाद भी उन्हें प्राप्त हो चुका था। एक संगठन उन्होंने पं॰ गेंदालाल दीक्षित के मार्गदर्शन में मातृवेदी के नाम से खुद खड़ा कर लिया था। इस संगठन की ओर से एक इश्तिहार और एक प्रतिज्ञा भी प्रकाशित की गयी। दल के लिये धन एकत्र करने के उद्देश्य से रामप्रसाद ने, जो अब तक 'बिस्मिल' के नाम से प्रसिद्ध हो चुके थे, जून १९१८ में दो तथा सितम्बर १९१८ में एक - कुल मिलाकर तीन डकैती भी डालीं, जिससे पुलिस सतर्क होकर इन युवकों की खोज में जगह-जगह छापे डाल रही थी। २६ से ३१ दिसम्बर १९१८ तक दिल्ली में लाल किले के सामने हुए कांग्रेस अधिवेशन में इस संगठन के नवयुवकों ने चिल्ला-चिल्ला कर जैसे ही पुस्तकें बेचना शुरू किया कि पुलिस ने छापा डाला किन्तु बिस्मिल की सूझ बूझ से सभी पुस्तकें बच गयीं।
मैनपुरी षडयंत्र में शाहजहाँपुर से ६ युवक शामिल हुए थे जिनके लीडर रामप्रसाद बिस्मिल थे किन्तु वे पुलिस के हाथ नहीं आये, तत्काल फरार हो गये। १ नबम्बर १९१९ को मजिस्ट्रेट बी॰ एस॰ क्रिस ने मैनपुरी षडयन्त्र का फैसला सुना दिया। जिन-जिन को सजायें हुईं उनमें मुकुन्दीलाल के अलावा सभी को फरवरी १९२० में आम माफी के ऐलान में छोड़ दिया गया। बिस्मिल पूरे २ वर्ष भूमिगत रहे। उनके दल के ही कुछ साथियों ने शाहजहाँपुर में जाकर यह अफवाह फैला दी कि भाई रामप्रसाद तो पुलिस की गोली से मारे गये जबकि सच्चाई यह थी कि वे पुलिस मुठभेड़ के दौरान यमुना में छलाँग लगाकर पानी के अन्दर ही अन्दर योगाभ्यास की शक्ति से तैरते हुए मीलों दूर आगे जाकर नदी से बाहर निकले और जहाँ आजकल ग्रेटर नोएडा आबाद हो चुका है वहाँ के निर्जन बीहड़ों में चले गये। वहाँ उन दिनों केवल बबूल के ही वृक्ष हुआ करते थे; और ऊसर जमीन में आदमी तो कहीं दूर-दूर तक दिखता ही नहीं था।
पलायनावस्था में साहित्य-सृजन

ग्रेटर नोएडा के बीटा वन सेक्टर स्थित रामपुर जागीर गाँव में अमर शहीद पं॰ राम प्रसाद बिस्मिल उद्यान
राम प्रसाद बिस्मिल ने यहाँ के एक छोटे से गाँव रामपुर जागीर (रामपुर जहाँगीर) में शरण ली और कई महीने यहाँ के निर्जन जंगलों में घूमते हुए गाँव के गूजरों की गाय भैंसचराईं। इसका बड़ा ही रोचक वर्णन उन्होंने अपनी आत्मकथा के द्वितीय खण्ड : स्वदेश प्रेम (उपशीर्षक - पलायनावस्था) में किया है। यहीं रहकर उन्होंने अपना क्रान्तिकारी उपन्यास बोल्शेविकों की करतूत लिखा। वस्तुतः यह उपन्यास मूलरूप से बांग्ला भाषा में लिखित पुस्तक निहिलिस्ट-रहस्य का हिन्दी - अनुवाद है जिसकी भाषा और शैली दोनों ही बड़ी रोचक हैं। अरविन्द घोष की एक अति उत्तम बांग्ला पुस्तक यौगिक साधन का हिन्दी - अनुवाद भी उन्होंने भूमिगत रहते हुए ही किया था। यमुना किनारे की जमीन उन दिनों पुलिस से बचने के लिये सुरक्षित समझी जाती थी अत: बिस्मिल ने उस निरापद स्थान का भरपूर उपयोग किया। वर्तमान समय में यह गाँव चूँकि ग्रेटर नोएडा के बीटा वन सेक्टर के अन्तर्गत आता है अत: उत्तर प्रदेश सरकार ने रामपुर जागीर गाँव के क्षेत्र में आने वाली वन विभाग की आरक्षित भूमि पर उनकी स्मृति में अमर शहीद पं॰ राम प्रसाद बिस्मिल उद्यान विकसित कर दिया है जिसकी देखरेख ग्रेटर नोएडा प्रशासन के वित्त-पोषण से प्रदेश का वन विभाग करता है।
'बिस्मिल' की एक विशेषता यह भी थी कि वे किसी भी स्थान पर अधिक दिनों तक ठहरते नहीं थे। कुछ दिन रामपुर जागीर में रहकर अपनी सगी बहन शास्त्री देवी के गाँव कोसमा जिला मैनपुरी में भी रहे। मजे की बात यह कि उनकी अपनी बहन तक उन्हें पहचान नहीं पायीं। कोसमा से चलकर बाह पहुँचे। कुछ दिन बाह रहे फिर वहाँ से पिनहट, आगरा होते हुए ग्वालियर रियासत स्थित अपने दादा के गाँव बरबई (जिला मुरैना, मध्य प्रदेश) चले गये। उन्होंने वहाँ किसान के भेस में रहकर कुछ दिनों हल भी चलाया। पलायनावस्था में रहते हुए उन्होंने १९१८ में प्रकाशित अँग्रेजी पुस्तक दि ग्रेण्डमदर ऑफ रसियन रिवोल्यूशन का हिन्दी - अनुवाद किया। उनके सभी साथियों को यह पुस्तक बहुत पसन्द आयी। इस पुस्तक का नाम उन्होंने कैथेराइन रखा था। इतना ही नहीं, बिस्मिल ने सुशीलमाला सीरीज से कुछ पुस्तकें भी प्रकाशित कीं थीं जिनमें मन की लहरनामक कविताओं का संग्रह, कैथेराइन या स्वाधीनता की देवी - कैथेराइन ब्रश्कोवस्की की संक्षिप्त जीवनी, स्वदेशी रंग व उपरोक्त बोल्शेविकों की करतूत नामक उपन्यास प्रमुख थे। स्वदेशी रंग के अतिरिक्त अन्य तीनों पुस्तकें आम पाठकों के लिये आजकल पुस्तकालयों में उपलब्ध हैं।
पुन: क्रान्ति की ओर
सरकारी ऐलान के बाद राम प्रसाद बिस्मिल ने अपने वतन शाहजहाँपुर आकर पहले भारत सिल्क मैनुफैक्चरिंग कम्पनी में मैनेजर के पद पर कुछ दिन नौकरी की उसके बाद सदर बाजार में रेशमी साड़ियों की दुकान खोलकर बनारसीलाल के साथ व्यापार शुरू कर दिया। व्यापार में उन्होंने नाम और नामा दोनों कमाया। कांग्रेस जिला समिति ने उन्हें लेखा परीक्षक के पद पर कार्यकारी कमेटी में ले लिया। सितम्बर १९२० में वे कलकत्ता कांग्रेस में शाहजहाँपुर काँग्रेस कमेटी के अधिकृत प्रतिनिधि के रूप में शामिल हुए। कलकत्ते में उनकी भेंट लाला लाजपत राय से हुई। लाला जी ने जब उनकी लिखी हुई पुस्तकें देखीं तो वे उनसे काफी प्रभावित हुए। उन्होंने उनका परिचय कलकत्ता के कुछ प्रकाशकों से करा दिया जिनमें एक उमादत्त शर्मा भी थे, जिन्होंने आगे चलकर सन् १९२२ में राम प्रसाद बिस्मिल की एक पुस्तक कैथेराइन छापी थी। सन् १९२१ के अहमदाबाद कांग्रेस अधिवेशन में रामप्रसाद'बिस्मिल' ने पूर्ण स्वराज के प्रस्ताव पर मौलाना हसरत मोहानी का खुलकर समर्थन किया और अन्ततोगत्वा गांधी जी से असहयोग आन्दोलन प्रारम्भ करने का प्रस्ताव पारित करवा कर ही माने। इस कारण वे युवाओं में काफी लोकप्रिय हो गये। समूचे देश में असहयोग आन्दोलन शुरू करने में शाहजहाँपुर के स्वयंसेवकों की अहम् भूमिका थी। किन्तु १९२२ में जब चौरीचौरा काण्ड के पश्चात किसी से परामर्श किये बिना गांधी जी ने असहयोग आन्दोलन वापस ले लिया तो १९२२ की गया कांग्रेस में बिस्मिल व उनके साथियों ने गांधी जी का ऐसा विरोध किया कि कांग्रेस में फिर दो विचारधारायें बन गयीं - एक उदारवादी या लिबरल और दूसरी विद्रोही या रिबेलियन। गांधी जी विद्रोही विचारधारा के नवयुवकों को कांग्रेस की आम सभाओं में विरोध करने के कारण हमेशा हुल्लड़बाज कहा करते थे। एक बार तो उन्होंने जवाहरलाल नेहरू को पत्र लिखकर क्रान्तिकारी नवयुवकों का साथ देने पर बुरी तरह फटकार भी लगायी थी।
एच॰आर॰ए॰ का गठन


लाला हरदयाल जिन्होंने एच॰आर॰ए॰ के गठन में अपनी अहम भूमिका निभायी
जनवरी १९२३ में मोतीलाल नेहरू व देशबन्धु चितरंजन दास सरीखे धनाढ्य लोगों ने मिलकर स्वराज पार्टी बना ली। नवयुवकों ने तदर्थ पार्टी के रूप में रिवोल्यूशनरी पार्टी का ऐलान कर दिया। सितम्बर १९२३ में हुए दिल्ली के विशेष कांग्रेस अधिवेशन में असन्तुष्ट नवयुवकों ने यह निर्णय लिया कि वे भी अपनी पार्टी का नाम व संविधान आदि निश्चित कर राजनीति में दखल देना शुरू करेंगे अन्यथा देश में लोकतन्त्र के नाम पर लूटतन्त्र हावी हो जायेगा। देखा जाये तो उस समय उनकी यह बड़ी दूरदर्शी सोच थी। सुप्रसिद्ध क्रान्तिकारी लाला हरदयाल, जो उन दिनों विदेश में रहकर हिन्दुस्तान को स्वतन्त्र कराने की रणनीति बनाने में जुटे हुए थे, राम प्रसाद बिस्मिल के सम्पर्क में स्वामी सोमदेव के समय से ही थे। लाला जी ने ही पत्र लिखकर राम प्रसाद बिस्मिल को शचींद्रनाथ सान्याल व यदु गोपाल मुखर्जी से मिलकर नयी पार्टी का संविधान तैयार करने की सलाह दी थी। लाला जी की सलाह मानकर राम प्रसाद इलाहाबाद गये और शचींद्रनाथ सान्याल के घर पर पार्टी का संविधान तैयार किया।
नवगठित पार्टी का नाम संक्षेप में एच॰ आर॰ ए॰ रखा गया व इसका संविधान पीले रँग के पर्चे पर छाप करके सदस्यों को भेजा गया। ३ अक्टूबर १९२४ को इस पार्टी (हिन्दुस्तान रिपब्लिकन ऐसोसिएशन) की एक कार्यकारिणी-बैठक कानपुर में की गयी जिसमें शचीन्द्रनाथ सान्याल, योगेश चन्द्र चटर्जी व राम प्रसाद बिस्मिल आदि कई प्रमुख सदस्य शामिल हुए। इस बैठक में पार्टी का नेतृत्व बिस्मिल को सौंपकर सान्याल व चटर्जी बंगाल चले गये। पार्टी के लिये फण्ड एकत्र करने में कठिनाई को देखते हुए आयरलैण्ड के क्रान्तिकारियों का तरीका अपनाया गया और पार्टी की ओर से पहली डकैती २५ दिसम्बर १९२४ (क्रिसमस की रात) को बमरौली में डाली गयी जिसका कुशल नेतृत्व बिस्मिल ने किया था। इसका उल्लेख चीफ कोर्ट आफ अवध के फैसले में मिलता है।
"दि रिवोल्यूशनरी" (घोषणा-पत्र) का प्रकाशन
क्रान्तिकारी पार्टी की ओर से १ जनवरी १९२५ को किसी गुमनाम जगह से प्रकाशित एवं २८ से ३१ जनवरी १९२५ के बीच समूचे हिन्दुस्तान के सभी प्रमुख स्थानों पर वितरित ४ पृष्ठ के पैम्फलेट "दि रिवोल्यूशनरी" में राम प्रसाद बिस्मिल ने विजय कुमार के छद्म नाम से अपने दल की विचार-धारा का लिखित रूप में खुलासा करते हुए साफ शब्दों में घोषित कर दिया था कि क्रान्तिकारी इस देश की शासन व्यवस्था में किस प्रकार का बदलाव करना चाहते हैं और इसके लिए वे क्या-क्या कर सकते हैं? केवल इतना ही नहीं, उन्होंने गांधी जी की नीतियों का मजाक बनाते हुए यह प्रश्न भी किया था कि जो व्यक्ति स्वयं को आध्यात्मिक कहता है वह अँग्रेजों से खुलकर बात करने में डरता क्यों है? उन्होंने हिन्दुस्तान के सभी नौजवानों को ऐसे छद्मवेषी महात्मा के बहकावे में न आने की सलाह देते हुए उनकी क्रान्तिकारी पार्टी में शामिल हो कर अँग्रेजों से टक्कर लेने का खुला आवाहन किया था। दि रिवोल्यूशनरी के नाम से अँग्रेजी में प्रकाशित इस क्रान्तिकारी (घोषणा पत्र) में क्रान्तिकारियों के वैचारिक चिन्तन* को भली-भाँति समझा जा सकता है। इस पत्र का अविकल हिन्दी काव्यानुवाद अब हिन्दी विकीस्रोत पर भी उपलब्ध है।
काकोरी-काण्ड



काकोरी-काण्ड के क्रान्तिकारी

सबसे ऊपर राम प्रसाद 'बिस्मिल' एवं अशफाक उल्ला खाँ नीचे ग्रुप फोटो में क्रमश: (from left to right)1.योगेशचन्द्र चटर्जी, 2.प्रेमकृष्ण खन्ना, 3.मुकुन्दी लाल, 4.विष्णुशरण दुब्लिश, 5.सुरेशचन्द्र भट्टाचार्य, 6.रामकृष्ण खत्री, 7.मन्मथनाथ गुप्त, 8.राजकुमार सिन्हा, 9.ठाकुर रोशनसिंह, 10.पं॰ रामप्रसाद 'बिस्मिल', 11.राजेन्द्रनाथ लाहिडी, 12.गोविन्दचरण कार, 13.रामदुलारे त्रिवेदी, 14.रामनाथ पाण्डेय, 15.शचीन्द्रनाथ सान्याल, 16.भूपेन्द्रनाथ सान्याल, 17.प्रणवेशकुमार चटर्जी
दि रिवोल्यूशनरी नाम से प्रकाशित इस ४ पृष्ठीय घोषणापत्र को देखते ही ब्रिटिश सरकार इसके लेखक को बंगाल में खोजने लगी। संयोग से शचीन्द्र नाथ सान्याल बाँकुरा में उस समय गिरफ्तार कर लिये गये जब वे यह घोषणापत्र अपने किसी साथी को पोस्ट करने जा रहे थे। इसी प्रकार योगेशचन्द्र चटर्जी कानपुर से पार्टी की मीटिंग करके जैसे ही हावड़ा स्टेशन पर ट्रेन से उतरे कि एच॰ आर॰ ए॰ के संविधान की ढेर सारी प्रतियों के साथ पकड़ लिये गये। उन्हें हजारीबाग जेल में बन्द कर दिया गया। दोनों प्रमुख नेताओं के गिरफ्तार हो जाने से राम प्रसाद बिस्मिल के कन्धों पर उत्तर प्रदेश के साथ-साथ बंगाल के क्रान्तिकारी सदस्यों का उत्तरदायित्व भी आ गया। बिस्मिल का स्वभाव था कि वे या तो किसी काम को हाथ में लेते न थे और यदि एक बार काम हाथ में ले लिया तो उसे पूरा किये बगैर छोड़ते न थे। पार्टी के कार्य हेतु धन की आवश्यकता पहले भी थी किन्तु अब तो और भी अधिक बढ़ गयी थी। कहीं से भी धन प्राप्त होता न देख उन्होंने ७ मार्च १९२५ को बिचपुरी तथा २४ मई १९२५ को द्वारकापुर में दो राजनीतिक डकैतियाँ डालीं। परन्तु उन्हें उनमें कुछ विशेष धन प्राप्त नहीं हो सका।
इन दोनों डकैतियों में एक-एक व्यक्ति मौके पर ही मारा गया। इससे बिस्मिल की आत्मा को अपार कष्ट हुआ। अन्ततः उन्होंने यह पक्का निश्चय कर लिया कि वे अब केवल सरकारी खजाना ही लूटेंगे, हिन्दुस्तान के किसी भी रईस के घर डकैती बिल्कुल न डालेंगे।
शाहजहाँपुर में उनके घर पर ७ अगस्त १९२५ को हुई एक इमर्जेन्सी मीटिंग में निर्णय लेकर योजना बनी और ९ अगस्त १९२५ को शाहजहाँपुर रेलवे स्टेशन से बिस्मिल के नेतृत्व में कुल १० लोग, जिनमें अशफाक उल्ला खाँ, राजेन्द्र लाहिड़ी, चन्द्रशेखर आजाद, शचीन्द्रनाथ बख्शी, मन्मथनाथ गुप्त, मुकुन्दी लाल, केशव चक्रवर्ती (छद्मनाम), मुरारी शर्मा (वास्तविक नाम मुरारी लाल गुप्त) तथा बनवारी लाल शामिल थे, ८ डाउन सहारनपुर-लखनऊ पैसेंजर रेलगाड़ी में सवार हुए। इन सबके पास पिस्तौलों के अतिरिक्त जर्मनी के बने चार माउज़र पिस्तौल भी थे जिनके बट में कुन्दा लगा लेने से वह छोटी स्वचालित राइफल की तरह लगता था और सामने वाले के मन में भय पैदा कर देता था। इन माउजरों की मारक क्षमता भी साधारण पिस्तौलों से अधिक होती थी। उन दिनों ये माउजर आज की ए॰ के॰ - ४७ रायफल की तरह चर्चित थे। लखनऊ से पहले काकोरी रेलवे स्टेशन पर रुक कर जैसे ही गाड़ी आगे बढ़ी, क्रान्तिकारियों ने चेन खींचकर उसे रोक लिया और गार्ड के डिब्बे से सरकारी खजाने का बक्सा नीचे गिरा दिया। उसे खोलने की कोशिश की गयी किन्तु जब वह नहीं खुला तो अशफाक उल्ला खाँ ने अपना माउजर मन्मथनाथ गुप्त को पकड़ा दिया और हथौड़ा लेकर बक्सा तोड़ने में जुट गये। मन्मथनाथ गुप्त ने उत्सुकतावश माउजर का ट्रिगर दबा दिया जिससे छूटी गोली अहमद अली नाम के मुसाफिर को लग गयी। वह मौके पर ही ढेर हो गया। शीघ्रतावश चाँदी के सिक्कों व नोटों से भरे चमड़े के थैले चादरों में बाँधकर वहाँ से भागने में एक चादर वहीं छूट गयी। अगले दिन अखबारों के माध्यम से यह खबर पूरे संसार में फैल गयी। ब्रिटिश सरकार ने इस ट्रेन डकैती को गम्भीरता से लिया और डी॰ आई॰ जी॰ के सहायक (सी॰ आई॰ डी॰ इंस्पेक्टर) मिस्टर आर॰ ए॰ हार्टन के नेतृत्व में स्कॉटलैण्ड की सबसे तेज तर्रार पुलिस को इसकी जाँच का काम सौंप दिया।
गिरफ्तारी और अभियोगर को इस बात की पुष्टि कर दी कि काकोरी ट्रेन डकैती क्रान्तिकारियों का एक सुनियोजित षड्यन्त्र है। पुलिस ने काकोरी काण्ड के सम्बन्ध में जानकारी देने व षड्यन्त्र में शामिल किसी भी व्यक्ति को गिरफ्तार करवाने के लिये इनाम की घोषणा के विज्ञापन सभी प्रमुख स्थानों पर लगा दिये। इसका परिणाम यह हुआ कि पुलिस को घटनास्थल पर मिली चादर में लगे धोबी के निशान से इस बात का पता चल गया कि चादर शाहजहाँपुर के ही किसी व्यक्ति की है। शाहजहाँपुर के धोबियों से पूछने पर मालूम हुआ कि चादर बनारसी लाल की है। बनारसी लाल से मिलकर पुलिस ने सारा भेद प्राप्त कर लिया। यह भी पता चल गया कि ९ अगस्त १९२५ को शाहजहाँपुर से उसकी पार्टी के कौन-कौन लोग शहर से बाहर गये थे और वे कब-कब वापस आये? जब खुफिया तौर से इस बात की पुष्टि हो गयी कि राम प्रसाद बिस्मिल, जो एच॰ आर॰ ए॰ का लीडर था, उस दिन शहर में नहीं था तो २६ सितम्बर १९२५ की रात में बिस्मिल के साथ समूचे हिन्दुस्तान से ४० से भी अधिक लोगों को गिरफ्तार कर लिया गया।
काकोरी काण्ड में केवल १० ही लोग वास्तविक रूप से शामिल हुए थे अत: उन सभी को नामजद किया गया। इनमें से पाँच - चन्द्रशेखर आजाद, मुरारी शर्मा (छद्मनाम), केशव चक्रवर्ती (छद्मनाम), अशफाक उल्ला खाँ व शचीन्द्र नाथ बख्शी को छोड़कर, जो पुलिस के हाथ नहीं आये, शेष सभी व्यक्तियों पर अभियोग चला और उन्हें ५ वर्ष की कैद से लेकर फाँसी तक की सजा सुनायी गयी। फरार अभियुक्तों के अतिरिक्त जिन-जिन क्रान्तिकारियों को एच॰ आर॰ ए॰ का सक्रिय कार्यकर्ता होने के सन्देह में गिरफ्तार किया गया था उनमें से १६ को साक्ष्य न मिलने के कारण रिहा कर दिया गया। स्पेशल मजिस्ट्रेट ऐनुद्दीन ने प्रत्येक क्रान्तिकारी की छबि खराब करने में कोई कसर बाकी नहीं रक्खी। सिर्फ़ इतना ही नहीं, केस को सेशन कोर्ट में भेजने से पहले ही इस बात के सभी साक्षी व साक्ष्य एकत्र कर लिये थे कि यदि अपील भी की जाये तो एक भी अभियुक्त बिना सजा के छूटने न पाये। बनारसी लाल को हवालात में ही पुलिस ने कड़ी सजा का भय दिखाकर तोड़ लिया। शाहजहाँपुर जिला काँग्रेस कमेटी में पार्टी-फण्ड को लेकर इसी बनारसी का बिस्मिल से झगड़ा हो चुका था। बिस्मिल ने, जो उस समय जिला काँग्रेस कमेटी के ऑडीटर थे, बनारसी पर पार्टी-फण्ड में गबन का आरोप सिद्ध करते हुए उसे काँग्रेस पार्टी की प्राथमिक सदस्यता से निलम्बित कर दिया था। बाद में जब गांधी जी १६ अक्टूबर १९२० (शनिवार) को शाहजहाँपुर आये तो बनारसी ने उनसे मिलकर अपना पक्ष रक्खा। गान्धी जी ने उस समय यह कहकर कि छोटी-मोटी हेरा-फेरी को इतना तूल नहीं देना चाहिये, इन दोनों में सुलह करा दी। परन्तु बनारसी बड़ा ही धूर्त आदमी था। उसने पहले तो बिस्मिल से माफी माँग ली फिर गांधी जी को अलग ले जाकर उनके कान भर दिये कि रामप्रसाद बड़ा ही अपराधी किस्म का व्यक्ति है। वे इसकी किसी बात का न तो स्वयं विश्वास करें न ही किसी और को करने दें।
आगे चलकर इसी बनारसी लाल ने बिस्मिल से मित्रता कर ली और मीठी-मीठी बातों से पहले उनका विश्वास अर्जित किया और उसके बाद उनके साथ कपड़े के व्यापार में साझीदार बन गया। जब बिस्मिल ने गान्धी जी की आलोचना करते हुए अपनी अलग पार्टी बना ली तो बनारसी लाल अत्यधिक प्रसन्न हुआ और मौके की तलाश में चुप साधे बैठा रहा। पुलिस ने स्थानीय लोगों से बिस्मिल व बनारसी के पिछले झगड़े का भेद जानकर ही बनारसी लाल को अप्रूवर (सरकारी गवाह) बनाया और बिस्मिल के विरुद्ध पूरे अभियोग में एक अचूक औजार की तरह इस्तेमाल किया। बनारसी लाल व्यापार में साझीदार होने के कारण पार्टी सम्बन्धी ऐसी-ऐसी गोपनीय बातें जानता था, जिन्हें बिस्मिल के अतिरिक्त और कोई भी न जान सकता था। इसका उल्लेख राम प्रसाद बिस्मिल ने अपनी आत्मकथा में किया है।
लखनऊ जिला जेल, जो उन दिनों संयुक्त प्रान्त (यू॰पी॰) की सेण्ट्रल जेल कहलाती थी, की ११ नम्बर बैरक में सभी क्रान्तिकारियों को एक साथ रक्खा गया और हजरतगंज चौराहे के पास रिंग थियेटर नाम की एक आलीशान बिल्डिंग में अस्थाई अदालत का निर्माण किया गया। रिंग थियेटर नाम की यह बिल्डिंग कोठी हयात बख्श और मल्लिका अहद महल के बीच हुआ करती थी जिसमें ब्रिटिश अफसर आकर फिल्म व नाटक आदि देखकर मनोरंजन किया करते थे। इसी रिंग थियेटर में लगातार १८ महीने तक किंग इम्परर वर्सेस राम प्रसाद 'बिस्मिल' एण्ड अदर्स के नाम से चलाये गये ऐतिहासिक मुकदमे में ब्रिटिश सरकार ने १० लाख रुपये[18] उस समय खर्च किये थे जब सोने का मूल्य २० रुपये तोला (१२ ग्राम) हुआ करता था। ब्रिटिश हुक्मरानों के आदेश से यह बिल्डिंग भी बाद में ढहा दी गयी और उसकी जगह सन १९२९-१९३२ में जी॰ पी॰ ओ॰ (मुख्य डाकघर) लखनऊ[21] के नाम से एक दूसरा भव्य भवन बना दिया गया। १९४७ में जब भारत आजाद हो गया तो यहाँ गांधी जी की भव्य प्रतिमा स्थापित करके रही सही कसर नेहरू सरकार ने पूरी कर दी। जब केन्द्र में गैर काँग्रेसी जनता सरकार का पहली बार गठन हुआ तो उस समय के जीवित क्रान्तिकारियों के सामूहिक प्रयासों से सन् १९७७ में आयोजित काकोरी शहीद अर्द्धशताब्दी समारोह के समय यहाँ पर काकोरी स्तम्भ का अनावरण उत्तर प्रदेश के राज्यपाल गणपतिराव देवराव तपासे ने किया ताकि उस स्थल की स्मृति बनी रहे।
इस ऐतिहासिक मुकदमे में सरकारी खर्चे से हरकरननाथ मिश्र को क्रान्तिकारियों का वकील नियुक्त किया गया जबकि जवाहरलाल नेहरू के रिश्ते में साले लगने वाले सुप्रसिद्ध वकील जगतनारायण 'मुल्ला' को एक सोची समझी रणनीति के अन्तर्गत सरकारी वकील बनाया गया। जगत नारायण ने अपनी ओर से सभी क्रान्तिकारियों को कड़ी से कड़ी सजा दिलवाने में कोई कसर बाकी न रक्खी। यह वही जगत नारायण थे जिनकी मर्जी के खिलाफ सन् १९१६ में बिस्मिल ने लोकमान्य बालगंगाधर तिलक की भव्य शोभायात्रा पूरे लखनऊ शहर में निकाली थी। इसी बात से चिढ़ कर मैनपुरी षडयंत्र में भी इन्हीं मुल्लाजी ने सरकारी वकील की हैसियत से काफी जोर लगाया परन्तु वे राम प्रसाद बिस्मिल का एक भी बाल बाँका न कर पाये क्योंकि मैनपुरी षडयन्त्र में बिस्मिल फरार हो गये थे और दो साल तक पुलिस के हाथ ही न आये।
फाँसी की सजा और अपील
६ अप्रैल १९२७ को विशेष सेशन जज ए० हैमिल्टन ने ११५ पृष्ठ के निर्णय में प्रत्येक क्रान्तिकारी पर लगाये गये आरोपों पर विचार करते हुए लिखा कि यह कोई साधारण ट्रेन डकैती नहीं, अपितु ब्रिटिश साम्राज्य को उखाड़ फेंकने की एक सोची समझी साजिश है। हालाँकि इनमें से कोई भी अभियुक्त अपने व्यक्तिगत लाभ के लिये इस योजना में शामिल नहीं हुआ परन्तु चूँकि किसी ने भी न तो अपने किये पर कोई पश्चाताप किया है और न ही भविष्य में इस प्रकार की गतिविधियों से स्वयं को अलग रखने का वचन दिया है अतः जो भी सजा दी गयी है सोच समझ कर दी गयी है और इस हालत में उसमें किसी भी प्रकार की कोई छूट नहीं दी जा सकती। फिर भी, इनमें से कोई भी अभियुक्त यदि लिखित में पश्चाताप प्रकट करता है और भविष्य में ऐसा न करने का वचन देता है तो उनकी अपील पर अपर कोर्ट विचार कर सकती है।
फरार क्रान्तिकारियों में अशफाक उल्ला खाँ और शचीन्द्र नाथ बख्शी को बहुत बाद में पुलिस गिरफ्तार कर पायी। विशेष जज जे॰ आर॰ डब्लू॰ बैनेट की अदालत में काकोरी षड़यंत्र का अतिरिक्त केस दायर किया गया और १३ जुलाई १९२७ को यही बात दोहराते हुए अशफाक उल्ला खाँ को फाँसी तथा शचीन्द्रनाथ बख्शी को आजीवन कारावास की सजा सुना दी गयी। सेशन जज के फैसले के खिलाफ १८ जुलाई १९२७ को अवध चीफ कोर्ट में अपील दायर की गयी। चीफ कोर्ट के मुख्य न्यायाधीश सर लुइस शर्ट और विशेष न्यायाधीश मोहम्मद रज़ा के सामने दोनों मामले पेश हुए। जगतनारायण 'मुल्ला' को सरकारी पक्ष रखने का काम सौंपा गया जबकि सजायाफ्ता क्रान्तिकारियों की ओर से के॰ सी॰ दत्त, जयकरणनाथ मिश्र व कृपाशंकर हजेला ने क्रमशः राजेन्द्र नाथ लाहिड़ी, ठाकुर रोशन सिंह व अशफाक उल्ला खाँ की पैरवी की। राम प्रसाद बिस्मिल ने अपनी पैरवी खुद की क्योंकि सरकारी खर्चे पर उन्हें लक्ष्मीशंकर मिश्र नाम का एक बड़ा साधारण-सा वकील दिया गया था जिसको लेने से उन्होंने साफ मना कर दिया।
बिस्मिल ने चीफ कोर्ट के सामने जब धाराप्रवाह अंग्रेजी में फैसले के खिलाफ बहस की तो सरकारी वकील मुल्ला जी बगलें झाँकते नजर आये। बिस्मिल की इस तर्क क्षमता पर चीफ जस्टिस लुइस शर्टस को उनसे यह पूछना पड़ा - "मिस्टर रामप्रसाद! फ्रॉम व्हिच यूनीवर्सिटी यू हैव टेकेन द डिग्री ऑफ लाॅ?" (राम प्रसाद! तुमने किस विश्वविद्यालय से कानून की डिग्री ली है?) इस पर उन्होंने हँस कर कहा था- "एक्सक्यूज मी सर! ए किंगमेकर डजन्ट रिक्वायर ऐनी डिग्री।" (क्षमा करें महोदय! सम्राट बनाने वाले को किसी डिग्री की आवश्यकता नहीं होती।) अदालत ने इस जवाब से चिढ़कर बिस्मिल द्वारा १८ जुलाई १९२७ को दी गयी स्वयं वकालत करने की अर्जी खारिज कर दी। उसके बाद उन्होंने ७६ पृष्ठ की तर्कपूर्ण लिखित बहस पेश की। उसे पढ़ कर जजों ने यह शंका व्यक्त की कि यह बहस बिस्मिल ने स्वयं न लिखकर किसी विधिवेत्ता से लिखवायी है। आखिरकार अदालत द्वारा उन्हीं लक्ष्मीशंकर मिश्र को बहस करने की इजाजत दी गयी जिन्हें लेने से बिस्मिल ने मना कर दिया था।
काकोरी काण्ड का मुकदमा लखनऊ में चल रहा था। पण्डित जगतनारायण मुल्ला सरकारी वकील के साथ उर्दू के शायर भी थे। उन्होंने अभियुक्तों के लिये "मुल्जिमान" की जगह "मुलाजिम" शब्द बोल दिया। फिर क्या था, पण्डित राम प्रसाद 'बिस्मिल' ने तपाक से उन पर ये चुटीली फब्ती कसी: "मुलाजिम हमको मत कहिये, बड़ा अफ़सोस होता है; अदालत के अदब से हम यहाँ तशरीफ लाये हैं। पलट देते हैं हम मौजे-हवादिस अपनी जुर्रत से; कि हमने आँधियों में भी चिराग अक्सर जलाये हैं।" उनके कहने का मतलब था कि मुलाजिम वे (बिस्मिल) नहीं, बल्कि मुल्ला जी हैं जो सरकार से तनख्वाह पाते हैं। वे (बिस्मिल आदि) तो राजनीतिक बन्दी हैं अत: उनके साथ तमीज से पेश आयें। इसके साथ ही यह चेतावनी भी दे डाली कि वे समुद्र की लहरों तक को अपने दुस्साहस से पलटने का दम रखते हैं; मुकदमे की बाजी पलटना कौन सी बड़ी बात है? भला इतना बोलने के बाद किसकी हिम्मत थी जो बिस्मिल के आगे ठहरता। मुल्ला जी को पसीने छूट गये और उन्होंने कन्नी काटने में ही भलाई समझी। वे चुपचाप पिछले दरवाजे से खिसक लिये। फिर उस दिन उन्होंने कोई जिरह नहीं की।
चीफ कोर्ट में शचीन्द्र नाथ सान्याल, भूपेन्द्र नाथ सान्याल व बनवारी लाल को छोड़कर शेष सभी क्रान्तिकारियों ने अपील की थी। २२ अगस्त १९२७ को जो फैसला सुनाया गया उसके अनुसार राम प्रसाद बिस्मिल, राजेन्द्र नाथ लाहिड़ी व अशफाक उल्ला खाँ को आई॰ पी॰ सी॰ की दफा १२१ (ए) व १२० (बी) के अन्तर्गत आजीवन कारावास तथा ३०२ व ३९६ के अनुसार फाँसी एवं ठाकुर रोशन सिंह को पहली दो दफाओं में ५+५ = कुल १० वर्ष की कड़ी कैद तथा अगली दो दफाओं के अनुसार फाँसी का हुक्म हुआ। शचीन्द्र नाथ सान्याल, जब जेल में थे तभी लिखित रूप से अपने किये पर पश्चाताप प्रकट करते हुए भविष्य में किसी भी क्रान्तिकारी कार्रवाई में हिस्सा न लेने का वचन दे चुके थे। इसके आधार पर उनकी उम्र-कैद बरकरार रही। शचीन्द्र के छोटे भाई भूपेन्द्र नाथ सान्याल व बनवारी लाल ने अपना-अपना जुर्म कबूल करते हुए कोर्ट की कोई भी सजा भुगतने की अण्डरटेकिंग पहले ही दे रखी थी इसलिये उन्होंने अपील नहीं की और दोनों को ५-५ वर्ष की सजा के आदेश यथावत रहे। चीफ कोर्ट में अपील करने के बावजूद योगेशचन्द्र चटर्जी, मुकुन्दी लाल व गोविन्दचरण कार की सजायें १०-१० वर्ष से बढ़ाकर उम्र-कैद में बदल दी गयीं। सुरेशचन्द्र भट्टाचार्य व विष्णुशरण दुब्लिश की सजायें भी यथावत (७ - ७ वर्ष) कायम रहीं। खूबसूरत हैण्डराइटिंग में लिखकर अपील देने के कारण केवल प्रणवेश चटर्जी की सजा को ५ वर्ष से घटाकर ४ वर्ष कर दिया गया। इस काण्ड में सबसे कम सजा (३ वर्ष) रामनाथ पाण्डेय को हुई। मन्मथनाथ गुप्त, जिनकी गोली से मुसाफिर मारा गया, की सजा १० से बढ़ाकर १४ वर्ष कर दी गयी। काकोरी काण्ड में प्रयुक्त माउजर पिस्तौल के कारतूस चूँकि प्रेमकृष्ण खन्ना के शस्त्र-लाइसेन्स पर खरीदे गये थे जिसके पर्याप्त साक्ष्य मिल जाने के कारण प्रेमकृष्ण खन्ना को ५ वर्ष के कठोर कारावास की सजा भुगतनी पड़ी।
चीफ कोर्ट का फैसला आते ही समूचे देश में सनसनी फैल गयी। ठाकुर मनजीत सिंह राठौर ने सेण्ट्रल लेजिस्लेटिव कौन्सिल में काकोरी काण्ड के सभी फाँसी (मृत्यु-दण्ड) प्राप्त कैदियों की सजायें कम करके आजीवन कारावास (उम्र-कैद) में बदलने का प्रस्ताव पेश करने की सूचना दी। कौन्सिल के कई सदस्यों ने सर विलियम मोरिस को, जो उस समय संयुक्त प्रान्त के गवर्नर थे, इस आशय का एक प्रार्थना-पत्र भी दिया किन्तु उन्होंने उसे अस्वीकार कर दिया।
सेण्ट्रल कौन्सिल के ७८ सदस्यों ने तत्कालीन वायसराय व गवर्नर जनरल एडवर्ड फ्रेडरिक लिण्डले वुड को शिमला में हस्ताक्षर युक्त मेमोरियल भेजा जिस पर प्रमुख रूप से पं॰ मदन मोहन मालवीय, मोहम्मद अली जिन्ना, एन॰ सी॰ केलकर, लाला लाजपत राय, गोविन्द वल्लभ पन्त, आदि ने हस्ताक्षर किये थे किन्तु वायसराय पर उसका भी कोई असर न हुआ। अन्त में मदन मोहन मालवीय के नेतृत्व में पाँच व्यक्तियों का एक प्रतिनिधि मण्डल शिमला जाकर वायसराय से मिला और उनसे यह प्रार्थना की कि चूँकि इन चारो अभियुक्तों ने लिखित रूप में सरकार को यह वचन दिया है कि वे भविष्य में इस प्रकार की किसी भी गतिविधि में हिस्सा न लेंगे और उन्होंने अपने किये पर पश्चाताप भी प्रकट किया है अतः जजमेण्ट पर पुनर्विचार किया जा सकता है। चीफ कोर्ट ने अपने फैसले में भी यह बात लिखी थी। इसके बावजूद वायसराय ने उन्हें साफ मना कर दिया।
अन्ततः बैरिस्टर मोहन लाल सक्सेना ने प्रिवी कौन्सिल में क्षमादान की याचिका के दस्तावेज़ तैयार करके इंग्लैण्ड के विख्यात वकील एस॰ एल॰ पोलक के पास भिजवाये। परन्तु लन्दन के न्यायाधीशों व सम्राट के वैधानिक सलाहकारों ने उस पर बड़ी सख्त दलील दी कि इस षड्यन्त्र का सूत्रधार राम प्रसाद बिस्मिल बड़ा ही खतरनाक और पेशेवर अपराधी है। यदि उसे क्षमादान दिया गया तो वह भविष्य में इससे भी बड़ा और भयंकर काण्ड कर सकता है। उस स्थिति में सरकार को हिन्दुस्तान में शासन करना असम्भव हो जायेगा। इस सबका परिणाम यह हुआ कि प्रिवी कौन्सिल में भेजी गयी क्षमादान की अपील भी खारिज हो गयी।
गोरखपुर जेल में फाँसी
१६ दिसम्बर १९२७ को बिस्मिल ने अपनी आत्मकथा का आखिरी अध्याय (अन्तिम समय की बातें) पूर्ण करके जेल से बाहर भिजवा दिया। १८ दिसम्बर १९२७ को माता-पिता से अन्तिम मुलाकात की और सोमवार १९ दिसम्बर १९२७ (पौष कृष्ण एकादशी विक्रमी सम्वत् १९८४) को प्रात:काल ६ बजकर ३० मिनट पर गोरखपुर की जिला जेल में उन्हें फाँसी दे दी गयी। बिस्मिल के बलिदान का समाचार सुनकर बहुत बड़ी संख्या में जनता जेल के फाटक पर एकत्र हो गयी। जेल का मुख्य द्वार बन्द ही रक्खा गया और फाँसीघर के सामने वाली दीवार को तोड़कर बिस्मिल का शव उनके परिजनों को सौंप दिया गया। शव को डेढ़ लाख लोगों ने जुलूस निकाल कर पूरे शहर में घुमाते हुए राप्ती नदी के किनारे राजघाट पर उसका अन्तिम संस्कार कर दिया।
इस घटना से आहत होकर भगतसिंह ने जनवरी १९२८ के किरती (पंजाबी मासिक) में 'विद्रोही' छद्मनाम नाम से लिखा: "फाँसी पर ले जाते समय आपने बड़े जोर से कहा - 'वन्दे मातरम! भारतमाता की जय!' और शान्ति से चलते हुए कहा - 'मालिक तेरी रज़ा रहे और तू ही तू रहे, बाकी न मैं रहूँ न मेरी आरजू रहे; जब तक कि तन में जान रगों में लहू रहे, तेरा ही जिक्र और तेरी जुस्तजू रहे!' फाँसी के तख्ते पर खड़े होकर आपने कहा - 'I wish the downfall of British Empire! अर्थात मैं ब्रिटिश साम्राज्य का पतन चाहता हूँ!' उसके पश्चात यह शेर कहा - 'अब न अह्ले-वल्वले हैं और न अरमानों की भीड़, एक मिट जाने की हसरत अब दिले-बिस्मिल में है!' फिर ईश्वर के आगे प्रार्थना की और एक मन्त्र पढ़ना शुरू किया। रस्सी खींची गयी। रामप्रसाद जी फाँसी पर लटक गये।"
अपने लेख के अन्त में भगतसिंह लिखते हैं - "आज वह वीर इस संसार में नहीं है। उसे अंग्रेजी सरकार ने अपना सबसे बड़ा खौफ़नाक दुश्मन समझा। आम ख्याल यही था कि वह गुलाम देश में जन्म लेकर भी सरकार के लिये बड़ा भारी खतरा बन गया था और लड़ाई की विद्या से खूब परिचित था। आपको मैनपुरी षड्यन्त्र के नेता श्री गेंदालाल दीक्षित जैसे शूरवीर ने विशेष तौर पर शिक्षा देकर तैयार किया था। मैनपुरी के मुकदमे के समय आप भागकर नेपाल चले गये थे। अब वही शिक्षा आपकी मृत्यु का कारण बनी। ७ बजे आपकी लाश मिली और बड़ा भारी जुलूस निकला। 'स्वदेश' में प्रकाशित एक समाचार के अनुसार आपकी माता ने कहा था - 'मैं अपने पुत्र की इस मृत्यु पर प्रसन्न हूँ, दुःखी नहीं। मैं श्री रामचन्द्र जैसा ही पुत्र चाहती थी। वैसा ही मेरा 'राम' था। बोलो श्री रामचन्द्र की जय!'
इत्र फुलेल और फूलों की वर्षा के बीच उनकी लाश का जुलूस जा रहा था। दुकानदारों ने उनके शव के ऊपर वेशुमार पैसे फेंके। दोपहर ११ बजे आपकी लाश शमशान-भूमि पहुँची और अन्तिम-क्रिया समाप्त हुई। आपके पत्र का आखिरी हिस्सा आपकी सेवा में प्रस्तुत है - 'मैं खूब सुखी हूँ। १९ तारीख को प्रातः जो होना है उसके लिये तैयार हूँ। परमात्मा मुझे काफी शक्ति देंगे। मेरा विश्वास है कि मैं लोगों की सेवा के लिये फिर जल्द ही इस देश में जन्म लूँगा। सभी से मेरा नमस्कार कहें। दया कर इतना काम और करना कि मेरी ओर से पण्डित जगतनारायण (सरकारी वकील, जिन्होंने इन्हें फाँसी लगवाने के लिये बहुत जोर लगाया था) को अन्तिम नमस्कार कह देना। उन्हें हमारे खून से लथपथ रुपयों के बिस्तर पर चैन की नींद आये। बुढ़ापे में ईश्वर उन्हें सद्बुद्धि दे।"

रामप्रसाद जी की सारी हसरतें दिल-ही-दिल में रह गयीं। आपने एक लम्बा-चौड़ा ऐलान किया है जिसे संक्षेप में हम दूसरी जगह दे रहे हैं। फाँसी से दो दिन पहले सी.आई.डी. के डिप्टी एस.पी. और सेशन जज मि. हैमिल्टन आपसे मिन्नतें करते रहे कि आप मौखिक रूप से सब बातें बता दो। आपको पन्द्रह हजार रुपया नकद दिया जायेगा और सरकारी खर्चे पर विलायत भेजकर बैरिस्टर की पढ़ाई करवाई जायेगी। लेकिन आप कब इन सब बातों की परवाह करते थे। आप तो हुकूमतों को ठुकराने वाले व कभी-कभार जन्म लेने वालों में से थे। मुकदमे के दिनों आपसे जज ने पूछा था - 'आपके पास कौन सी डिग्री है?' तो आपने हँसकर जवाब दिया था - 'सम्राट बनाने वालों को डिग्री की कोई जरूरत नहीं होती, क्लाइव के पास भी तो कोई डिग्री नहीं थी।' आज वह वीर हमारे बीच नहीं है, आह!"
अस्थि-कलश की स्थापना
बिस्मिल की अन्त्येष्टि के बाद बाबा राघव दास ने गोरखपुर के पास स्थित देवरिया जिले के बरहज नामक स्थान पर ताम्रपात्र में उनकी अस्थियों को संचित कर एक चबूतरा जैसा स्मृति-स्थल बनवा दिया।
फाँसी के बाद क्रान्तिकारी आन्दोलन में तेज़ी
१९२७ में बिस्मिल के साथ ३ अन्य क्रान्तिकारियों के बलिदान ने पूरे हिन्दुस्तान के हृदय को हिलाकर रख दिया। ९ अगस्त १९२५ के काकोरी काण्ड के फैसले से उत्पन्न परिस्थितियाँ ने भारतीय स्वतन्त्रता संग्राम की दशा और दिशा दोनों ही बदल दी। समूचे देश में स्थान-स्थान पर चिनगारियों के रूप में नई-नई समितियाँ गठित हो गयीं। बेतिया (बिहार) में फणीन्द्रनाथ का हिन्दुस्तानी सेवा दल, पंजाब में सरदार भगत सिंह की नौजवान सभा तथा लाहौर (अब पाकिस्तान) में सुखदेव की गुप्त समिति के नाम से कई क्रान्तिकारी संस्थाएँ जन्म ले चुकी थीं। हिन्दुस्तान के कोने-कोने में क्रान्ति की आग दावानल की तरह फैल चुकी थी। कानपुर से गणेशशंकर विद्यार्थी का प्रताप व गोरखपुर से दशरथ प्रसाद द्विवेदी का स्वदेश जैसे अखबार इस आग को हवा दे रहे थे।
काकोरी काण्ड के एक प्रमुख क्रान्तिकारी चन्द्रशेखर आजाद, जिन्हें राम प्रसाद बिस्मिल उनके पारे (mercury) जैसे चंचल स्वभाव के कारण क्विक सिल्वर कहा करते थे, पूरे हिन्दुस्तान में भेस बदल कर घूमते रहे। उन्होंने भिन्न-भिन्न समितियों के प्रमुख संगठनकर्ताओं से सम्पर्क करके सारी क्रान्तिकारी गतिविधियों को एक सूत्र में पिरोने का कार्य किया। ८ व ९ सितम्बर १९२८ में फिरोजशाह कोटला दिल्ली में एच॰ आर॰ ए॰, नौजवान सभा, हिन्दुस्तानी सेवा दल व गुप्त समिति का विलय करके एच॰ एस॰ आर॰ ए॰ नाम से एक नयी क्रान्तिकारी पार्टी का गठन हुआ। इस पार्टी को बिस्मिल के बताये रास्ते पर चलकर ही देश को आजाद कराना था किन्तु ब्रिटिश साम्राज्य के दमन चक्र ने वैसा भी नहीं होने दिया।

नोएडा-ग्रेटर नोएडा एक्सप्रेस वे के समीप स्थित नलगढ़ा गाँव में रखा ऐतिहासिक पत्थर जिसका प्रयोग भगतसिंह ने बम बनाने के लिये किया
३० अक्टूबर १९२८ को साइमन कमीशन का विरोध करते हुए लाला लाजपत राय डिप्टी सुपरिण्टेण्डेण्ट जे॰ पी॰ साण्डर्स के बर्बर लाठीचार्ज से बुरी तरह घायल हुए और १७ नवम्बर १९२८ को उनकी मृत्यु हो गयी। इस घटना से आहत एच॰ एस॰ आर॰ ए॰ के चार युवकों ने १७ दिसम्बर १९२८ को लाहौर जाकर दिन दहाड़े साण्डर्स का वध कर दिया और फरार हो गये। साण्डर्स हत्याकाण्ड के प्रमुख अभियुक्त सरदार भगत सिंह को पुलिस पंजाब में तलाश रही थी जबकि वह यूरोपियन के भेस में कलकत्ता जाकर बंगालके क्रान्तिकारियों से बम बनाने की तकनीक और सामग्री जुटाने में लगे हुए थे। दिल्ली से २० मील दूर ग्रेटर नोएडा एक्सप्रेस वे के निकट स्थित नलगढ़ा गाँव में रहकर भगत सिंह ने दो बम तैयार किये और बटुकेश्वर दत्त के साथ जाकर ८ अप्रैल १९२९ को दिल्ली की सेण्ट्रल असेम्बली में उस समय विस्फोट कर दिया जब सरकार जन विरोधी कानून पारित करने जा रही थी। इस विस्फोट ने बहरी सरकार पर भले ही असर न किया हो परन्तु समूचे देश में अद्भुत जन-जागरण का काम अवश्य किया।

लाहौर से प्रकाशित २५ मार्च १९३१ के ट्रिब्यून का मुखपृष्ठ (भगतसिंह को फाँसी)
बम विस्फोट के बाद दोनों ने "इंकलाब! जिन्दाबाद!!" व "साम्राज्यवाद! मुर्दाबाद!!" के जोरदार नारे लगाये और एच॰ एस॰ आर॰ ए॰ के पैम्फलेट हवा में उछाल दिये। असेम्बली में मौजूद सुरक्षाकर्मियों - सार्जेण्ट टेरी व इन्स्पेक्टर जॉनसन ने उन्हें वहीं गिरफ्तार करके जेल भेज दिया। यह सनसनीखेज खबर अगले ही दिन समूचे देश में फैल गयी। ४ मई १९२९ के अभ्युदय में इलाहाबाद से यह समाचार छपा - ऐसेम्बली का बम केस: काकोरी केस से इसका सम्बन्ध है। आई॰ पी॰ सी॰ की दफा ३०७ व एक्सप्लोसिव एक्ट की धारा ३ के अन्तर्गत इन दोनों को उम्र-कैद का दण्ड देकर अलग-अलग जेलों में रक्खा गया। जेल में राजनीतिक बन्दियों जैसी सुविधाओं की माँग करते हुए जब दोनों ने भूख हड़ताल शुरू की तो उन दोनों का सम्बन्ध साण्डर्स-वध से जोड़ते हुए एक और केस कायम किया गया जिसे लाहौर कांस्पिरेसी केस के नाम से जाना जाता है। इस केस में कुल २४ लोग नामजद हुए, इनमें से ५ फरार हो गये, १ को पहले ही सजा हो चुकी थी, शेष १८ पर केस चला। इनमें से एक - यतीन्द्रनाथ दासकी बोर्स्टल जेल लाहौर में लगातार भूख हड़ताल करने से मृत्यु हो गयी, शेष बचे १७ में से ३ को फाँसी, ७ को उम्र-कैद, एक को ७ वर्ष व एक को ५ वर्ष की सजा का हुक्म हुआ। तीन को ट्रिब्यूनल ने रिहा कर दिया। बाकी बचे तीन अभियुक्तों को अदालत ने साक्ष्य न मिलने के कारण छोड़ दिया।

बिस्मिल का क्रान्ति-दर्शन

बिस्मिल की पहली पुस्तक सन् १९१६ में छपी थी जिसका नाम था-अमेरिका की स्वतन्त्रता का इतिहास। बिस्मिल के जन्म शताब्दी वर्ष: १९९६-१९९७ में यह पुस्तक स्वतन्त्र भारत में फिर से प्रकाशित हुई जिसका विमोचन भारत के पूर्व प्रधानमन्त्री अटल बिहारी वाजपेयी ने किया।" उस कार्यक्रम में राष्ट्रीय स्वयंसेवक संघ के तत्कालीन सरसंघचालक प्रो॰ राजेन्द्र सिंह (रज्जू भैया) भी उपस्थित थे। इस सम्पूर्ण ग्रन्थावली में बिस्मिल की लगभग दो सौ प्रतिबन्धित कविताओं के अतिरिक्त पाँच पुस्तकें भी शामिल की गयी थीं। परन्तु आज तक किसी भी सरकार ने बिस्मिल के क्रान्ति-दर्शन को समझने व उस पर शोध करवाने का प्रयास ही नहीं किया। जबकि गान्धी जी द्वारा १९०९ में विलायत से हिन्दुस्तान लौटते समय पानी के जहाज पर लिखी गयी पुस्तक हिन्द स्वराज पर अनेकोँ संगोष्ठियाँ हुईं। बिस्मिल सरीखे असंख्य शहीदों के सपनों का भारत बनाने की आवश्यकता है।भारतवर्ष को ब्रिटिश साम्राज्य से मुक्त कराने में यूँ तो असंख्य वीरों ने अपना अमूल्य बलिदान दिया परन्तु राम प्रसाद बिस्मिल एक ऐसे अद्भुत क्रान्तिकारी थे जिन्होंने अत्यन्त निर्धन परिवार में जन्म लेकर साधारण शिक्षा के बावजूद असाधारण प्रतिभा और अखण्ड पुरुषार्थ के बल पर हिन्दुस्तान प्रजातन्त्र संघ के नाम से देशव्यापी संगठन खड़ा किया जिसमें एक - से - बढ़कर एक तेजस्वी व मनस्वी नवयुवक शामिल थे जो उनके एक इशारे पर इस देश की व्यवस्था में आमूल परिवर्तन कर सकते थे किन्तु अहिंसा की दुहाई देकर उन्हें एक-एक करके मिटाने का क्रूरतम षड्यन्त्र जिन्होंने किया उन्हीं का चित्र भारतीय पत्र मुद्रा (Paper Currency) पर दिया जाता है। जबकि अमरीका में एक व दो अमरीकी डॉलर पर आज भी जॉर्ज वाशिंगटन का ही चित्र छपता है जिसने अमरीका को अँग्रेजों से मुक्त कराने में प्रत्यक्ष रूप से आमने-सामने युद्ध लड़ा था।
साहित्य रचना
बिस्मिल एक लेखक थे और उन्होंने कई कविताएँ, ग़ज़लें एवं पुस्तकें लिखी थीं। कुछ प्रमुख कविताओं व ग़ज़लों के बारे में नीचे दिया जा रहा है।
कविताएँ एवं ग़ज़लें

सरफरोशी की तमन्ना: बिस्मिल की यह गज़ल क्रान्तिकारी जेल से पुलिस की लारी में अदालत में जाते हुए, अदालत में मजिस्ट्रेट को चिढ़ाते हुए व अदालत से लौटकर वापस जेल आते हुए कोरस के रूप में गाया करते थे। बिस्मिल के बलिदान के बाद तो यह रचना सभी क्रान्तिकारियों का मन्त्र बन गयी।
जज्वये-शहीद (बिस्मिल का मशहूर उर्दू मुखम्मस): बिस्मिल का यह यह उर्दू मुखम्मस भी उन दिनों सर्वाधिक लोकप्रिय हुआ करता था यह उनकी अद्भुत रचना है यह इतनी अधिक भावपूर्ण है कि लाहौर कान्स्पिरेसी केस के समय जब प्रेमदत्त नाम के एक कैदी ने अदालत में गाकर सुनायी थी तो श्रोता रो पड़े थ]। जज अपना फैसला तत्काल बदलने को मजबूर हो गया और उसने प्रेमदत्त की सजा उसी समय कम कर दी थी। अदालत में घटित इस घटना का उदाहरण भी इतिहास में दर्ज़ हो गया।
जिन्दगी का राज (बिस्मिल की एक अन्य उर्दू गजल): बिस्मिल की इस गजल में जीवन का वास्तविक दर्शन निहित है शायद इसीलिये उन्होंने इसका नाम राजे मुज्मिर या जिन्दगी का राज मुजमिर (कहीं-कहीं यह भी मिलता है) दिया था। वास्तव में अपने लिये जीने वाले मरने के बाद विस्मृत हो जाते हैं पर दूसरों के लिये जीने वाले हमेशा के लिये अमर हो जाते हैं।
बिस्मिल की तड़प (बिस्मिल की अन्तिम रचना: गोरखपुर जेल से चोरी छुपे बाहर भिजवायी गयी इस गजल में प्रतीकों के माध्यम से अपने साथियों को यह सन्देशा भेजा था कि अगर कुछ कर सकते हो तो जल्द कर लो वरना पछतावे के अलावा कुछ भी हाथ न आयेगा। बिस्मिल की आत्मकथा के अनुसार इस बात का उन्हें मलाल ही रह गया कि उनकी पार्टी का कोई एक भी नवयुवक उनके पास उनका रिवाल्वर तक न पहुँचा सका। उनके अपने वतन शाहजहाँपुर के लोग भी इसमें भागदौड़ के अलावा कुछ न कर पाये। बाद में इतिहासकारों ने न जाने क्या-क्या मन गढन्त लिख दिया।
वर्ष १९८५ में विज्ञान भवन, नई दिल्ली में आयोजित भारत और विश्व साहित्य पर अन्तर्राष्ट्रीय संगोष्ठी में एक भारतीय प्रतिनिधि ने अपने लेख के साथ पण्डित रामप्रसाद बिस्मिल की कुछ लोकप्रिय कविताओं का द्विभाषिक काव्य रूपान्तर (हिन्दी-अंग्रेजी में) प्रस्तुत किया था जिसे उनकी पुस्तक से साभार उद्धृत करके अंग्रेजी विकीस्रोत पर दे दिया गया है ताकि हिन्दी के पाठक भी उन रचनाओं का आनन्द ले सकें।
पुस्तकें
रामप्रसाद 'बिस्मिल' की जिन पुस्तकों का विवरण मिलता है, उनके नाम इस प्रकार हैं:मैनपुरी षड्यन्त्र,
स्वदेशी रंग,
चीनी-षड्यन्त्र (चीन की राजक्रान्ति),
तपोनिष्ठ अरविन्द घोष की कारावास कहानी
अशफ़ाक की याद में,
सोनाखान के अमर शहीद-'वीरनारायण सिंह',
जनरल जार्ज वाशिंगटन
अमरीका कैसे स्वाधीन हुआ?
आत्मकथा
बिस्मिल की आत्मकथा को हिन्दी में काकोरी षड्यन्त्र नामक एक पुस्तक के अन्दर निज जीवन की एक छटा के नाम से भजनलाल बुकसेलर ने आर्ट प्रेस सिन्ध (अब पाकिस्तान) से और काकोरी के शहीद शीर्षक से गणेश शंकर विद्यार्थी ने प्रताप प्रेस, कानपुर से छापा था। सुपरिंटेंडेंट गवर्नमेंट प्रेस इलाहाबाद से किन्हीं भीष्म के छद्मनाम नाम से अनूदित होकर यही पुस्तक सन् १९२९ में अंग्रेजी में भी छपी थी। ब्रिटिश राज के दौरान संयुक्त प्रान्त आगरा व अवध के खुफिया विभाग ने यह पुस्तक प्रत्येक जिले के पुलिस अधिकारियों को भिजवायी थी।
Ramnarayan Rawat
From Wikipedia


Ramnarayan Rawat (also spelled Ram Narayan Rawat and Ram Rawat) is a professor at the University of Delaware and a historian of the Indian subcontinent and has also had appointments at the University of Pennsylvania (as a postdoctoral scholar) and University of Washington. He received his B.A. and Ph.D. from the University of Delhi. He has conducted research on the Chamar caste in India, and displayed that their work centered on agriculture and not tanning as previously thought. His work was banned in parts of India for some time due to usage of the word "Chamar."


RAMNARAYAN RAWAT

Associate Professor
University of Delaware
209 John Munroe Hall
Newark, DE 19716
302-831-2375
rawat@udel.edu


Biography
I am a historian of South Asia with particular interests in colonial and postcolonial India, racism and social exclusion, subaltern histories, and histories of democracy. My research focuses on Dalits (‘untouchables’) of India and their engagement with colonialism, nationalism, spatial and social exclusionary regimes, and democratic thought and practice in modern India. I have recently finished a co-edited book, Dalit Studies, with my colleague K. Satyanarayana based in Hyderabad (India), Duke University Press, 2016. I am currently writing a second book, ‘The Dalit Public Sphere: A Subaltern history Liberalism and Democratic Practices’ which explores the role of Dalit groups in introducing innovative ideas and practices in the history of liberal thought. The second book project has received generous support from the Smuts Visiting Fellowship, University of Cambridge, the American Council of Learned Societies’ Charles A. Ryskamp Research Fellowship, and the Senior Fellowship from the American Institute of Indian Studies.


My first book, Reconsidering Untouchability: Chamars and Dalit History in North India (Ranikhet: Permanent Black, 2012 & Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2011), is the recipient of Joseph Elder book prize awarded by American Institute of Indian Studies (2009) and received ‘Honorable Mention’ in 2013 Association of Asian Studies Bernard S. Cohn book prize. Building on extensive archival and ethnographic fieldwork, Reconsidering Untouchability questioned the association of untouchability with impure occupations by effectively demonstrating that Dalits were historically cultivators who were primarily engaged in agricultural production in north India. It examined the social and cultural politics and Hindi-language writings of Dalit activists and organizations from the early part of the twentieth century to demonstrate that their struggles over identity marked the beginning of a new politics.


Education
I received my B.A from the University of Delhi, where I also completed M.A. and M.Phil (1996). I received my doctorate under a joint doctoral program from the University of Delhi and the International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam (2006). My doctoral research was supported by a Harry Frank Guggenheim dissertation fellowship (2003), and the four-year SEPHIS fellowship (1999-2002) awarded by The Netherlands.


Publications
Books:
South Asian edition of Reconsidering Untouchability: Chamars and Dalits in North India (Ranikhet (India): Permanent Black, 2012)
Reconsidering Untouchability: Chamars and Dalit History in North India (Ranikhet: Permanent Black, 2012 & Bloomington; Indiana University Press, 2011)
Edited Volumes
Ramnarayan S Rawat and K. Satyanarayana, editors, Dalit Studies (Durham: Duke University Press, Spring 2016)
Articles and Book Chapters
Ramnarayan Rawat and K. Satyanarayana, “Introduction,” in Rawat and Satyanarayana, (ed.), Dalit Studies. Duke University Press, Spring 2016.
Ramnarayan Rawat, “Colonial Archive versus Colonial Sociology: Writing North Indian Dalit History,” in Rawat and Satyanarayana, (ed.), Dalit Studies. Duke University Press, Spring 2016.
“Struggle for Identities: Chamar Histories and Politics,” in Sumit Sarkar & Tanika Sarkar (ed.), Caste Reader(Ranikhet: Permanent Black, 2013)
“The Making of a Dalit Perspective: The 1940s and the Chamars of Uttar Pradesh”, in Manu Bhagavan and Anne Feldhaus (eds.), Claiming Power from Below: Dalits and the Subaltern Question in India (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2008)
“Partition Politics and Achhut Identity: A Study of Scheduled Castes Federation and Dalit politics in U.P. 1946-1948,” in Suvir Kaul, ed., The Partitions of Memory (Delhi: Permanent Black, 2001 and Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2002)
“Genealogies of Dalit Political: Transformation of Achhut from ‘Untouched’ to ‘Untouchable’ in early-twentieth century North India,” Indian Economic and Social History Review, vol. 15, 3, 2015
December, 2013, “Occupation, Dignity, and Space: The Rise of Dalit Studies,” review essay on Dalit Studies for online peer reviewed journal History Compass
“Making Claims for Power: A New Agenda in Dalit Politics of Uttar Pradesh, 1946-48,” Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 37, No. 3, 2003

Dalit Studies
Ramnarayan Rawat, K. Satyanarayana
Duke University Press, 2016




​The contributors to this major intervention into Indian historiography trace the strategies through which Dalits have been marginalized as well as the ways Dalit intellectuals and leaders have shaped emancipatory politics in modern India. Moving beyond the anticolonialism/nationalism binary that dominates the study of India, the contributors assess the benefits of colonial modernity and place humiliation, dignity, and spatial exclusion at the center of Indian historiography. Several essays discuss the ways Dalits used the colonial courts and legislature to gain minority rights in the early twentieth century, while others highlight Dalit activism in social and religious spheres. The contributors also examine the struggle of contemporary middle-class Dalits to reconcile their caste and class, intercaste tensions among Sikhs, and the efforts by Dalit writers to challenge dominant constructions of secular and class-based citizenship while emphasizing the ongoing destructiveness of caste identity. In recovering the long history of Dalit struggles against caste violence, exclusion, and discrimination, Dalit Studies outlines a new agenda for the study of India, enabling a significant reconsideration of many of the Indian academy's core assumptions.
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Reconsidering Untouchability Chamars and Dalit History in North India
Ramnarayan Rawat
Permanent Black and Indiana University Press, 2012


Often identified as leatherworkers or characterized as a criminal caste, the Chamars of North India have long been stigmatized as untouchables. In this pathbreaking study, Ramnarayan S. Rawat shows that in fact the majority of Chamars have always been agriculturalists, and their association with the ritually impure occupation of leatherworking has largely been constructed through Hindu, colonial, and postcolonial representations of untouchability.


Rawat undertakes a comprehensive reconsideration of the history, identity, and politics of this important Dalit group. Using Dalit vernacular literature, local-level archival sources, and interviews in Dalit neighborhoods, he reveals a previously unrecognized Dalit movement which has flourished in North India from the earliest decades of the twentieth century and which has recently achieved major political successes.
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Reconsidering Untouchability Chamars and Dalit History in North India


Ramnarayan Rawat
Permanent Black and Indiana University Press, 2011


Winner of the Joseph W. Elder Prize in the Indian Social Sciences, American Institute of Indian StudiesHonorable Mention, Association for Asian Studies, Bernard S. Cohn Prize


Often identified as leatherworkers or characterized as a criminal caste, Chamars of North India have long been stigmatized as untouchables. In this pathbreaking study, Ramnarayan S. Rawat shows that in fact the majority of Chamars have always been agriculturalists, and their association with the ritually impure occupation of leatherworking has largely been constructed through Hindu, colonial, and postcolonial representations of untouchability. Rawat undertakes a comprehensive reconsideration of the history, identity, and politics of this important Dalit group. Using Dalit vernacular literature, local-level archival sources, and interviews in Dalit neighborhoods, he reveals a previously unrecognized Dalit movement which has flourished in North India from the earliest decades of the 20th century and which has recently achieved major political successes.

Find a Copy >

DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY
46 W. Delaware Avenue
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University of Delaware
Phone: 302-831-2371
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Ravikumar

Ravikumar born 10 June 1961, is a Tamil critic, translator and poet who has founded several ‘little magazines’. His nonfiction has been published as Venomous Touch: Notes on Caste, Culture and Politics (2009). He was a legislator in the Tamil Nadu assembly with the Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi, a Dravidian political party. He is the editor of and a contributor to Waking is Another Dream, an anthology of poetry on the genocide in Eelam. Ravikumar, along with S. Anand, is the cofounder of Navayana. He is the co-editor of The Oxford India Anthology of Tamil Dalit Writing.

Ravikumar (born 1961) is a Tamil intellectual and an anti-caste activist. He was the editor of the magazine, Nirapirikai. Nirapirikai inspired several new writers in the 1990s in Tamil Nadu.

D. Ravikumar
Born 10 June 1961
Manganam Pattu
Education M.A., B.L.,PhD
Occupation VCK General Seceratory
Ravikumar is the founder of the anti-caste publishing house Navayana, along with S. Anand, and the former president of the People's Education Movement (Makkal Kalvi Eyakkam) and PUCL (Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry)

Ravikumar was elected to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly from Kattumannarkoil, Cuddalore district, and served from 2006 to 2011. He was instrumental in bringing a new policy to handle EWaste in Tamil Nadu. The Tamil Nadu government started a skill development program and Kalaignar M. Karunanidhi, then Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, created six welfare boards, both at the request of Ravikumar.

In 2010, Ravikumar won the Aringar Anna Award, conferred by the Tamil Nadu State Government. Vikatan Award for Translation ( 2014) Thiranayvu chemmal award for literary criticism (2019) manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Bharathi Award (2019) Vitiyal Trust Chennai

Positions held

Syndicate Member, Tamil University
Senate Member, Annamalai University
Member, Social Reforms Committee, Tamil Nadu Government
Member, Puthirai Vannar Welfare Board, Tamil Nadu Government
Member of Parliament (2019-Incumbent), Vilupuram Loksabha Constituency
Writings
Books

Ravikumar, D. (2009). Venomous touch : notes on caste, culture, and politics. Translated by R. Azhagarasan. Stree-Samya Publications.

S. Anand
From Wikipedia

S. Anand alias Stephen Anand is an author, publisher and journalist. He, along with D. Ravikumar, founded the publishing house Navayana in 2003, which is "India’s first and only publishing house to focus on the issue of caste from an anticaste perspective." Navayana won the British Council-London Book Fair International Young Publisher of the Year award in 2007.

S. Anand co-authored, with Srividya Natarajan, and illustrators Durgabai Vyam and Suresh Vyam, the hugely popular graphic novel Bhimayana: Experiences of Untouchability on the life of B.R. Ambedkar. He has also annotated B.R. Ambedkar's classic Annihilation of Caste; the annotated edition has an introductory essay by Arundhati Roy titled "The Doctor and the Saint".

Before starting Navayana, Anand was a journalist with Outlook and Tehelka. He is married to the well-known book editor R. Sivapriya who works with Penguin India.
I'm an anti-caste junkie:
Meet S Anand, the man behind Navayana publishing house



He's not a fan of Katherine Boo, he's a proud 'anti-caste junkie' and he doesn't think books are 'FMCG products' that should make whopping profits. Meet the publisher of Navayana, S Anand.


In Pali, the word “navayana” means “new vehicle”. Dr BR Ambedkar used the word in 1956 to describe the branch of Buddhism that wouldn't be mired in the Hinayana-Mahayana divide, but would help dalits gain equality in India.

It’s a fitting name for the publishing house that S Anand and Ravikumar set up in 2003 because their Navayana, which won the British Council-London Book Fair International Young Publisher of the Year award in 2007, continues the good fight for a more equal and unprejudiced society.

Navayana publishes books that tackle caste and caste-based prejudice and in just a few years, their titles have won praise from all over the world for being produced beautifully and provocative. Go to their website and you’ll see bravos from people like Noam Chomsky and Mohammed Hanif. In the first section of a two-part interview, publisher S Anand talks about running an independent publishing house at a time when big players are fretting about the future of publishing.

When did you start Navayana and why?

Navayana was started in November 2003 by me and Ravikumar, an intellectual and activist in the civil rights movement in Tamil Nadu and a bank employee back then. I was a journalist then and I worked for Outlook.

By 2006, Ravi became a member of a political party, Viduthalai Chiruthaigal (Dalit Panthers’ Tamil version) and became an MLA; and in 2007, I turned to full-time publishing quitting my day job as journalist. Spurred by winning the British Council-London Book Fair International Young Publisher of the Year award in 2007, by when Navayana had done only 12 titles, I moved to Delhi in May 2007. It took me a year to find my bearings in this megapolis.

In some senses, Navayana really took off as a serious venture only in 2008. In 2003, we had started Navayana on a whim – the need for Navayana was felt simply because there were publishers engaging with environmental issues, ‘communalism’ (as the Hindu-Muslim question is called in India); there were independent publishers engaging with Left issues, such as LeftWord; you had specialist children’s publishers, women’s movements and feminist publishers, but you did not have anybody in English language publishing saying that caste is an issue that infects and inflects everything in India. So there was clearly what we identified as a ‘gap’ and we decided to try and address this gap with an exclusive focus.

Publishing seems to be a shrinking business. Were you ever daunted by the task of bringing out the titles that make up Navayana's catalogue?

In fact, one finds that in trade and commercial publishing, risk-taking has drastically come down. Most mainstream publishers want to do ‘safe’ titles that do not incur financial, political or intellectual risks. The sad part, as the pioneering American publisher of Pantheon and founder of The New Press, Andre Schiffrin, says is that publishing was for the longest time not seen as a ‘business’ as such.

A collage of titles published by Navayana. Image courtesy: Navayana website

People were happy with 4 percent profits—what you got from a savings bank account. Suddenly with conglomerates entering the market, with holdings companies treating books like any other ‘investment’, books came to be treated like FMCG products; expectations of profit went up to an unreasonable 20-25 percent.

A friend who returned from the recent London Book Fair says the most interesting titles in the UK are being done by small and medium-sized independents like Saqi, Serpent’s Tail, Comma Press, etc. The same holds true for India where presses like Yoda, Blaft, and Navayana have shown that you can do cutting edge books.

Older players like Seagull and Zubaan have fortified themselves. Seagull has in fact gone seriously international; they have a Nobel laureate like Mo Yan in their list; they have all of Mahashweta Devi. So all this gives me courage to be bold, innovative and experimental at Navayana.

But do not forget that the guesstimate for per capita spending on books in India is an abysmal Rs 80 – per person per year. Even if only 20 million of the 1.2 billion have the luxury of reading for pleasure in India, that’s a huge market. And they don't seem to be reading as much as they ought to, the mind-numbing sales of the Chetan Bhagats and Amish Tripathis notwithstanding.

How involved are you as far as the commissioning books is concerned? Are you also involved with the design and production of the books?

Well, I have to do all of that. Navayana works with very low overheads. I have one assistant editor working with me and one full-time admin person. So all the commissioning and selecting and handholding of authors and raising finances has to be done by me. I respond to emails, handle orders, organize launches, oversee my website, lobby for reviews etc etc. In most post-DTP small presses, the publisher wears many hats. Since 2008, I have worked with an excellent designer Akila Seshasayee, on all our covers, but yes I do get involved with design. A project like Bhimayana was conceived of and curated by me, and with such excellent artists as Durgabai Vyam and Subhash Vyam it mostly designed itself.

What has been the biggest challenge as far as Navayana is concerned?

Money! And most small publishers would give you the same answer likely. I do not seem to have a good head for the business end of things. Bhimayana has been our only funded project, but otherwise it is quite hand to mouth. Navayana survives primarily on the generosity of friends, though since 2010, after Slavoj Zizek's first annual Navayana lecture, our market presence matches the best. We do make sure all our titles are well reviewed.

In terms of profits, I doubt if even the bigger presses really make any profits with all the heavy overheads they have. The real profit-earners in Indian publishing are textbook publishers. Ratna Sagar’s turnover could well be more than HarperCollins or Penguin’s, but the overall visibility of a Ratna Sagar will be poor.

What has been the most satisfying part of Navayana?

The fact that one has done a range of titles which no one else would have done. And that I get to pursue my passion as an anti-caste junkie.

Could you pick five titles from your catalogue that you would categorise as "must-have"?

This is a tough choice to make since I do not publish books that you ought not have on your shelf. But still, since list-making is one of journalism’s many ways of simplifying things, here we go:

Bhimayana

Ajay Navaria's Unclaimed Terrain

Anand Teltumbde’s The Persistence of Caste, pegged to the Khairlanji carnage

Namdeo Dhasal’s A Current of Blood

Srividya Natarajan and Aparajita Ninan’s A Gardener in the Wasteland, a graphic adaptation of Jotiba Phule's 1873 text, Gulamgiri.

I do feel bad leaving out Gogu Shyamla’s Father May be an Elephant…, Namdeo Nimgade’s In the Tiger’s Shadow and Shashank Kela’s A Rogue and Peasant Slave.

Among the forthcoming titles you must look out for A Word With You, World, the autobiography of Siddalingaiah, a Kannada poet and co-founder of the Dalit Sangharsha Samiti. Out in July, it is a Chaplinesque work that will make you laugh and cry. Then in 2014 we will have Jeremy Seabrook’s as yet untitled work on the sweatshops of Bangladesh, a work that will tell you what’s so terribly wrong with the Katherine Boo school of nonfiction that’s made to read like fiction.
Srividya Natarajan

Srividya Natarajan, born in Chennai, now lives in Canada and teaches English at King’s University College, University of Western Ontario. At the University of Hyderabad she became interested in the caste politics that are central to No Onions, parented both her own son and the snakes her husband brought home, and earned a Ph.D. in English. After a year as an editor at Katha Publishers, she began to illustrate children’s books for Orient Longman, the Karaditales Company and Chatterbox. Her favourite projects were four books in Tulika’s Under the Banyan series, now translated into six Indian languages, and Kali and the Rat Snake. She co-authored Taking Charge of our Bodies, on women and health issues, with Veena Shatrughna and Gita Ramaswamy (Penguin India, 2004); and co-directed Silambakoodam (2002), a documentary on the hereditary dance teachers of south India. A student of the great dance master Kittappa Pillai, she has taught and performed classical dance for over twenty-two years in India and abroad. Her ambition is to combine writing her second novel with living in a tolerably clean house.
Sivanthi Adithan
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Dr. Sivanthi Adityan

In office
1987–1996
Preceded by Vidya Charan Shukla
Succeeded by Suresh Kalmadi
Personal details
Born 24 September 1936
Kayamozhi(Thoothukudi Dist)
Died 19 April 2013 (aged 76)
Chennai, India
Spouse(s) S. Malathi Adityan
Children
Anitha Kumaran
Mala Jayaram
Mother A. Govindamal
Relatives K. P. K. Kumaran (Son-in-Law)
Residence Chennai

Sivanthi Adityan (24 September 1936 – 19 April 2013) was an Indian media baron who ran Tamil newspapers Daily Thanthi[1] and Maalaimalar. Sivanthi started the first evening Tamil Daily Maalai Murasu at Tirunelveli in 1959. He was an educationist, an industrialist and a philanthropist. He was awarded the Padma Shri by the Government of India. He was popularly called "Chinna Ayya" as a mark of respect by the people. In 2012 Adithan bought the NDTV Hindu news channel and renamed it as Thanthi TV. He was the President of Indian Olympic Association from 1987 to 1996.

Early life

Dr. Sivanthi Adityan was the second son of S. P. Adithanar and Govinthammal. His father S. P. Adithanar was a lawyer, ex-minister and founder of the Tamil daily newspaper Daily Thanthi. He did his schooling at Ramakrishna Higher Secondary School and Besant Theosophical High School and his Bachelors at the Presidency College. He was an active NCC Cadet during his school and college days. He served as the NCC Commander in his college. He began his career as an ordinary worker in Dinath Thanthi, despite being the son of S.P.Adithyan , and gradually climbed the ranks to become the editor. Daily Thanthi was printed in 3 cities (Chennai, Madurai, Trichy) when S. P. Adithanar handed over the mantle to him in 1959. During his era Daily Thanthi was published in 15 cities across the country and became the most read Tamil daily. He was also an avid sportsman and used to work out and train every day.

Philanthropy

He was a philanthropist and funded the renovation of many temples. In the southern districts of Tamil Nadu, there are many sports clubs bearing his name. He also constructed a state-of-the art indoor volleyball stadium in the Adithanar College, Tiruchendur, where the Indian team used to practice. Dr.B.Sivanthi Adityan renovated the 178 feet 'Rajagopuram' of Arulmigu Kasivishvanathar Temple Tenkasi, whose gopuram got damaged 200 years ago.
A view of Kasi Vishwanathar Temple Rajagopuram.

Awards and recognition

The Government of India awarded him Padma Shri in the year 2008 in recognition of his distinguished service in the field of Literature and Education. An Olympic Order of Merit for sports and education in 1995, Padma Shri in 2008, and the OCA Merit Award in 2010 at Guangzhou Asian Games all mirrored his impeccable stature in the world of sports. Adityan was at the helm of the Indian Olympic Association from 1987 to 1996. This was an eventful phase. He was compelled to fight various forces, legally and diplomatically. He was the first, and till now, the only one from the South, to head the IOA. In 1995, the International Olympic Committee conferred upon him of the Olympic Order of Merit in recognition of outstanding source rendered by him for the development of Sports & Education. He was awarded a Gold Medal on 19 July 1989 by the International Volleyball Federation in recognition of his valuable contribution for the development of volleyball in India. His services rendered for the development of Sports and Education earned for him the 'Sports and Study Award' of the International Olympic Committee for the year 1987. He is the first Indian to receive such an award. He was the vice-president of the Sports Development Authority of Tamil Nadu. During his tenure as President of the Indian Olympic Association he played an instrumental role in bringing the South Asian Federation Games to India. He was also instrumental in building the South Asian Federation Games Village in Chennai. He was elected as the President of the Indian Olympic Association. He was also the President of Indian Olympic Association and Vice President of the Olympic Council of Asia.

Death

Dr. Sivanthi Adityan died on Friday, 19 April 2013 at 08-15 PM IST in Chennai, India. He is survived by two daughters and a son, Mr. Balasubramanian Adityan.
S. M. White
, Indie Fantasy Author


S. M. White survives on a steady diet of Fantasy novels, sweet tea, and procrastination. He has no liking for cold weather or small arrogant animals.


In regards to his writings, he is quoted as saying, "I think I'm a swell writer, although I do tend towards the exceptional." Later, he rescinded the latter half of the quote in an effort to seem humble. But the damage was done.


Asked to describe himself in one word, Mr. White responded with, "Why?" After a moment of thinking, he said, "Damn, I should have said 'inquisitive.'"


Once given a firm shake, Mr. White eventually ceases with the japery and hands over his thoughts on writing fantasy.


"I find myself leaning more in the direction of grime and grit and terrible things. I think this is because that aspect of life is the polar opposite of who I am and what I experience. And I find it interesting and engaging to place characters in horrible situations, beneath immeasurable duress, and see how they deal. With fantasy there are few set rules. The whole of my imagination is laid out before me, and often that's unlucky for my characters."


He also has two dogs, Alana and Dio, that he scolds hourly, as well as a maddeningly energetic cat named Montoya.
Learn more about S. M. White at: smwhitefiction.com, along with free short stories, interviews, and his blog.
Suniti Namjoshi
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Suniti Namjoshi
Born 1941
mumbai, India
Occupation Poet, author, educator
Nationality Indian-born English
Education

University of Missouri (Master's degree)
Notable work Feminist Fables


Suniti Namjoshi (born 1941 in MumbaiIndia) is a poet and a fabulist. She grew up in India, worked in Canada and at present lives in the southwest of England with English writer Gillian Hanscombe. Her work is playful, inventive and often challenges prejudices such as racism, sexism, and homophobia. She has written many collections of fables and poetry, several novels, and more than a dozen children's books. Her work has been translated into several languages, including Spanish, Italian, Dutch, Chinese, Korean, Hindi and Turkish.

Early life

Suniti Namjoshi was born in Mumbai in 1941. Her father, Manohar Vinayak Namjoshi, was senior test pilot at Hindustan Aircraft in Bangalore. He was killed when his plane crashed in 1953. Her mother, Sarojini Namjoshi, née Naik Nimbalkar, was from Phaltan.

Suniti was sent to Woodstock, an American mission school in the Himalayan foothills, and then to Rishi Valley in Andhra Pradesh where Jiddu Krishnamurti used to come and talk to the children for a couple of months each year.
Caree

Having passed the IAS in 1964, she worked as an officer in the Indian Administrative Service before pursuing further education. She studied Public Administration and earned her Master's degree from the University of Missouri and earned a PhD from McGill University on Ezra Pound.

Namjoshi taught in the Department of English at the University of Toronto from 1972 to 1987. She wrote Feminist Fables in 1981. It was described in Feminism, one of her voices as a minor feminist classic and the work for which Namjoshi, who the article said produced a "brilliant body of work, marked by sparkling wit, word play and inventive power, emerged", is best known. She began writing full-time in 1987, publishing fiction and poetry works. Kaliyug - Circles Of Paradise (play) and Flesh And Paper (poetry) were written in collaboration Gillian Hanscombe. Namjoshi has been influenced by Virginia WoolfAdrienne Rich, her friend Hilary Clare, and Kate Millett's Sexual Politics. She has been active in the feminist movement and gay liberation movements.

Namjoshi was Honorary Research Fellow at the Centre for Women's Studies at Exeter University in England from 1995 to 2001, and was a member of the Literary Panel of the Arts Council of England from 1993 to 1996.

In 1996 Namjoshi published Building Babel, a postmodern novel about building cultures, whose story continues online with a collaborative project that enables readers' contributions.

Namjoshi currently lives and writes in Devon, United Kingdom.
Published works
Fiction
Feminist Fables. London: Sheba Feminist Publishers, 1981.
The Conversations of Cow. London: The Women's Press, 1985. ISBN 0704328704
The Blue Donkey Fables. London: The Women's Press, 1988. ISBN 0704341158
The Mothers of Maya Diip. London: The Women's Press, 1989.
Because of India: Selected Poems and Fables. London: Onlywomen Press, 1989. ISBN 0906500338
Feminist Fables, Spinifex Press, North Melbourne, 1993 ISBN 9781875559190
Saint Suniti and the Dragon. North Melbourne: Spinifex, 1993; London: Virago, 1994. ISBN 1 875559 18 3
Building Babel. North Melbourne: Spinifex, 1996. ISBN 1875559566
Goja: An Autobiographical Myth. North Melbourne: Spinifex, 2000.
Sycorax: New Fables and Poems. New Delhi: Penguin Books, 2006. ISBN 978-0-14-309984-0
The Fabulous Feminist: A Suniti Namjoshi Reader. Delhi: Zubaan, 2012; North Melbourne: Spinifex, 2012.
Suki. Delhi: Penguin India, 2012; North Melbourne: Spinifex, 2013.
Foxy Aesop aka Aesop the Fox. Delhi: Zubaan, 2018; Melbourne: Spinifex, 2018 ISBN 9781925581515
Poetry
Poems. Calcutta: Writers Workshop, 1967.
More Poems. Calcutta: Writers Workshop, 1971.
Cyclone In Pakistan. Calcutta: Writers Workshop, 1971.
The Jackass and the Lady. Calcutta: Writers Workshop, 1980.
The Authentic Lie. Fredericton, N.B.: Fiddlehead Poetry Books, 1982. ISBN 0864920105
From the Bedside Book of Nightmares. Fredericton, N.B.: Fiddlehead Poetry Books & Goose Lane Editions, 1984. ISBN 0864920318
Flesh and Paper (with Gillian Hanscombe). UK: Jezebel Tapes and Books, 1986; Charlottetown, P.E.I.: Ragweed Press, 1986. ISBN 1870240006
Because of India: Selected Poems and Fables. London: Onlywomen Press, 1989.
Sycorax: New Fables and Poems. New Delhi: Penguin Books, 2006.
The Fabulous Feminist: a Suniti Namjoshi Reader. New Delhi: Zubaan, 2012.
Children's
Aditi and the One-Eyed Monkey. London: Sheba Feminist Publishers, 1986.
Aditi and the Thames Dragon. Chennai, India: Tulika Publishers, 2002.
Aditi and the Marine Sage. Chennai, India: Tulika Publishers, 2004.
Aditi and the Techno Sage. Chennai, India: Tulika Publishers, 2005.
Aditi and Her Friends Take on the Vesuvian Giant. Chennai, India: Tulika Publishers, 2007.
Aditi and Her Friends Meet Grendel. Chennai, India: Tulika Publishers, 2007.
Aditi and Her Friends Help the Budapest Changeling. Chennai, India: Tulika Publishers, 2007.
Aditi and Her Friends In Search of Shemeek. Chennai, India: Tulika Publishers, 2008.
Gardy in the City of Lions. Chennai, India: Tulika Publishers, 2009.
Siril and The Spaceflower. Chennai, India: Tulika Publishers, 2009.
Monkeyji and the Word Eater. Chennai, India: Tulika Publishers, 2009.
Beautiful and the Cyberspace Runaway. Chennai, India: Tulika Publishers, 2009.
Blue and Other Stories. (art work Nilima Sheikh). Chennai, India: Tulika Publishers, 2012; North Melbourne: Spinifex, 2012.
Little i. Chennai, India: Tulika Publishers, 2014.
The Boy and Dragon Stories (pictures Krishna Bala Shenoi). Chennai, India: Tulika Publishers, 2015
Translation
Poems of Govindagraj by Ram Ganesh Gadkari. Translated by Suniti Namjoshi and Sarojini Namjoshi. Calcutta: Writers Workshop, 1968.

Subramania Bharati
Illustration: Samhita Sonti

Chinnaswami Subramanian Bharathi was a pioneer of modern Tamil poetry and was considered one of the greatest Tamil literary figures of all time. He was a revolutionary poet and due to this strong ideology, the British officials didn’t want to spare him alive.

Born and brought up in Ettayapuram, Madras, he studied in M.D.T Hindu College. He was an excellent student and a proficient linguist. In fact, he knew up to 14 languages and his favourite was Tamil. Many wonder the reason for him wearing a turban and growing a beard. It was because he had a great admiration for Sikhs.

His work started as a court poet for the Raja of Ettayapuram, but he soon began actively participating in the freedom struggle movement. He started to publish his writing regularly in Tamil weeklies and English newspapers, from hymns to nationalistic writings. He had strong ideals on the aspects of society such as the caste system in the Hindu society. Even though he was born in an orthodox Brahmin family, he regarded all living beings equally. His poetry was a collaboration of contemporary and classical elements. Few of his notable works are Panchali Sapatham, Pappa Pattu and Shakthi. His words were so influential that he faced the prospect of arrest by the British in 1908. To save himself, he had to flee to Pondicherry which was under French rule then. Later, the government of India established a Bharathiar University named after him in Coimbatore. Today, the Subramanyam Bharati Award is annually conferred on writers contributing outstanding work in literature.

Subramania Bharati (Wikipedia)
Subramania Bharathi
Subramania Bharathi Commemorative Stamp
Born 11 December 1882

Died 12 September 1921 (aged 38)

(present-day Tamil Nadu, India)
Other names Bharathi, Subbaiah, Sakthi Dasan, Mahakavi, Mundasu Kavignar, Veera Kavi, Selly Dasan
Citizenship British Raj
Occupation Journalist, poet, writer, teacher, patriot, freedom fighter
Spouse(s) Chellamma/Kannamma (m. 1896–1921)
Children 2
Signature

Subramania Bharathi (11 December 1882 – 11 September 1921), was a Tamil writer, poet, journalist, Indian independence activist, social reformer and polyglot. Popularly known as "Mahakavi Bharathi" ("Great Poet Bharathi"), he was a pioneer of modern Tamil poetry and is considered one of the greatest Tamil literary figures of all time. His numerous works included fiery songs kindling patriotism during the Indian Independence movement. He fought for the emancipation of women, against child marriage, stood for reforming Brahminism and religion. He was also in solidarity with Dalits and Muslims.

Born in Ettayapuram of Tirunelveli district (present day Thoothukudi) in 1882, Bharathi had his early education in Tirunelveli and Varanasi and worked as a journalist with many newspapers, including The Hindu, Bala Bharata, Vijaya, Chakravarthini, the Swadesamitran and India. In 1908, an arrest warrant was issued against Bharathi by the government of British India caused him to move to Pondicherry where he lived until 1918.

His influence on Tamil literature is phenomenal. Although it is said that he was proficient in around 14, including 3 non-Indian foreign languages. His favorite language was Tamil. He was prolific in his output. He covered political, social and spiritual themes. The songs and poems composed by Bharathi are very often used in Tamil cinema and have become staples in the literary and musical repertoire of Tamil artistes throughout the world. He paved the way for modern blank verse. He wrote many books and poems on how Tamil is beautiful in nature.

Biography
Photograph of Subramanya Bharathi with wife Chellamma
Bharathiyar House in Puducherry

Bharathi was born on 11 December 1882 in the village of Ettayapuram, to Chinnaswami Subramania Iyer and Lakshmi Ammal. Subramania, as he was named, went to the M.D.T. Hindu College in Tirunelveli. From a very young age, he was musically and poetically inclined. Bharathi lost his mother at the age of five and was brought up by his father who wanted him to learn English, excel in arithmetic, and become an engineer. A proficient linguist, he was well-versed in Sanskrit, Hindi, Telugu, English, French and had a smattering of Arabic. Around the age of 11, he was conferred the title of "Bharathi", the one blessed by Saraswati, the goddess of learning by the Raja of Ettayapuram seeing his excellence in poetry. He lost his father at the age of sixteen, but before that when he was 10, he married Chellamma who was seven years old.

During his stay in Varanasi, Bharathi was exposed to Hindu spirituality and nationalism. This broadened his outlook and he learned Sanskrit, Hindi and English. In addition, he changed his outward appearance. He also grew a beard and wore a turban due to his admiration of Sikhs, influenced by his Sikh friend. Though he passed an entrance exam for a job, he returned to Ettayapuram during 1901 and started as the court poet of Raja of Ettayapuram for a couple of years. He was a Tamil teacher from August to November 1904 in Sethupathy High School in Madurai. During this period, Bharathi understood the need to be well-informed of the world outside and took interest in the world of journalism and the print media of the West. Bharathi joined as Assistant Editor of the Swadesamitran, a Tamil daily in 1904. In December 1905, he attended the All India Congress session held in Benaras. On his journey back home, he met Sister Nivedita, Swami Vivekananda's spiritual heir. She inspired Bharathi to recognise the privileges of women and the emancipation of women exercised Bharathi's mind. He visualised the new woman as an emanation of Shakti, a willing helpmate of man to build a new earth through co-operative endeavour. Among other greats such as Bal Gangadhar Tilak, he considered Nivedita his Guru, and penned verses in her praise. He attended the Indian National Congress session in Calcutta under Dadabhai Naoiroji, which demanded Swaraj and boycott of British goods.

By April 1906, he started editing the Tamil weekly India and the English newspaper Bala Bharatham with M.P.T. Acharya. These newspapers were also a means of expressing Bharathi's creativity, which began to peak during this period. Bharathi started to publish his poems regularly in these editions. From hymns to nationalistic writings, from contemplations on the relationship between God and Man to songs on the Russian and French revolutions, Bharathi's subjects were diverse.

Bharathi participated in the historic Surat Congress in 1907 along with V.O. Chidambaram Pillai and Mandayam Srinivachariar, which deepened the divisions within the Indian National Congress with a section preferring armed resistance, primarily led by Tilak over moderate approach preferred by certain other sections. Bharathi supported Tilak with V. O. Chidambaram Pillai and Kanchi Varathachariyar. Tilak openly supported armed resistance against the British.
Cover page of the 1909 magazine Vijaya, published first from Madras and then from Pondicherry. The cover showing "Mother India" (Bharat Mata) with her diverse progeny and the rallying cry "Vande Mataram”.

In 1908, the British instituted a case against V.O. Chidambaram Pillai. In the same year, the proprietor of the journal India was arrested in Madras. Faced with the prospect of arrest, Bharathi escaped to Pondicherry, which was under French rule. From there he edited and published the weekly journal India, Vijaya, a Tamil daily, Bala Bharatham, an English monthly, and Suryodayam, a local weekly in Pondicherry. The British tried to suppress Bharathi's output by stopping remittances and letters to the papers. Both India and Vijaya were banned in India in 1909.

During his exile, Bharathi had the opportunity to meet many other leaders of the revolutionary wing of the Independence movement like AurobindoLajpat Rai and V.V.S. Aiyar, who had also sought asylum under the French. Bharathi assisted Aurobindo in the Arya journal and later Karma Yogi in Pondicherry. This was also the period when he started learning Vedic literature. Three of his greatest works namely, Kuyil Pattu, Panchali Sapatham and Kannan Pattu were composed during 1912. He also translated Vedic hymns, Patanjali's Yoga Sutra and Bhagavat Gita to Tamil. Bharathi entered India near Cuddalore in November 1918 and was promptly arrested. He was imprisoned in the Central prison in Cuddalore in custody for three weeks from 20 November to 14 December and was released after the intervention of Annie Besant and C.P. Ramaswamy Aiyar. He was stricken by poverty during this period, resulting in his ill health. The following year, 1919, Bharathi met Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. He resumed editing Swadesimeitran from 1920 in Madras (modern day Chennai).

Death

He was badly affected by the imprisonments and by 1920, when a General Amnesty Order finally removed restrictions on his movements, Bharathi was already struggling. He was struck by an elephant named Lavanya at Parthasarathy templeTriplicaneChennai, whom he used to feed regularly. When he fed a spoilt coconut to Lavanya (the elephant), the elephant got fired up and attacked Bharathi. Although he survived the incident, his health deteriorated a few months later and he died early morning on 11 September 1921 at around 1 am. Though Bharathi was considered a people's poet, a great nationalist, outstanding freedom fighter and social visionary, it was recorded that there were only 14 people to attend his funeral. He delivered his last speech at Karungalpalayam Library in Erode, which was about the topic Man is Immortal. The last years of his life were spent in a house in Triplicane, Chennai. The house was bought and renovated by the Government of Tamil Nadu in 1993 and named Bharathi Illam (Home of Bharathi).

Works

He who forgets not God and fails not in his duty, no matter whatever befalls him and however much he suffers, will at the end attain honour and happiness.

Bharathi is considered one of the pioneers of modern Tamil literature. Bharathi used simple words and rhythms, unlike his previous century works in Tamil, which had complex vocabulary. He also employed novel ideas and techniques in his devotional poems. He used a metre called Nondi Chindu in most of his works, which was earlier used by Gopalakrisnha Bharathiar.

Bharathi's poetry expressed a progressive, reformist ideal. His imagery and the vigour of his verse were a forerunner to modern Tamil poetry in different aspects. He was the forerunner of a forceful kind of poetry that combined classical and contemporary elements. He had a prodigious output penning thousands of verses on diverse topics like Indian Nationalism, love songs, children's songs, songs of nature, glory of the Tamil language, and odes to prominent freedom fighters of India like TilakGandhi and Lajpat Rai. He even penned an ode to New Russia and Belgium. His poetry not only includes works on Hindu deities like Shakti, Kali, Vinayagar, Murugan, Sivan, Kannan(Krishna), but also on other religious gods like Allah and Jesus. His insightful similes have been read by millions of Tamil readers. He was well-versed in various languages and translated speeches of Indian National reform leaders like Sri AurobindoBal Gangadhar Tilak and Swami Vivekananda.

He describes the dance of Shakthi (in Oozhi koothu, Dance of destiny) in the following lines:

சக்திப் பேய் தான் தலையொடு தலைகள் முட்டிச்
சட்டச் சட சட சடவென்றுடைபடு தாளம் கொட்டி அங்கே
எத்திகினிலும் நின்விழி அனல் போய் எட்டித்
தானே எரியும் கோலம் கண்டே சாகும் காலம்
அன்னை அன்னை
ஆடுங்கூத்தை நாடச் செய்தாய் என்னை

It is the opinion of some litterateurs that Bharathiar's Panchali Sapatham, based on the story of Panchali (Draupadi), is also an ode to Bharat Mata. That the Pandavass are the Indians, the Kauravas the British and the Kurukshetra war of Mahabharat that of the Indian freedom struggle. It certainly is ascribed to the rise of womanhood in society.

பட்டினில் உடையும் பஞ்சினில் ஆடையும்
பண்ணி மலைகளென வீதி குவிப்போம்
கட்டித் திரவியங்கள் கொண்டு வருவார்
காசினி வணிகருக்கு அவை கொடுப்போம்

[English Translation]
We make Dresses from Silk and Cotton
In quantities as large as mountains
They bring lot of wealth
The traders around the world,
to whom we give it(dresses)

He is known to have said, "Even if Indians are divided, they are children of one Mother, where is the need for foreigners to interfere?" In the period 1910–1920, he wrote about a new and free India where there are no castes. He talks of building up India's defense, her ships sailing the high seas, success in manufacturing and universal education. He calls for sharing amongst states with wonderful imagery like the diversion of excess water of the Bengal delta to needy regions and a bridge to Sri Lanka.

Bharathi also wanted to abolish starvation. He sang, "Thani oru manithanakku unavu illayenil intha jagaththinai azhithiduvom" translated as " If one single man suffers from starvation, we will destroy the entire world".

Some of his poems are translated by Jayanthasri Balakrishnan in English in her blog, though not published.

Even though he has strong opinions about Gods, he is also against false stories spread in epics and other part of social fabric in Tamil Nadu.

In Kuyil paattu (Song of Nightingale) (குயில் பாட்டு) he writes..
கடலினைத் தாவும் குரவும்-வெங்

கனலிற் பிறந்ததோர் செவ்விதழ்ப் பெண்ணும்,

வடமலை தாழ்ந்தத னாலே-தெற்கில்

வந்து சமன்செயும் குட்டை முனியும்,

நதியி னுள்ளேமுழு கிப்போய்-அந்த

நாகர் உலகிலோர் பாம்பின் மகளை

விதியுற வேமணம் செய்த-திறல்

வீமனும் கற்பனை என்பது கண்டோம்.

ஒன்றுமற் றொன்றைப் பழிக்கும்-ஒன்றில்

உண்மையென் றோதிமற் றொன்றுபொய் யென்னும்

நன்று புராணங்கள் செய்தார்-அதில்

நல்ல கவிதை பலபல தந்தார்.

கவிதை மிகநல்ல தேனும்-அக்

கதைகள் பொய்யென்று தெளிவுறக் கண்டோம்; Monkey that jumps the seas;

Woman who born inside the hot fire;

The sage who came to south to equalize because of lowered;

The man called Bhima who submerged and swim inside the river and married the daughter of serpent king of fate;

We have seen all those are just imagination..

One blame the other;

And say the truth is only here, and other is lie;

They made good epic, with that

They gave good poems;

Even though the poems are good;

We saw clearly that those stories are lies;

Bharathi on caste system[edit]

Bharathi also fought against the caste system in Hindu society. Bharathi was born in an orthodox Brahmin family, but he considered all living beings to be equal, and to illustrate this he performed the upanayanam for a young Dalit man and made him a Brahmin. He also scorned the divisive tendencies being imparted into the younger generations by their elderly tutors during his time. He openly criticised the preachers for mixing their individual thoughts while teaching the Vedas, Upanishads and the Gita. He strongly advocated bringing the Dalits to the Hindu mainstream.

"சாதிகள் இல்லையடி பாப்பா!-குலத்
தாழ்ச்சி உயர்ச்சி சொல்லல் பாவம்;
நீதி உயர்ந்த மதி, கல்வி-அன்பு
நிறைய உடையவர்கள் மேலோர்."

[English Translation]
There is no caste system.
It is a sin to divide people on caste basis.
The ones who are really of a superior class are the ones
excelling in being just, wise, educated and loving.

Here he expresses the love between human beings, where a man should not see their caste. They should see them as human beings. Not only human beings, they should see them as their brothers and sisters. This means that a well-educated person knows to treat them equally and not by their caste.

Legacy
This is a photograph of writing by Mahatma Gandhi in Tamil language wishing the effort to build a monument in memory of poet Subramanya Bharathi at Ettayapuram.

The Government of India in 1987 instituted a highest National Subramanyam Bharati Award conferred along with Ministry of Human Resource Development, annually confers on writers of outstanding works in Hindi literature.

Bharathiar University, a state university named after the poet, was established in 1982 at Coimbatore. There is a statue of Bharathiar at Marina Beach and also in the Indian Parliament. A Tamil Movie titled Bharathi was made in the year 2000 on the life of the poet by Gnana Rajasekeran, which won National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil. The movie Kappalottiya Thamizhan chronicles the important struggles of V.O.Chidambaranar along with Subramanya Siva and Bharathiar with S.V. Subbaiah starring as Subramania Bharathi. On 14 August 2014 Professor Muhammadu Sathik raja Started an Educational trust at thiruppuvanam pudur, near Madurai named as Omar -Bharathi educational trust, the name is kept to praise the two legendary poets Umaru Pulavar and Subramania Bharathiyar from Ettaiyapuram. Though these two Poets are having three centuries time interval, the divine service and their contribution to the Tamil language are made them unparallel legends. Both two poets are offered their services at vaigai river bank of thiruppuvanam. the two poets were strongly suffered by their financial status, so both of them were unsuccessful to fulfil their family members need. Many roads are named after him, notable ones including Bharathiar road in Coimbatore and Subramaniam Bharti Marg in New Delhi. The NGO Sevalaya runs the Mahakavi Bharatiya Higher Secondary School.

In popular culture

Many of the poems written by Bharati were used in various Tamil films in the form of songs. AVM productions was the first company to use his songs in films, "Aaduvome Palli" from Naam Iruvar (1947) was the first song inspired from Bharathi's poem. Many of the film titles were taken from his poems like Vallamai Tharayo (2008), Aanmai Thavarel (2011), Nayyapudai (2016), Nerkonda Paarvai (2019),[21] Soorarai Potru (2020).
Sreemoyee Piu Kundu

She’s 40, single, and livin’ it up: Meet Sreemoyee Kundu, the "Queen of Indian Erotica"

By Binjal Shah



The latest of Sreemoyee Kundu’s four novels is a compilation of her own journey as a single woman interspersed with interviews of 3,000 others, including disabled women and those belonging to the LGBTQ community.



If you’re done with cookie-cutter tales of horny engineering boys and hopelessly romantic women, and instead seek a no-holds-barred telling of the lives of Indians, by Indians - of teenage lads in the pursuit of their happy endings; scorned middle-class working women paraded in the arranged marriage market; divorcees grappling with labels like “husband snatcher”; transgenders fighting custody battles – basically, singles of all shapes, sizes, ages and wages, building a meaningful life sans the faux validation marriage provides, it’s time you said hello to Sreemoyee Piu Kundu.

Dubbed the Queen of Indian Erotica, the latest of her four heartbreakingly true-to-life novels (going on five) is a compilation of her own journey as a 40-year-old single woman interspersed with interviews of 3,000 others, including disabled women and those belonging to the LGBTQ community. Braving the usual suspects – from garden variety trolls to self-appointed upholders of Indian tradition – she now tells her tale to YourStory.

The plunge

Raised by a single mother in Kolkata, Sreemoyee went to Jadavpur University to pursue history. A reporter’s opening in New Delhi was the commencement of her decade-long career in print journalism.

She began as a lifestyle reporter and grew to the ranks of features editor at the age of 26, heading a team of over 20 people, and writing mainly on women, popular culture, films, food, fashion, and travel, through stints in senior roles at Mid-day, Metro Now, The Asian Age, Bombay Times, and India Today.

Her fictional debut, Faraway Music, had been breeding inside her ever since she became a journalist, as because it was her first, it was also autobiographical in many ways, she says. Four-and-a-half years ago, on a holiday to Australia, she decided she would quit and fulfil that pipe dream of writing the novel.

Sign up for our exclusive newsletters. Subscribe to check out our popular newsletters. Nandita Aggarwal, of Hachette, signed her on. The book, the story of a famous writer who returns to her hometown and is confronted with the shadows of her past, was critically lauded.

Chasing the dragon

Sita's Curse, her second, however, took a diametrically different direction. Sita’s Curse wasn’t meant to be erotica; it happened very organically. A certain Gujarati housewife Sreemoyee would encounter daily, on her way to work in Mumbai, inspired the character of the protagonist. “Hanging clothes on a flimsy plastic wire, casually running her hands over her full breasts, or watching the rains fall softly. I began conjecturing, trying to etch mental images of her personal life, the manner in which she seemed trapped, repressed,” she says.

26/7 changed everything, including that unspoken relationship that had been thriving on friendly, knowing glances. “I was hospitalised because of a serious viral infection I contracted from being in the dirty waters. When I resumed work, Meera was missing, and I never saw her again. Sita's Curse is, in fact, my tribute to her unsung life and desires,” she says, adding, “It explores the many facets of Meera, of womanhood, in all of us. The woman. The wife. The daughter. The mother. The lover. The whore. The Goddess.”

More importantly, the novel explores serious subjects like marital rape and the deeply complex and primordial relationship between religion and sex, and the ignorance we feign when thousands of women are paraded to so-called Godmen.

Meera stirred something in everyone who read it - a gay man came out to her, saying there was a Meera inside every man too; a naval officer read the book out to his pregnant wife to rekindle the flames.

The overwhelming response to Sita’s Curse, India’s first feminist erotica, caught her off guard. The book released in 2014, the year BJP came to power and her publishers were tense that with a title like Sita’s Curse, the book might invite controversy. However, soon after its release, a seven-city tour, and glowing press reviews, the book was hailed as path-breaking and she was honoured with the epithet of “queen of Indian erotica”. It even won her the NDTV Woman of Worth award.

No woman’s land

Her third stride, You've Got the Wrong Girl!, was lad lit – a space largely dominated by male writers. But Sremoyee thought to herself: “Why can’t a woman get into a man’s head?”

“Romance is generally perceived as a woman’s territory but writing is gender neutral. You’ve Got The Wrong Girl! looks at love and romance from a man’s viewpoint — is the search for a soul-mate just as complex for a man?”

Now, three books down, the single survivor was turning 40 years old in December 2016 and celebrating her birthday with the extravagance of a wedding. But certain friends and family responded to her invite saying they would attend next time for a “real occasion”, or a “happier time” - nauseating stereotypes that Sreemoyee decided to demolish.

She would often use social media and her columns to express her trials and tribulations as a single woman. One fine day, her agent asked her to consider doing a full-length novel on her life. Status Single was to be an unabashed celebration of a woman’s 40 years of surviving, dealing with loss, bad decisions, wrong men, lost career opportunities, friendships, and most importantly, the courage and wisdom she amassed over time.

“I wasn’t going for a self-help book - claiming that the 40s are the new 20, that is plain bullshit. I wanted to denounce the centrality of marriage and the validation it brings to our womanhood. I wanted women to stand tall, even if we are sans a partner/child,” she recalls.

She didn’t want the book to be solely autobiographical and decided to get a cross-section of women involved, to speak their diverse but common truths.

Status Single came to house interviews of 3,000 urban women that she interviewed in a span of one year. “The story that I hold very close to my heart is of transgender single mother Gauri Sawant, who adopted the five-year-old orphaned daughter of a sex worker from Kamathipura in Mumbai. Or, the story of Nita Mathur, who, haunted by the rejections in the arranged marriage market and because she was always asked if she was a virgin, finally underwent a hymen reconstruction to get a ‘Barbie doll’ vagina,” she says.

The marginalisation of the entire community is something that she could relate to at a deeply personal level. “There’re no dedicated support groups, communities, apps or websites for single women – and I think there is a huge lacuna,” she opines.

Leave no woman behind

But even in this safe space, she had conjured up, conditioning made it impossible for some women to feel secure and valid. When Sreemoyee shared the final drafts with the women she had interviewed, 20 percent pulled out because a lot of them feared social ostracisation – many the ire of their bosses and colleagues – and some despite their names being changed on request, felt threatened.

“I almost thought I would not be able to hand over the finished manuscript to the publisher – and at some very deep level I was so let down by my own sex – for their conditioned lack of confidence,” Sreemoyee recounts.

Despite the issues, Status Single became the cover story for LA Times and The Guardian. Having said that, she echoes the opinion of myriad other writers – who have noted that books by women, about women, for women, are written off as "chick lit" and often devalued by publishers - in terms of lesser signing amounts, fewer copies, lower compensation etc. That’s why when it came to finding publishers for her four books - especially the ones dealing with women's sexuality that Indians and conservatives, in general, are uncomfortable with – Sreemoyee was up against everyone from conservatives to money-mongers.

“Indian publishers are clichéd; editors report to marketing teams. They’d rather do cookbooks by pretty chefs, and inane books by just about any Bollywood personality than actually put their money on brave books on burning social and environmental issues. In India, our sexual expression is always suffocated by an overarching religious and social system that looks at desire as a dreaded disease,” she reveals. “So, I promote the hell out of my books, always ask and fight for a marketing plan and ensure the publisher has a stake in selling the book,” she says.
Sudipto Mondal



Sudipto Mondal in an investigative journalist who reports mostly from South India on caste, communalism and corruption. He is writing a book on the death of the Dalit research scholar Rohith Vemula and the 25-year history of the organisation to which he belonged, the Ambedkar Students' Association (ASA).

Sudipto Mondal dreams of a Dalit nationSudipto Mondal (centre) says there isn’t a single example of Dalit-Ambedkarites picking up arms to fight caste, setting up ambushes, launching fidayeen attacks, packing bombs into suitcases. There are many Dalits in the Maoist ranks but they slave for somebody else’s dream. Photo: Jithendra M./MintSudipto Mondal


The Dalit-Ambedkarite struggle for self-actualization has been non-violent and idea-driven through its history. It's time for the two competing factions of the political and social elite to stop playing the good-cop-bad-cop game and pass the baton

https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/pC7K06lNqVv53P1SxzglBN/Sudipto-Mondal--Imagining-a-Dalit-nation.html
Sreekesh Raveendran Nair
“Even those who may not be blatantly casteist in their approach to life have it embedded in their subconscious here in Kerala. Take for example, how a Nair woman would relate to Karkidakam (a month in the Malayalam calendar).

You would hear her wax eloquent about the heavy rains, reading the Ramayana and partaking of the Karkidaka kanji (a spicy gruel-mix of rice and medicinal herbs). But what about a Dalit woman?

She would be more worried about whether the coconut fronds-plaited roof of her home would be able to withstand the heavy onslaught of the rains. So you see the same phenomenon has an upper-caste woman looking outwards to enjoy the rains and the paraphernalia that comes along with it, while the Dalit woman tries to figure out how to survive life for yet another day,” Dalit poet Vijila Chirappad smiles.

Not for her is a defeatist attitude. Life has rendered her many a hard knock but not once did she remain supine under the blows dealt by a highly prejudiced society.

Born at Perambra in Kozhikode, Vijila has dabbled in poetry right from her college days. It was also poetry that gifted her a soul-mate in Rajesh Chirappad, a well-known Dalit literary critic.

Vijila’s work has been published in three collections: Adukala Illathaa Veedu (A Home without a Kitchen, 2006), Amma Oru Kalpanika Kavitha Alla (Mother is not a Poetic Figment of our Imagination, 2009), and Pakarthi Ezhuthu (Copied Notes, 2015).

Some of these verses are prescribed reading at the Kerala, MG and Calicut Universities. Her work has also been featured in the OUP India Anthology of Poems that was brought out in 2012.

Recalling her initial struggles to just get published, Vijila says: “You see publishing in itself is an arduous process. And since I’m not even an adopted child of mainstream society, you can guess how hard it has been for me. Yet not even once did I think of giving up. I have had to literally fight to get to wherever I find myself now in the poetic sphere.”

An admirer of S Joseph, Madhavikutty and Satchidanandan’s works, Vijila has through her searing poetry, carved out a niche for herself among her contemporaries.

Go through her poems and you find reflected a disarmingly honest take on everyday realities that… well, mostly women cope with.

‘Sumangali’ for instance evokes the imagery of the bloodied sindoor adorning the central hair parting of a newly-wed to denote the legal sanction for deflowering her chastity.

In her world, bodies are soot-coated and reflect the household smells of an impoverished society tottering on the fringes of caste.

Like in ‘Kaikalathunikal’ (Household Rags) the similarity between a woman bound by her marital kitchen and the perennially soaked household rags is brought out strikingly with a longing for the rains to release her from all such bondage.

Ask her about the title of her second collection of poems, she chuckles: “Haven’t you seen how mothers are portrayed in our TV serials or movies? The traditional kind sporting a ‘thulasi’ sprig (medicinal pant) in her wet hair…but the mothers I know are ones who practically go about their daily lives and who curtly asks you to switch off the radio to avoid hearing the ramblings of the News in Sanskrit which to her is pure upper caste gibberish.”


She who flew ahead
In our home
there is no TV
no fridge
neither mixer
nor grinder
no LPG
not even an iron-box.

yet my mother knew
how to operate these
much before i did.

because
like in Madhavikutty's stories
and the novels of MT
she is Janu -
the servant.

The red demon that visits women every month too occupies a significant place in her poems one of which is ‘Veena Poovinum Viriyunna Poovinum Madhyeh’ (Between the Fallen Flower and the One about to Bloom).
She is too realistic to venture into sheer romanticism, but there is an indulgent undertone of mundaneness as seen in the poem ‘Moonu Jallakangal’ (Three Windows).

Poetry is not just a clever use of words but the life-force which sustains Vijila through the ups and downs that life throws at her as when her menstrual cycle shows no sign of a 'maternal remission' or when the thyroid in her body becomes the signpost of unspoken grief that gets stuck in her throat.

Thyroid
sorrows till then
picketed in the throat
the name you gave them -
thyroidWhen disheartened with subtle discrimination at the workplace, she is asked to rise above her origins. “But how does one rise above one’s origins when each day someone or the other never fails to rub the Dalit identity into you?” she wonders.

“Do you know in our efforts to fit in, Dalits so often blindly ape the customs and rituals of the upper castes…as if in doing so, they would gain social acceptance. Imagine a suffocating loop within a loop?” Vijila says, masking her irritation with a contagious grin.

A Dalit consciousness pervades all through her poems as can be felt in the way she moulds words tinged with a colloquial flavour . Yet Vijila's poetry embodies much more than just her caste identity. “I am a Dalit if that’s how you choose to see me and I’m not if you think otherwise,” she smiles.

This fluidity of identity translates into a broader empathy for all who are downtrodden and oppressed.

“For all its communist history, casteism is inherent in Kerala society…more or less like a leitmotif whether one likes it or not. A truly casteless society is what I dream and aspire for,” Vijila sighs.

Wasteland
chandrika chechi of the Wasteland
talks
about the homes one enters
only through the back door.

of the flats
where one enters
through the front door —
the ones with the porch light on.

returning daily from the marketplace
both the fish and she share
the same path —
the one through the back door.

entering through the very same route,
while hearing the television
blare the pledge aloud on August 15 —
all Indians are my brothers and sisters.
Sonam Saigal



DON`T THEY DESERVE CLEAN DRINKING WATER?
Don`t they deserve clean drinking water?


At the 29th anniversary, last December, a young reporter and law student, Sonam Saigal, visited Bhopal to witness for herself the terrible, ongoing disaster which sees the ground water, for miles around, contaminated with highly toxic chemicals dumped by the Union Carbide factory.


In Sonam’s own words: “I was born after the Bhopal Gas Tragedy took place, didn’t know about it for years. But when I did get to know, I just kept reading and watching the news about it. Last year, something ticked off and I said I must go and see what’s actually happening out there. As a journalist, the least I can do is see, ask and write. But all of this is already being done, so what is my contribution? Therefore, I decided to take the legal route. I am a law student and will complete my education next year June. The laws of the country has failed the victims too, but for now I am trying to find some refuge for them under its ambit. And the fight continues with one more to fight for them.”




The Bhopal Gas tragedy in 1984 rendered tens of thousands of people living near the guilty, but not convicted factory, orphans. Sonam Saigal narrates the ordeal of the people living their fate, by consuming the long declared ‘unfit for consumption’ water.


At five past midnight on 2 December 1984, the Indian pesticide plant of the Union Carbide Corporation (UCC) in Bhopal, leaked 27 tons of the deadly gas methyl isocyanate (MIC). Half a million people living in the vicinity were exposed to the gas that night and 10,000 are believed to have died within 72 hours. Up to 25,000 people exposed to the gas are estimated to have died till date in one of the world`s worst industrial disasters. Twenty nine years later, the survivors of the tragedy are still struggling for their basic rights to clean drinking water, besides medical relief and adequate compensation.

It is appalling that 346 tonnes of toxic waste is still lying in the factory premises as the government authorities have not been able to decide on the best way to safely dispose it. The soil and groundwater in the neighbourhood of the factory site is highly contaminated and the water has been declared unfit for human consumption, but in the absence of clean and safe drinking water, people are forced to consume it.

In Kanchi Chola, a gas affected area, Jyoti Ben, a local resident, says, “We know this water is unfit to drink but what do we do, we don’t have an alternative source of water. Year after year we are promised clean drinking water by the local councillors of the area but nothing is being done.”


“Don`t we deserve clean drinking water, the most basic necessity?”, asks Kajal Ben of the same area. “Relatives don`t come to our house to stay, as we can`t even offer them clean drinking water. They fear their children will fall sick. Even if someone comes to our house, they bring their own bottle of water, it is very humiliating.”


Post the tragedy, the water available in their homes has a layer of oil on it. You can skim the oil off the water. No amount of boiling or any other tactic helps remove the toxins.


In 2009, a comprehensive survey was conducted by a local NGO, ‘Sambhavna’ in 15 communities surrounding the UCIL plant site in Bhopal that revealed that the drinking water supply in majority of these communities to be insufficient or, in many cases, contaminated with toxic chemicals. Thousands of residents are lacking access to clean drinking water as the water supply system, installed by the Bhopal Municipal Corporation, is in poor condition while groundwater from private hand pumps and bore wells is of poor quality and/or contaminated with chemicals.


The water supply system consists of large water plastic tanks that are either refilled by surface pipes or by tanker trucks. The system is not properly maintained; many water tanks are broken, water pipes are often ruptured and the water supply from tanker trucks is irregular. Residents try to use private hand pumps and bore wells to meet the demand. However, these private water sources do not provide sufficient water and the water is often of poor quality. In the dry season, many wells stop providing water as the groundwater table lowers. During monsoon, the ground water accessed by hand pumps and bore wells is often muddy and potentially contaminated with coliform bacteria due to sewage water infiltration from the surface. Furthermore, there is serious chemical contamination of groundwater in much of the investigated area.


The current water supply situation within the communities included in this survey is unacceptable. The supply is clearly insufficient and the chemical contaminants present in groundwater has concentrations massively exceeding WHO drinking water guideline values, posing potential health risks to thousands of residents.


Shakira Be from Kazi Camp says, “We have received compensation for injured and the dead. What about medical compensation for those who died after the tragedy due to gas-related diseases? A man in this area died of cancer sometime back. It is difficult to prove that the cancer was caused by drinking toxic water for many years?” She continues, “In the house next door, Nasir, a 23-year-old boy died because his liver stopped functioning. How do you prove that his liver was affected because of the water he was drinking?”


In a preliminary study that was jointly carried out by the National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur, and the National Geophysical Research Institute (NGRI), Hyderabad, during 2009-2010, it was estimated that “the total quantum of contaminated soil requiring remediation amounts to 11,00,000 MT [metric tonnes]”.


“We have to fight for our basic rights. My children who were once healthy cannot even run a few yards without feeling breathless. All the children in my family are born with some sort of breathing problem,” says a teary eyed Anjum Be who lives in New Arif Nagar.


The Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) who did a survey in 2009, published a report titled, ‘Contamination of soil and water inside and outside the Union Carbide India Limited’. It stated heavy metals and pesticides were detected in all samples of soil, ground water, vegetables and breast milk around residential areas adjoining the factory premises. Chronic effects of exposure to chemicals cause nervous disorders, increased liver weight and liver tumours. Other chemicals present in water cause depression of central nervous system, respiratory tract and eye irritation, anaemia, skin lesions, vomiting, headaches, anorexia, weight loss, atrophy of the liver, blood dyscrasias, porphyria and chromosomal disorders.


The report further said that the lead present in water can cause several health problems, such as disruption of the biosynthesis of haemoglobin and anaemia, rise in blood pressure, kidney damage, miscarriages and subtle abortions, disruption of nervous systems, brain damage, declined fertility of men through sperm damage, diminished learning abilities of children, behavioral disruptions of children, such as aggression, impulsive behavior and hyperactivity. Lead can even enter a foetus through the placenta of the mother. Because of this it can cause serious damage to the nervous system and the brain of unborn children


Babulal Gaur, who was the Minister for Bhopal Gas Relief and Rehabilitation, had dismissed the CSE report saying, “Who are they to give us advice?”


Preliminary epidemiological data from 100,000 patients at the Sambhavna Clinic, a fully equipped medical centre near the factory site, run by Satinath Sarangi and wife Rachna Dhingra, who have been longtime crusaders for the Bhopal gas victims, suggests birth defects are up to seven times as frequent among those affected by contaminated water as compared to the general population.


In 2012, the Supreme Court had set a three-month deadline for the Madhya Pradesh government to ensure supply of clean drinking water to victims of the tragedy living in settlements around the factory, who have been forced to drink contaminated water for almost 30 years now. The people had been subjected to a “double whammy of diseases,” first because of the gas leak and then because of groundwater contamination, the court had observed.


A report filed by the Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (IITR) in Lucknow had collected 26 samples from around the factory following the apex court’s directive seeking a report on the level of groundwater contamination in the affected areas.


The survivors of the gas disaster had been claiming that the groundwater in areas around the carbide plant was highly contaminated and residents of those localities were drinking that water. Hazardous chemical waste left behind by Union Carbide in the factory premises and solar ponds created to dump chemical waste of the factory was said to be causing contamination of underground water due to seepage, particularly during rainy season. According to the IITR report, the results of the levels of chlorine and nitrate in the samples were found to be higher than permissible.


Today, more than 120,000 people still suffer from ailments caused directly by exposure to MIC or by the subsequent pollution caused by the UCIL plant site. Unsheltered chemicals have been stored on-site for decades and these chemicals continuously leach into soil and groundwater. As a result of the inaction to remove these chemicals, contamination of soil and groundwater in the surrounding communities have become a source of many health problems among residents within these communities.


Mohammad from Bafna Colony says, “New pipes were installed in our homes about five months back. But there is no water supply. Only a few areas have started getting clean water supply. I lost my parents in the gas tragedy, I don’t want to lose my children now or see them grow unhealthy because we have no access to clean drinking water”.


After consuming polluted water the quality of health care in terms of investigation, diagnosis and treatment continue to be abysmal. A proper protocol for treatment of each gas-related ailment has not been evolved even 29 years after the disaster speaks volumes about the apathy of concerned authorities. In short, for all practical purposes, more than five lakh survivors of the disaster continue to remain orphans within the Indian polity.


The Bhopal gas tragedy continues to affect the third generation of people with undiagnosed diseases and consumption of toxic ridden water. The victims still await treatment and justice in the form of clean drinking water and compensation.
Sant Ram Udasi
From Wikipedia

Born Sant Ram
20 April 1939 , Raisar, Sangrur district
(now Barnala), Punjab, India
Died 6 November 1986 (aged 47), Occupation Poet,
Language Punjabi

Sant Ram Udasi (20 April 1939 – 6 November 1986) was one of the major Punjabi poets emerging out of the Naxalite movement in the Indian Punjab towards the late 1960s, writing about revolutionary and Dalit consciousness. Lok Kavi Sant Ram Udasi Memorial Trust (International) was established as a research foundation focusing on the life and works of Sant Ram Udasi.
Punjabi Poetry of Sant Ram Udasi
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਕਵਿਤਾ ਸੰਤ ਰਾਮ ਉਦਾਸੀ


Biography
Aazadi Da Din
Adhuri Savai Gatha
Aje-Aje Na Aayi Manzil Teri
Amaanat
Ammri Nu Tarla
Baajre Da Sitta
Bhaav
Bhagat Ravidas Nu
Bhagat Ravidas Nu Shardhanjali
Bhai Ghanaiye Di Peshi
Bharat Di Aazaadi
Bujharat
Burjua Taane Baane
Chamkaur Di Garhi Vich Singhan Da Jera
Chhallian
Chithian Vandan Walia Ve
Chit Na Dulaain Baabla
Choodiyan Da Hoka
Dharti Maan
Dilliye Diala Vekh/Dekh
Doli
Dussehra
Geetan De Waris
Ghazal-Aadmi Jo Ho Gaya Shaitan Hai
Ghazal-Nahin Chehre Udas Vekhange
Ghazal-Tusin Ona Chir Rahe Jarwanian
Ghazal-Zaalim Hai Jad Mazloom Nu
Guru Arjan Dev Ji Di Udaarta
Guru Gobind Singh Ji Da Lokan De Naa Antim Suneha
Guru Gobind Singh Ji De Naan
Haalian Paalian Da Geet
Haarian Vi Khadhian Te Saunian Vi Khadhian Ne-Geet
Haneriyan De Naan
He Janta
Hun Tuhadi Yaad Vich
Ik Shardhanjali Ik Lalkar
Ik Taana
Kaalia Kawan Ve
Kaidi Di Patni Da Geet
Kali-Ik Voter Di Lalkar
Kali-Puran Da Jogi Banke Bagh Vich Auna
Kammian Da Vehra
Khair Sukh-Maare Gaye Mitran De Pind Diye Waaye
Khuh Hakan Wale Nu Asees
Kis Nu Watan Kahan/Kahunga
Ku Ku Kardiye Koyale
Lalkaar
Lalkaar-Mazdoor De Naan
Lok Rang
Lor
Maan Dhartiye
Maat Bhasha
Main Haan Punjab Bolda
Mawan Thandian Chhawan
Mera Watan
Mere Laadle
Mitti Da Rang
Navein Ahd Naame
Pakka Ghar Tolin Baabla
Panchhia Navin Udari Maar
Pattar Hare Hare
Phula Ve Bahaar Dia
Pooja
Pritam Piara
Rubai-Hoia Ki Je Bhaav Na Maulde
Sathi Jagmohan Joshi Lal Salaam
Siri Te Jatt Di Sanjhi Vithia De Naan
Suraj Kade Maria Nahin
Tatti Tawi Tatti Degh Tatti Dhup-Geet
Teri Maut Sunauni
Uhna Di Jit
Utthan Da Wela
Vangan
Var Ki Sraap
Vasiat-Main Koi Vada Aadmi Nahin
Vasiat-Meri Maut Te Na Royo
Vedna
Videshi Hawawan De Naan
Vietnam
Warisan De Naan
Watan Ki Kaidkhana/Qaidkhana
Yaad-Ki Uh Saanu Yaad Rehnge
Zorawar Singh Te Fateh Singh Di Daadi Ton Vidaigi De Naan
Kirna Da Janam
Desh Hai Piara Saanu-Geet
Pandran August De Naan
Lenin De Naan
Kali Kuri Da Geet
Mazdoor Kuri Di Pehli Raat
Poonjipati Raakhshaan Di Dhaar
Mera Piar Mere Lok
Mazdoor Di Desh Sewa
Basant
Chan Jivein Badlan Chon
Sadhu Boobna
Aazaadi
Raakhio
Dunian Bhar De Kaamion
Lokta Te Saadian Hi Himmtan Da Jor Hai-Geet
Mardaane Nu Mardaanan Da Khat
ਆਜ਼ਾਦੀ ਦਾ ਦਿਨ
ਅਧੂਰੀ ਸਵੈ ਗਾਥਾ
ਅਜੇ-ਅਜੇ ਨਾ ਆਈ ਮੰਜ਼ਲ ਤੇਰੀ, ਅਜੇ ਵਡੇਰਾ ਪਾੜਾ ਏ
ਅਮਾਨਤ
ਅੰਮੜੀ ਨੂੰ ਤਰਲਾ
ਬਾਜਰੇ ਦਾ ਸਿੱਟਾ
ਭਾਵ
ਭਗਤ ਰਵਿਦਾਸ ਨੂੰ
ਭਗਤ ਰਵਿਦਾਸ ਨੂੰ ਸ਼ਰਧਾਂਜਲੀ
ਭਾਈ ਘਨੱਈਏ ਦੀ ਪੇਸ਼ੀ
ਭਾਰਤ ਦੀ ਆਜ਼ਾਦੀ
ਬੁਝਾਰਤ
ਬੁਰਜੁਆ ਤਾਣੇ ਬਾਣੇ
ਚਮਕੌਰ ਦੀ ਗੜ੍ਹੀ ਵਿਚ ਸਿੰਘਾਂ ਦਾ ਜੇਰਾ
ਛੱਲੀਆਂ
ਚਿੱਠੀਆ ਵੰਡਣ ਵਾਲਿਆ ਵੇ
ਚਿੱਤ ਨਾ ਡੁਲਾਈਂ ਬਾਬਲਾ
ਚੂੜੀਆਂ ਦਾ ਹੋਕਾ
ਧਰਤੀ ਮਾਂ
ਦਿੱਲੀਏ ਦਿਆਲਾ ਵੇਖ/ਦੇਖ
ਡੋਲੀ
ਦੁਸਹਿਰਾ
ਗੀਤਾਂ ਦੇ ਵਾਰਸ
ਗ਼ਜ਼ਲ-ਆਦਮੀ ਜੋ ਹੋ ਗਿਆ ਸ਼ੈਤਾਨ ਹੈ
ਗ਼ਜ਼ਲ-ਨਹੀਂ ਚਿਹਰੇ ਉਦਾਸ ਵੇਖਾਂਗੇ
ਗ਼ਜ਼ਲ-ਤੁਸੀਂ ਓਨਾ ਚਿਰ ਰਹੇ ਜਰਵਾਣਿਆਂ ਦੇ ਵਾਂਗ
ਗ਼ਜ਼ਲ-ਜ਼ਾਲਿਮ ਹੈ ਜਦ ਮਜ਼ਲੂਮ ਨੂੰ ਨੇਜ਼ੇ ਤੇ ਟੰਗਦਾ
ਗੁਰੂ ਅਰਜਨ ਦੇਵ ਜੀ ਦੀ ਉਦਾਰਤਾ
ਗੁਰੂ ਗੋਬਿੰਦ ਸਿੰਘ ਜੀ ਦਾ ਲੋਕਾਂ ਦੇ ਨਾਂ ਅੰਤਮ ਸੁਨੇਹਾ
ਗੁਰੂ ਗੋਬਿੰਦ ਸਿੰਘ ਜੀ ਦੇ ਨਾਂ
ਹਾਲੀਆਂ ਪਾਲੀਆਂ ਦਾ ਗੀਤ
ਗੀਤ-ਹਾੜੀਆਂ ਵੀ ਖਾਧੀਆਂ ਤੇ ਸਾਉਣੀਆਂ ਵੀ ਖਾਧੀਆਂ ਨੇ
ਹਨੇਰੀਆਂ ਦੇ ਨਾਂ
ਹੇ ਜਨਤਾ
ਹੁਣ ਤੁਹਾਡੀ ਯਾਦ ਵਿੱਚ
ਇੱਕ ਸ਼ਰਧਾਂਜਲੀ-ਇੱਕ ਲਲਕਾਰ
ਇੱਕ ਤਾਅਨਾ (ਆਜ਼ਾਦੀ ਦੇ ਨਾਂ)
ਕਾਲਿਆ ਕਾਵਾਂ ਵੇ
ਕੈਦੀ ਦੀ ਪਤਨੀ ਦਾ ਗੀਤ
ਕਲੀ-ਇੱਕ ਵੋਟਰ ਦੀ ਲਲਕਾਰ
ਕਲੀ-ਪੂਰਨ ਦਾ ਜੋਗੀ ਬਣਕੇ ਬਾਗ਼ ਵਿੱਚ ਆਉਣਾ
ਕੰਮੀਆਂ ਦਾ ਵਿਹੜਾ
ਖ਼ੈਰ-ਸੁੱਖ-ਮਾਰੇ ਗਏ ਮਿੱਤਰਾਂ ਦੇ ਪਿੰਡ ਦੀਏ ਵਾਏ
ਖੂਹ ਹੱਕਣ ਵਾਲੇ ਨੂੰ ਅਸੀਸ
ਕਿਸ ਨੂੰ ਵਤਨ ਕਹਾਂ/ਕਹੂੰਗਾ
ਕੂ ਕੂ ਕਰਦੀਏ ਕੋਇਲੇ
ਲਲਕਾਰ-ਐ ਕਿਸਾਨੋ ! ਕਿਰਤੀਓ !! ਕਿਰਤਾਂ ਲੁਟਾਵਣ ਵਾਲਿਓ
ਲਲਕਾਰ-ਮਜ਼ਦੂਰ ਦੇ ਨਾਂ !
ਲੋਕ ਰੰਗ
ਲੋੜ
ਮਾਂ ਧਰਤੀਏ
ਮਾਤ-ਭਾਸ਼ਾ
ਮੈ ਹਾਂ ਪੰਜਾਬ ਬੋਲਦਾ
ਮਾਵਾਂ ਠੰਡੀਆਂ ਛਾਵਾਂ
ਮੇਰਾ ਵਤਨ
ਮੇਰੇ ਲਾਡਲੇ
ਮਿੱਟੀ ਦਾ ਰੰਗ
ਨਵੇਂ ਅਹਿਦ ਨਾਮੇ
ਪੱਕਾ ਘਰ ਟੋਲੀਂ ਬਾਬਲਾ
ਪੰਛੀਆ ! ਨਵੀਂ ਉਡਾਰੀ ਮਾਰ
ਪੱਤਰ ਹਰੇ ਹਰੇ
ਫੁੱਲਾ ਵੇ ਬਹਾਰ ਦਿਆ
ਪੂਜਾ
ਪ੍ਰੀਤਮ ਪਿਆਰਾ
ਰੁਬਾਈ-ਹੋਇਆ ਕੀ, ਜੇ ਭਾਵ ਨਾ ਮੇਰੇ ਮੌਲਦੇ
ਸਾਥੀ ਜਗਮੋਹਣ ਜੋਸ਼ੀ 'ਲਾਲ ਸਲਾਮ'
ਸੀਰੀ ਤੇ ਜੱਟ ਦੀ ਸਾਂਝੀ ਵਿਥਿਆ ਦੇ ਨਾਂ
ਸੂਰਜ ਕਦੇ ਮਰਿਆ ਨਹੀਂ
ਗੀਤ-ਤੱਤੀ ਤਵੀ, ਤੱਤੀ ਦੇਗ਼, ਤੱਤੀ ਧੁੱਪ
ਤੇਰੀ ਮੌਤ ਸੁਣਾਉਣੀ
ਉਹਨਾਂ ਦੀ ਜਿੱਤ
ਉੱਠਣ ਦਾ ਵੇਲਾ
ਵੰਗਾਂ
ਵਰ ਕਿ ਸਰਾਪ
ਵਸੀਅਤ-ਮੈਂ ਕੋਈ 'ਵੱਡਾ ਆਦਮੀ' ਨਹੀਂ
ਵਸੀਅਤ-ਮੇਰੀ ਮੌਤ ਤੇ ਨਾ ਰੋਇਓ, ਮੇਰੀ ਸੋਚ ਨੂੰ ਬਚਾਇਓ
ਵੇਦਨਾ
ਵਿਦੇਸ਼ੀ ਹਵਾਵਾਂ ਦੇ ਨਾਂ
ਵੀਅਤਨਾਮ
ਵਾਰਸਾਂ ਦੇ ਨਾਂ
ਵਤਨ ਕਿ ਕੈਦਖ਼ਾਨਾ
ਯਾਦ-ਕੀ ਉਹ ਅਸਾਨੂੰ ਯਾਦ ਰਹਿਣਗੇ
ਜ਼ੋਰਾਵਰ ਸਿੰਘ ਤੇ ਫਤਿਹ ਸਿੰਘ ਦੀ ਦਾਦੀ ਤੋਂ ਵਿਦਾਇਗੀ ਦੇ ਨਾਂ
ਕਿਰਨਾਂ ਦਾ ਜਨਮ
ਗੀਤ-ਦੇਸ਼ ਹੈ ਪਿਆਰਾ ਸਾਨੂੰ ਜ਼ਿੰਦਗੀ ਪਿਆਰੀ ਨਾਲੋਂ
ਪੰਦਰਾਂ ਅਗਸਤ ਦੇ ਨਾਂ
ਲੈਨਿਨ ਦੇ ਨਾਂ
ਕਾਲੀ ਕੁੜੀ ਦਾ ਗੀਤ
ਮਜ਼ਦੂਰ ਕੁੜੀ ਦੀ ਪਹਿਲੀ ਰਾਤ
ਪੂੰਜੀਪਤੀ ਰਾਖਸ਼ਾਂ ਦੀ ਧਾੜ
ਮੇਰਾ ਪਿਆਰ-ਮੇਰੇ ਲੋਕ
ਮਜ਼ਦੂਰ ਦੀ ਦੇਸ਼-ਸੇਵਾ
ਬਸੰਤ
ਚੰਨ ਜਿਵੇਂ ਬੱਦਲਾਂ 'ਚੋਂ
ਸਾਧੂ ਬੂਬਨਾ
ਆਜ਼ਾਦੀ
ਰਾਖਿਓ
ਦੁਨੀਆਂ ਭਰ ਦੇ ਕਾਮਿਓਂ
ਗੀਤ-ਲੋਕਤਾ ਤੇ ਸਾਡੀਆਂ ਹੀ ਹਿੰਮਤਾਂ ਦਾ ਜੋੜ ਹੈ

ਮਰਦਾਨੇ ਨੂੰ ਮਰਦਾਨਣ ਦਾ ਖ਼ਤ
Santosh Valmiki

Santosh Valmiki - Newsreader on Doordarshan and Former principal correspondent of Lucknow bureau of Hindustan.He was born in Balmiki(Bhangi) caste,his father was a driver & mother was a manual scavenger.They were very poor & as a kid he always accompanied his mother in cleaning toilets.He also used to sell newspaper in front of Prasar Bharti while studying in Christian College(Lucknow).Her mother sold everything for his study in IIMC(New Delhi) for PGDHJ.Inspite of very much talent he was ignored and been subject of dicrimination in promotions.

His designation will not tell you of the poverty he grew up in, and how it defined his identity. His father was a driver and alcoholic and mother a manual scavenger. From an early age, Santosh accompanied her as she went from house to house cleaning toilets. Keen to ensure an education for her son, she would set aside a portion of her earnings, pawn jewellery or incur debts to pay his school fees.

When Santosh entered Lucknow’s Christian College, expenses mounted overnight to outstrip her indefatigable spirit. Refusing to let penury cow him down, he began to sit on the pavement across Akashvani Bhawan, selling newspapers, as also reading them, and contributing to the children’s supplement of Swatantra Bharat. You could say journalism and his Dalit identity were knitted together seamlessly.

At the IIMC interview, for which he qualified after clearing a written test, he was asked how many newspapers he read daily. Nine, he said. Nine, exclaimed the interviewers, not aware of how newspapers sustained him economically and stimulated him intellectually. When he was to leave Lucknow for the nine-month course in post-graduate diploma in Hindi journalism, his mother handed him 90 notes of Rs 10 denomination, divided into three equal bundles. Son, she said, you are to spend a note daily. This amount was in addition to the Rs 15000 the family had raised for Santosh’s tuition fees.

Success’s steps are often small, taken one at a time. Santosh won a scholarship and consequently the Rs 15000 was returned to him. He went on to top IIMC, and the photograph of the convocation ceremony showing him receiving the award from then Union Minister KR Narayanan was published in a newspaper. He was the talking point of the Valmiki community: a son had risen from amidst them to even stir Delhi. You would think Santosh would be satisfied in having catapulted, Amitabh Bachchan style, from the pavement into the bureau of a major national daily. Judge him not from the obstacles he surmounted to achieve what he has, but against his own potential. Still a principal correspondent after having worked in the media for over two decades ago, he said, “Those junior to me in the profession have become editors.”

Soorya Gopi

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Soorya Gopi is an Indian litterateurshort story writer, and sociologist. She was born on 26 August 1987 at Kollam, Kerala, India to poet P. K. Gopi and Komalam.


SOORYA GOPI -short story writer and sociologist

She was educated at the Presentation High School and Basel Evangelical Mission Higher Secondary School, both of which are in Kozhikode. She has a bachelor's degree in Sociology and Malayalam and a master's degree in Sociology from Zamorin's Guruvayurappan College, ranking first in University of Calicut in both cases.

She has acquired a Doctoral degree in Sociology from Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam.

Soorya married Journalist P.K. Sujith in 2012. They have a daughter named Chilanka.

Soorya has published four books:
Pookkale Snehicha Penkutti (2006)
Uppumazhayile Pachilakal (2012)
Pranayamathryum (2016)
KamukiKkaduva (2020)

Presently Soorya Gopi is a Lecturer in the Department of Sociology at Sacred Hearts College, Thevara, Kochi.

Career

WWKreviews her story as :The story “Chirakulla Changalakal” (“Chains with Wings”) is included here. The content of this story are the thoughts in loneliness of a girl who was sold. The author presents very beautifully in simple and effortless style, how a girl who was sold by her own parents as a housemaid sits in a sort of solitary confinement and views the outerworld with a wounded heart writing in intense pain and sorrow. The story ends where the girl escapes from the man who bought her and disappears in the crowded city. The symbols and metaphors that flash through the story and noteworthy. At the very outset of the story, there is an indication of a dead, rotten and stinking donkey and this is followed by the story of a few lives imprisoned in an inevitable tragedy.

Awards

Kendra Sahitya Akademi Yuva Award for her book Uppumazhayile Pachilakal (2016)
Ankanam E. P. Sushama endowment award for best short story (2013)
Madhyamam-Velicham award best short story (2009)
Ankanam - Geetha Hiranyan Best Short Story award (2008)
Muttathu Varkey Kalaalaya Sahitya award for best short story (2008)
State Bank of India-SBT award for the book Pookkale Snehicha Penkutti (2006)
Malayala Manorama best short story award (2006)
Poorna Uroob award for best short story (2005)

Surendar Valasai

From Wikipedia
Surendar Valasai (Sindhi: سريندر ولاسائي) (born 11 August 1968, near KaloiTharparkarPakistan) is a Pakistani Dalit journalist from the Tharparkar District. He is a member of Provincial assembly of Sindh on minority reserved seat in 2018 on PPP ticket.

Career

Valasai worked as a journalist for the English dailies The Muslim, Daily News, Sindh Express, Financial Post and The Balochistan Express, and as an editor for Sindh Tribune. As of 2013 Valasai became Media coordinator of Bilawal House, and on 8 November 2016 he was appointed as Incharge Media Cell Bilawal House. He was appointed as Advisor on Minority Affairs to Bilawal Bhutto Zardari, Chairman of Pakistan Peoples Party on 4 January 2014. Earlier, he was President of Sindh Peoples Students Federation SPSF Tehsil Diplo, Tharparker until 1990 after which he took up journalism. He was elected as Member of Provincial Assembly of Sindh on seat reserved for non-Muslims, and took his oath on 13 August 2018.

Scheduled Castes Federation of Pakistan (SCFP)

Valasai formed the Scheduled Caste Federation of Pakistan (SCFP) to raise the issues of human inequality, untouchability and caste discrimination. Under the SCFP platform, he wrote petitions and letters to the President, Prime Minister and Chief Justice of Pakistan drawing their attention to the plight of Scheduled Castes tribes and particularly the MeghwalKolhiBheel, Bagdis, and Oads. His main emphasis was that since Pakistan did not subscribe to these social evils ideologically and spiritually, concrete steps were needed.

Newspapers

  • 1. The Muslim* Staff Reporter · May 1994 to Oct 1996
  • 2. Daily News*
  • 3. Sindh Express*
  • 4. Financial Post* News Editor · Jan 1997 to Sep 2004
  • 5. The Balochistan Times* News Editor · Mar 1993 to Feb 1994
  • 6. Sindh Tribune*

    Sushil Siddharth
    From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
    Sushil Siddharth (2 July 1958 – 17 March 2018) was a Hindi prose and poetry writer, critic, editor, and satirist. He was a journalist and columnist and the co-editor of several periodicals. He was awarded the Madhuban Vyanga Shri Samman in 2017 for his satirical works.
  • Career

    Born in the village of Bheera, Sitapur district of Uttar Pradesh, on 2 July 1958, Sushil Siddharth did his Ph.D. from the University of Lucknow.

    After finishing his higher education, Siddharth became involved in the literary circles of Lucknow while continuing as a freelance writer for newspapers and magazines. He considered Gyan Chaturvedi the father of satire, and his personal mentor. He also co-edited the Hindi periodicals Tadbhav and Kathakrama. His column in the latter, titled Raag Lantrani, brought him recognition. During 1988–90, Siddharth and Ram Bahadur Mishra jointly edited and published Birwa, a quarterly magazine dedicated to promoting the Awadhi language. Siddharth was additionally a guest faculty at the Mahatma Gandhi International Hindi University, and also wrote plays for television and radio. Since its inception, he had been a regular contributor to Indraprastha Bharti, a magazine of the Hindi Academy in New Delhi, where his column Kataaksh was highly popular. He wrote four collections of satire: Preeti Na Kariyo Koy, Mo Sam Kaun, Naarad Ki Chinta, Maalish Mahapurana; and contributed two anthologies of poems: Eka and Bagan Bagan Kahe Chiriya in Awadhi.

    The Uttar Pradesh Hindi Institute twice nominated Siddharth for its Best satire and Best Awadhi poem awards. In 2017, he was awarded the Madhuban Vyanga Shri Samman for his satirical works. Siddharth worked as an editor for the Rajkamal Prakashan group before joining Kitabghar Prakashan, where he served till his death. He edited the book series Vyanga Samay. For his work in literary criticism, Siddharth was awarded by Bhopal's Spandan Sanstha.
    Personal life


    Siddharth stayed alone in Delhi while his family lived in Lucknow. He died on 17 March 2018 from complications arising after a heart attack. His body was cremated the following day in Lucknow's Bhainsakund Crematorium. A condolence ceremony in his memory was held at Gopal Chaturvedi s residence. Fellow writer Dayanand Pandey said that satire was the oxygen in Siddharth's life. Novelist Maitreyi Pushpa was of the view that Siddharth's talent was never properly treasured in his lifetime, and that publishers for whom he worked took advantage of his financial condition.

    Surajpal Chauhan
    Wikipedia from the free encyclopedia
    Suraj Pal Chauhan is a Dalit writer and publisher. His story, "Harry Kab Ayega" (Short Stories) 1999 is a well known work in Dalit literature.
    He is a recipient of the Hindi Academy Award.

    कलात्मकता के नाम पर / सूरजपाल चौहान

    परम्परा का पहाड़ा
    रटाने वालो
    ऊँचे घरानों के
    ढोल पीटने वालो
    रास्ते का—
    पत्थर बनकर
    क्यों मेरे मार्ग को—
    अवरुद्ध करते हो?
    कलात्मकता की दुहाई देकर
    क्यों मेरे क़लम की स्याही
    पोंछना चाहते हो!

    हमेशा से तुमने
    मेरे सृजन को
    अपना कहा है
    परम्परा की दुहाई देकर
    छला है
    और गढ़ा है
    गप्पी साहित्य
    कलात्मकता के नाम पर।

    Sharankumar Limbale
    From Wikipedia
    Born June 1, 1956
    Occupation writer, poet, literary critic
    Language Marathi
    Nationality Indian
    Genre Dalit literature
    Notable works Akkarmashi (1984)
    Towards an Aesthetics of Dalit Literature (2004)
    Spouse Kusum


    Sharankumar Limbale (born June 1, 1956) is a Marathi language author, poet and literary critic. He has penned more than 40 books, but is best known for his autobiography Akkarmashi. Akkarmashi is translated in several other Indian languages and in English. The English translation is published by the Oxford University Press with the title The Outcaste. His critical work Towards an Aesthetics of Dalit Literature (2004) is considered amongst the most important works on Dalit literature.


    ‘Sharankumar Limbale’
    Akkarmashi, an excerpt
    Friday, June 3rd, 2011
    …….. from author's note.


    My mother is an untouchable, while my father is a high caste from one of the privileged classes of India. Mother lives in a hut, father lives in a mansion. Father is a landlord; mother, landless. I am akkarmashi (half-caste). I am condemned, branded illegitimate.


    I regarded the immorality of my father and mother as a metaphor for rape. My father had privileges by virtue of his birth granted to him by the caste system. His relationship with my mother was respected by society, whereas my mother is untouchable and poor. Had she been born into the high caste or were she rich, would she have submitted to his appropriation of her? It is through the Dalit movement and Dalit literature that I understood that my mother was not an adulteress but a victim of a social system. I grow restless whenever I read about a rape in the newspaper. A violation anywhere in the country, I feel, is a violation of my mother.


    I have put in words the life I have lived as an untouchable, as a half caste, and as an impoverished man. There is a Patil in every village who is also a landowner. He invariably has a whore. I have written this so that readers will learn the woes of the son of a whore. High-caste people look upon my community as untouchable, while my own community humiliated me, calling me 'akkarmashi'. This humiliation was like being stabbed over and over again. [….]
    ……… The Outcaste
    [….] Dada was the first son of the first wife of Dastagir Jamadar. Dada was married to a woman from Barhanpur, but they were childless, so his wife deserted him. Since then Dada has been living with Santamai. He has groomed me with great affection, as if I were his own child. Neither his religion nor my caste was a hinderance to us. Is it man who is a hinderance to religion or is it the other way around? Is the premise of religion greater than man's? Is religion made for man or man made for religion? Does man cause religion to degenerate, or is it religion that degenerates man? Can't man exist without religion and caste?


    […] Once, we had a guest and no money to pay even for his tea. Kashinath, the tea-stall owner was away. So we couldn't ask for credit. Old man Ghenappa who looked after the tea-stall in Kashinath's absence would not give us credit. We were in a fix and felt helpless. I sat in a corner like a barren hen trying to hatch an egg. Dada was waiting for a bus. Santamai's face looked like a cave discovered during excavation, while the guest sat like a refugee.

    Source: The Outcaste Akkarmashi Sharankumar Limbale. Translated from Marathi by Santosh Bhoomkar
    Sadanand Rege

    From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
    Sadanand Shantaram Rege

    Selected Writings of Sadanand Rege, Edited by Vasant Abaji Dahake, Publisher Sahitya Akademi, 1996/2010/2013
    Born 21 June 1923

    RajapurRatnagiriMaharashtra, India
    Died 21 September 1982 (aged 59)

    Mumbai, India
    Nationality Indian
    Education M.A. English, 1961
    Alma mater University of Mumbai
    Occupation College teacher, Poet, Dramatist, Short-story writer, Translator, Cartoonist, Painter
    Known for Modern poetry in Marathi
    Awards Government of Maharashtra, Soviet Land Nehru Award

    Sadanand Rege सदानंद रेगे (21 June 1923 – 21 September 1982) was a Marathi poet, playwright, short-story writer, translator, cartoonist and painter. He was born in RajapurRatnagiriMaharashtra.

    During his lifetime, his twenty eight books were published. His three books of poetry won government of Maharashtra award for literary achievements. His translation of Vladimir Mayakovsky's poems into Marathi: 'Pant Ghatlela Dhag' won him Soviet Land Nehru Award.

    He was a trained painter and even held two exhibitions of his paintings in Norway where he was traveling.

    He taught at Ramnarain Ruia College from 1962 until his death in 1982. Earlier he held a number of jobs including a stint in Indian Railways as a clerk.

    Published works

    Books
    Poetry

    Aksharvel, 1950
    Gandharva, 1960
    Devapudhcha Diva, 1965
    Brankushicha Pakshi, 1980
    Vedya Kavita, 1980

    Short story collections


    Jeevanachi Vastre, 1952
    Kalokhachi Pise, 1954
    Chandane, 1959
    Chandra Savali Korato, 1963
    Masa aani Itar Vilakshan Katha, 1965
    Sadanand Rege: Nivadak Katha: Sampadak: Arvind Gokhale, 1988

    Translations into Marathi


    Midia, Popular Prakashan, 1993 ISBN 9788171856688 ISBN 8171856683 (Marathi translation of Euripides's Medea (play))
    Pach Diwas, Popular Prakashan, 1991 ISBN 9788171852598 ISBN 8171852599 (Marathi translation of Henry Zeiger's play 'Five Days', 1965)
    Pant Ghatlela Dhag, (Marathi translation of Vladimir Mayakovsky). 1971
    Trunparne (Marathi translation of Walt Whitman), 1982
    Jayketu, 1959 Original Writer Sophocles
    Brand, 1963 Original Writer Henrik Ibsen
    Badshah, 1965 Original Writer Eugene O'Neill
    Jyanche Hote Praktan Shapit, 1965 Original Writer Eugene O'Neill
    Gochi, 1974
    Raja Idipas, 1977 Original Writer Sophocles
    Chandra Dhalala, 1947 Original Writer John Steinbeck
    Moti, 1950 Original Writer John Steinbeck
    Band, 1958 Original Writer George Orwell
    Tambade Tattu, 1962 Original Writer John Steinbeck
    Chandrotsav, 1966 Original Writer Bette Bao Lord
    Saseholpat, 1968 Original Writer Lin Yutang
  • Smita Prakash

    Have you heard the name of Smita Prakash? She is one of the most popular Editor & News Reporter of her time. Here we have covered her biography. If you are interested in Smita Prakash, we can assure you will be happy by visiting here. In the below section you will get the details of Smita Prakash’s height, age, affairs, net worth, and much more information. Let’s Check.

    Short Bio
    Smita Prakash

    The real name of this Editor & News Reporter is Smita Prakash. She also known as Smita. Basically She is Indian. The home town of this person is New Delhi. She believes in Hinduism. She continues her study till Graduate in journalism. Check the following table to get more information. Born 2 December 1981.
    I am the Editor News, at Asian News International (ANI), India's leading Multimedia News Agency and the India Correspondent for Channel News Asia, a Singapore based broadcaster.
Sujatha Gidla
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Gidla at the U.S. National Book Festival in 2018
Notable works Ants Among Elephants

Sujatha Gidla is an Indian-American author. Gidla is known for her book Ants Among Elephants: An Untouchable Family and the Making of Modern India. She was born in Andhra Pradesh and moved to the United States in 1990, when she was 26 years old. She now lives in New York and works as a conductor on the New York City Subway.
Early life
Sujatha Gidla was raised in the Dalit community of Kakinada, a small town in present-day Andhra Pradesh. Her great grandparents accepted Christianity after they heard the Gospel propagated by Canadian Baptist missionaries in her region. With missionary institutions heralding development of the society in general through education, Sujatha's grandparents were also educated at one such institution run by the missionaries in Kakianda. Prasanna Rao, Gidla's grandfather, studied in a school set up by the Canadian missionaries. Gidla's parents were also college lecturers.
After getting her bachelor's degree from State-run Pithapuram Rajah Government College in Kakinada, Gidla enrolled in a Masters' program in Physics in Regional Engineering College, Warangal. During her second year there, in one of the earlier instances of her activism, Gidla participated in a strike against an upper-caste professor in the Engineering department, who was deliberately failing students from the lower castes. She was the only woman who had participated in the strike. The protestors were all jailed in an undisclosed location. Gidla was detained for three months, during which she was tortured and contracted tuberculosis. Her mother Manjula contacted a civil rights lawyer named K. G. Kannabiran to help them. This was one of the earlier instances of Gidla's activism.
Gidla then worked as a researcher associate in the Department of Applied Physics in Indian Institute of Technology Madras, where she worked on a project funded by Indian Space Research Organisation. She moved to the United States when she was 26. Some of Gidla's family members also emigrated: her sister works as a physician in the United States, and her brother is an engineer in Canada.
Work
Gidla previously worked as an software application designer at the Bank of New York, but was laid off in the global financial crisis and recession in 2009. She says that she then wanted to do a manual job. She became the first Indian woman to be employed as a conductor on the New York City Subway – one of the busiest mass transit systems in the world. In an interview, she said, "Because I am a Marxist and Communist, I also have romantic feelings about being a working class person. So this job attracted me. Secondly, I wanted to do something that men are supposed to be doing."
Ants Among Elephants
Ants Among Elephants is Gidla's first book and was published in 2017. It is a family memoir that chronicles the life of her uncle, KG Satyamurty, a Maoist leader and the founder of a left-wing guerrilla movement called the People's War Group (PWG). The book also described the personal history of her mother Manjula's life, both of which are juxtaposed against the peasant revolt and the formation of a new state in newly independent India. Gidla classifies the book under the genre of 'literary nonfiction'.
Gidla has recalled her introduction to understanding casteism as being through a movie. The film was a love story fraught with conflict due to the girl being a wealthy Christian, whose family opposed her marriage to a Hindu boy who was less well-off. She had hitherto believed that the caste discrimination she faced as a Dalit, or "untouchable", was due to her status as a Christian, with Christianity being a minority religion in India. In an interview with Slate, she says, "That's when I started thinking: If it’s not Christianity, why were we untouchables?"
According to Gidla, the creation of the book was a family affair. Her mother was closely involved in the process of writing the book as it was her story too, and her niece Anagha was involved in designing the book cover. Gidla conducted over 15 years of research and made three trips to India for the book.. She reportedly wrote 50 to 60 versions of the book before publishing it Gidla has spoken about publishing first a prequel, and then a sequel to Ants Among Elephants. The prequel will tell her own family's story before her uncle's generation, detailing the journey of her family being hunter-gatherers in the forests of Andhra Pradesh before moving to the villages and getting subsumed into the Hindu caste system's lowest rung. The sequel will be an autobiography, and discuss the contemporary generation.
Her writing has also appeared in Oxford India Anthology of Telugu Dalit Writing.
Reception and publicity
Ants Among Elephants has received the following accolades:
Wall Street Journal Top 10 Nonfiction Book of 2017
Publishers Weekly Best Book of 2017
Shelf Awareness Best Book of 2017
Hudson Booksellers Best Books of the Year (2017)
Publishers Weekly Best Books of the Year (2017)
Wall Street Journal Best Books of the Year (2017)
New York Times review called it "unsentimental, deeply poignant ... Ants Among Elephants gives readers an unsettling and visceral understanding of how discrimination, segregation and stereotypes have endured."
Gidla declined an invitation to be the key note speaker in a festival called We The Women, a women-only festival curated by Barkha Dutt. Her refusal was a result of the conference being sponsored by the United Nations, which Gidla said was a "fig-leaf of US imperialism". She also objected to the participation of Smriti Irani, an Indian politician who was the Minister of Human Resource Development at the time that Dalit PhD scholar Rohith Vemula committed suicide. "She was instrumental in Rohith's death. His blood is on her hands. I couldn't possibly have participated alongside her," she said.
Gidla was invited to the prestigious Jaipur Literature Festival in 2018 as a speaker. She spoke at a session called "Narratives of Power, Songs of Resistance", where she spoke about contemporary Dalit politicians Jignesh Mevani and Mayawati, saying they had a limitation in working for Dalit upliftment since they had chosen to work under the framework of electoral politics. Gidla also discussed the communalism present in both of India's major political parties, the Bharatiya Janata Party and the Indian National Congress, as well as criticized Mahatma Gandhi for being casteist and racist.
  • Sundri uttamchandani
    BIOGRAPHY:

    Sundri uttamchandani was born on 28th Sept 1924 at Hyderabad Sindh. Hyderabad was the capital of Sindh before the conquest of Sindh by British. Though it lost its position as a capital city but, it continued to be a thriving centre of education literature and culture. All reform movements were rooted in its soil. At the very young age, Sundri was exposed to a vast repertoire of folk and mythological tales which were narrated by her parents to her and other children of the extended joint family. During her youth the freedom movement was sweeping across the country and she could not but be drawn to it. While still in college she translated a story �Bhadur Maao Ji Bahadur Deeah� (A brave daughter of a brave mother). This was her initiation in the literary field. (http://www.ajuttam.com/aboutsundri.php)

    She married Assandas Uttamchandani(A.J.Uttam), a Freedom fighter, with a keen interest in Sindhi Literature with clear leanings toward Marxist Philosophy and, who become in the later years one of the leading writers of Sindhi progressive literary movement,

    A. J. Uttam, was one of the founders of Sindhi Sahit Mandal in Bombay. Sundri accompanied him to weekly literary meetings which were presided over by a fatherly figure, Prof M U Malkani, who was a fountain head of encouragement to new and upcoming writers. This exposure to Sindhi writers and their creative works were to become source of inspiration for her and in the year 1953 she produced her first novel �Kirandar Deewaroon� (Crumbling walls). This proved to be path breaking. She shattered the near monopoly of male domination in literature by her one feat, while on the one hand, she won the accolades and acclaim of all senior writers for use of �homely� language, a folksy- idiomatic language used by women folk in their household and thus brought in a new literary flavour in Sindhi literature. The theme and structure of the novel was mature and it has distinction of being reprinted many times over. This Novel was translated into many Indian languages and brought her acclaim by literary critics of those languages, thus elevating her from a writer of a regional language to writer the of All India fame. Her Second Novel �Preet Purani Reet Niraali� came in the year 1956, which has run into 5 reprints, which amply speaks of its merit and popularity.

    Apart from her path breaking novels, it is in short story form in which she found herself more comfortable. She has collections of short stories to her credit some of which have gone into various reprints. Some of her short stories have become water mark in this genre and are often cited as outstanding examples.

    Her Story� Bhoori� (A doll) brings out in stark relief the beauty of yester years, who due to ravages of partition of the country has lost her enchanting looks but is radiant with inner beauty born out of dignity of labour and assured demeanor to shoulder economic responsibilities to feed her family, thus standing shoulder to shoulder with her husband, ushering in gender equality without being sounding stirringly feminist . Her story �HI SHAHAR� (This City) is everlasting portrayal of a meek Nepali watchman in a lower middle class apartment building in this city as a vast ruthless and soul less machine, unmindful of the personal loss or tragedy. In early sixties a Publisher of �KAHANI� magazine had organized a short story competition in which many stalwarts of the time participated and Sundri�s short story �KHEER BARIYA HATHRA� won the first prize

    Sundri has tried her hand at traditional poetry with proper meter but it is in free verse where she has found her niche. She has four poetry collections to her credit. Her poems delve deep into subtle and delicate gamut of emotions and find artistic and imaginative articulation with her individual stamp.

    Apart from bagging many awards throughout her vast and eventful literary career, she was bestowed prestigious Sahitya Academy Award for her Book �Vichhoro� in the year1986.

    As a part of Progressive Writers� movement she has written on erstwhile Soviet Union, �NAEEN SABHYATA Jo DARSHAN� and Bharat Roos ba Banh Beli (India Russia two comrades in arms) for which she won the coveted Soviet Land Award. She has inspired many women writer to contribute to Sindhi literature and will continue to inspire future generations.
  • Sati Angamali

    Poet and Dalit activist Sati Angamali who was invited to participate in a programme titled ‘Public’s Signature for Freedom of Speech and Expression’ in Trikkakara was assaulted by Youth Welfare Board co-ordinator Ajith on May 7, 2018. When the officials refused to invite her to the stage and made her wait, Sati questioned them and demanded an apology for the insult from them. This was when Youth Welfare Board programme coordinator Ajith assaulted her. She was taken to a hospital and the police have registered a case.

    “An officer named Shanthan and Ajith had repeatedly invited me to the programme,” Sati said on a live video she posted on social media. She was told that the programme would feature poets in and around Ernakulam District. She reached the venue at 3 pm and sat among the audience. She then asked Ajith, “Are there no other poets? Is any poem recitation going to take place?” She said that if not, she wanted to leave because it was difficult to get a bus from there. Ajith did not respond and the organizers kept her waiting. Then they announced that the programme was coming to end.

    “I thought it was my responsibility as a poet to participate in a programme which champions freedom of speech and expression. I felt very insulted. If it was Sugathakumari Teacher or Vijayalakshmi (both renowned upper caste / non-Dalit poets in Malayalam) this would not have happened. This is a problem pertaining to caste and colour. I felt so. When I went to the stage the one who did the announcement gave me a microphone and told me to say a felicitation and to refrain from reciting any poems. I didn’t know what happened,” said Sati in her Facebook live video.

    Sati then told Ajith that he needed to take a decision regarding the issue. Ajith told her that it was a mistake and Sati said that they needed to talk and find a solution to it. “I was insulted as a Dalit woman. I went there as a representative of my community,” Sati said.

    Sati explained the assault saying, “Ajith tried to run and get into an auto. He then picked my shoulder and twisted my fingers. I told him I will hit him back if he hit me. I didn’t hit him though. I told the auto driver to go to the police station and Ajith then squashed me and got into the auto. I asked him to get out. People noticed the issue and stood with me. I was standing among 350 men. I talked to them for almost three hours. They stood with me and called the police.” Said Sati.

    “The Police came and said do you have any complaint? if not they have to go. I think that I was treated this way because of my caste. I have filed a case and I will proceed with it. I remember Baba Saheb Ambedkar’s words and have realized that us Dalits don’t have a nation.” She said.

    Sati’s finger has an injury and she has consulted a doctor. Kerala State Youth Welfare Board is an autonomous body incorporated under the auspice of Government of Kerala in 1985. According to their government website, their main objective is to coordinate the youth welfare and development activities targeting the youth. The board consist of 21 members of whom there are 11 ex-officio members and 10 members nominated by the Pinarayi Vijayan led Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M)) government.
Sujata Nahar
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Sujata Nahar (12 December 1925 – 4 May 2007) was born in Calcutta, and spent her formative years near the poet Rabindranath Tagore. At the age of seven, she lost her mother. Her father, searching for another meaning to life, turned to Sri Aurobindo and the Mother. In this way, Sujata also came to Sri Aurobindo in 1935, at age nine. She received private tutoring, and became secretary to Pavitra, the Mother's disciple. She met Satprem in 1954. Later, the Mother entrusted her with the typing up of her private conversations with Satprem, which later became The Agenda. From 1965 to 1973 Sujata regularly accompanied Satprem to his meetings with Mother.

Later, Sujata wrote the popular and well-researched 8-volume biography of The Mother and Sri Aurobindo, Mother's Chronicles. So far[when?], six volumes have appeared in English. The books are also being translated into FrenchGerman, and several Indian languages.

She died shortly after her companion, Satprem, at age 81.
Satyendra Murli

Satyendra Murli - Former journalist associated with Doordarshan. Murli popularly known as an Ambedkarite Journalist and have controversial career.He had been participated social and political movement, based on Phule-Ambedkar ideology.He was born in Jatav(Chamar) caste at Birana(Rajasthan).He also worked as Correpondent of HT Media,Dalit Dastak & Media Co-Ordinator of Institute of Social Research & Reconstruction.He did BA in Public Administration,Geography & Hindi Literature from University of Rajasthan(Jaipur),MJMC from Centre for Mass Comm.(Jaipur) and P.G.Diploma in Hindi Journalism from IIMC(New Delhi) & later enrolled as a researcher. In 2016 he alleged that Narendra Modi misled the citizens of the country by recording the announcement and took a unilateral decision to demonetise notes, which made up over 85 per cent in circulation.He has filed an RTI requesting this information be made public and this led to his expulsion from D.D.News.

Satyendra Murli

From Wikipedia

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Born 14 February 1983
,BiranaDausa, Rajasthan, India
Alma mater Indian Institute of Mass Communication (IIMC), Ministry of I&B, New Delhi
Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida
University of RajasthanJaipur
JNVDausa, Rajasthan.
Spouse(s) Ruchi
Children Manan

Satyendra Murli (born 14 February 1983) is a researcher, media pedagogue and a journalist. He has been associated with Doordarshan (DD News), (public service broadcaster of India, Prasar Bharti, government of India) as an Indian Television Journalist; and other several media organizations. He teaches at university level as an assistant professor of communication and media studies. His research areas are communication, mass media, journalism, media studies, media pedagogy, Buddhism; and open and distance learning.

Satyendra Murli follows the ideology of Buddha and he is popularly known as an Ambedkarite journalist He has been actively participating in social and political movements based on Phule-Ambedkar ideology for a long time more than two decades. He strengthens the voice for human rights, freedom of speech, women rights, rights of tribals and dalits (indigenous people), diversity in media, representation of other backward classes (OBC) and religious minority.

Early life and education

Satyendra Murli is born to Sushila Devi Jatav and Santoshi Ram Jatav in Birana, Dausa (Rajasthan), India. His grandfather was Shri Murli Ram Jatav, a farmer and a social leader.

Satyendra did his schooling at the Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya (JNV), Dausa; Shanti Niketan School, Mahwa and GSSS, Bhilwara with science subjects. After graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Public AdministrationGeography and Hindi Literature from the University of Rajasthan (Jaipur); he completed his Master of Journalism and Mass Communication from the Centre for Mass Communication (Jaipur). He did PGDHJ from Indian Institute of Mass Communication, Ministry for I & B (New Delhi). Satyendra Murli did his M.Phil. research degree on Buddhist ethics and news media from Gautam Buddha UniversityGreater Noida, Uttarpradesh. He registered as a PhD research scholar and worked on media pedagogy.

Family and personal life


Satyendra Murli has two brothers and two sisters. His both the brothers are B.Tech. graduate from Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Roorkee; elder brother is political leader and younger is an IES officer. His father is a tax consultant; and mother is a meditation guru; earlier she was a political leader and have contested Dausa district council election. His maternal grandfather Shri Mohan Lal Yadav was a social leader; and maternal great grandfather Shri Bhoop Singh Yadav was a congress leader and municipality chairman in Hindaun city. Satyendra married to Ruchi Nimbe, on the occasion of birth anniversary of Satguru Ravidas Maharaj on 22 February 2016 Ruchi is graduated with B.Tech in Information Technology.

Voice against Casteism

Satyendra Murli a journalist with Doordarshan passionately spoke of double standards in the media. He argues, "If so-called lower caste or Dalit journalists raise their voice against the casteism, they are accused of being casteist and the ones actually perpetuating this casteism actually become national journalists" He strongly urged journalists to stand together on issues of casteism and reservation.

Controversies

Satyendra Murli was criticised for raises issues relating to women had only shared a cartoon showing Mahatma Gandhi with a few women in the month of June 2012 on his Facebook account but soon a case was lodged against him under various sections charging him of insulting the Father of the Nation. He raised women issues, he wrote a comment under the cartoon, ‘Are Indian women not awaken this much that they could raise voice against exploitation.


Soon, Congress led Rajasthan state government committee lodged a case (dated 6 June 2012) under sections 67, 67 A of IT Act, 4 and 6 of Indecent Representative of Women (Prohibition) Act and 292 of Indian Penal Code against Satyendra Murli. He sent a clarification to the police. However, the police raided his house. In his absence, they tortured his family persons and took his bike.

On 24 November 2016, Doordarshan journalist Satyendra Murli, claimed that the Prime Minister’s ‘live’ address had actually been pre-recorded and edited. At a press conference held at the Press Club of India in New Delhi, Satyendra Murli alleged that Narendra Modi misled the citizens of the country by recording the announcement and took a unilateral decision to demonetise notes, which made up over 85 per cent in circulation. He has filed an RTI requesting this information be made public.


According to Satyendra Murli, Modi's 8 November address was not live, but recorded and edited. It had been written many days before the RBI's proposal (not decision), on the subject at 6 p.m. of 8 November and the briefing of the Cabinet by Modi at 7 p.m. Modi's address was broadcast at 8:15 p.m. with a live band, to create the impression that the decision had been taken suddenly, and the public would believe that the matter had been kept fully secret, but it was certainly not so. Whether the Government of India rules under Transaction of Business Rules, 1961 and the RBI Act, 1934, have been followed, is a moot question.
Kumud Ranjan Mullick
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Kumud Ranjan Mullick (1883–1970) was a Bengali writer and poet. He was a poet of the Tagore era of Bengali literature. He was an early mentor and coach to the poet Kazi Nazrul Islam.

Biography

He was born on 1 March 1883 in a Baidya family in a village named Kogram in Purba Bardhaman district of West BengalIndia. He graduated from the Scottish Church College of the University of Calcutta[2] in 1905 and won the Bankimchandra Gold Medal. He started his teaching career at Mathrun Nabinchandra Vidyaytan in Purba Bardhaman where he later became the headmaster.

Kumud Ranjan's poetry was influenced by Vaishnavism. His poetry is also a portrait of rural Bengal. He was awarded the Jagattarini Gold Medal and the Padma Shri by the Government of India. He died on 14 December 1970.

Main works
Shatadal
Bantulsi
Ujani
Ektara
Bithi
Banamallika
Rajanigandha
Nupur
Chunkali
Tunir
Ajay
Swarna Sandhya
Dwarabati
Kuheli
Mukhoser Dokan

One memorable music album named Kumud Kabya Geeti was released by the then Gramophone Co. of India, comprising some of his poems like 'Ajayer buke saradin', 'Ruper laagi jodi amaare bhalobasho', 'Jhapsa hoye aaschhe kromey', 'Latar bedona' & many more beautiful poems set to music by famous Bengali musical icons like Hemanta MukherjeeAnup GhoshalHaimanti SuklaTarun Bandopadhyay and many more.

List of Kumdud Kabya Geeti sung by various celebrated singers from Bengal:

Ajayer Buke Saradin sung by Anup Ghoshal
Akashe Kalo Megher Mukhosh Pore sung by Alpana Sengupta
Dinpallir Metho Gaan sung by Hemanta Mukhopadhyay
Ruper Lagi Jodi Amare sung by Haimanti Sukla
Hoy To Amar E Pathe sung by Haimanti Sukla
Naiko Deri Chharbe Tori (With Recitation) sung by Arundhati Holme Chowdhury, Recitation by Pt. Shankar Ghosh
Mukul Jhare Mukul Jhare sung by Alpana Sengupta
Nidagher Chanpa Tumi sung by Anup Ghoshal
Bhabchhi Jakhan Jai Chole sung by Arundhati Holme Chowdhury

One of his students, at the Mathrun Navinchandra Vidyalay, Burdwan where Kumud Ranjan was the Headmaster, later rose to become Bengal's best known Rebel poet, Kazi Najrul Islam.

Awards
Jagattarini Gold Medal of the University of Calcutta.
Padma Shri by the Government of India in 1970.
  • Sowmya Sivakumar
    A Dissenting Note On Carnatic Music And Attack On It By Fundamentalists
    by Sowmya Sivakumar — September 30, 2018

    Dear Aruna Roy,

    I received your statement “Reclaiming our Heritage: Statement condemning the attack on classical musical expression in south India” for endorsement. As you are aware, I grew up immersed in (or force fed) Carnatic music for the first 20 years of my life. I have attended perhaps a thousand concerts in that period, not all out of choice. Long before I came to an age of being able to think and question, I felt I was entering a stifling bubble every time I stepped into a concert hall. It wouldn’t matter if the ‘hall’ was open or closed;a sabha, temple, or school. The experience of sitting in a Carnatic concert was plain stifling. I figured later, that bubble was called Brahmanism. It was about that time that I had also shifted to Jaipur. Now, some 20 more years have gone by, and in this duration, I have not changed my opinion nor felt compelled to go back to the codified art form of carnatic music. I don’t think I ever will.

    It is against this personal context, and perhaps with my limited understanding of arts and their histories, that I would still like to set out here why I would not like to endorse this statement.

    Any attack on freedom of expression or art and the violence of bigoted forces is certainly to be condemned. But this statement is not truthful to the realities of Carnatic musicians; it presents a sanitised version of this ‘heritage.’ It leaves me asking – whose cause am I endorsing this for?

    First, to say that Carnatic music has a syncretic tradition is a stretch. While the origins of Carnatic music, and all Indian classical music, could probably be traced to communities who are totally disassociated with these art forms today, the post 18thcentury Carnatic musicians forged ahead in completely brahmanising the art form. That would be similar to how rock music was transformed into ‘white music’ over the years, when its origins were Afro-American. Even that acknowledgement has never come from Carnatic musicians as a group, which is a shame.

    By and large, those who popularized Carnatic music in south India in recent history –to bring it to the form it is in today — in their ‘divine perceptions’ of music, have been deeply rooted in Hindu, Vedic and Manu-ordained Brahmanism. It was ingrained in theways they lived their lives, reflected in the lyrics they set their music to. Their audiences – till date – largely belong to the same conservative brahmanical mindset.They may, of late,wear the façade of liberated views,but will still follow the two-tumbler system in their homes for their maids, make them clean their toilets but not let them use them.

    The exceptions in this Carnatic ‘tradition’ do not make the rule. So when you project Carnatic music as moulded by musicians over time, as having been terribly inclusive, leaving out all these facts, it is misleading.

    Second, how many Dalits identify Carnatic music as their heritage? It is not their heritage,and if there ever was a chance, it was certainly snatched away from them. All the musicians named in this statement, and the entire tribe of Brahman classical musicians, are complicit.And I don’t think the Dalits are missing anything; they have their own prolific heritage and many glorious art forms to be proud of. However, while you are taking up the cause for brahman musicians to perform Carnatic music in free form across the world, there are so many talented dalit musicians who are in oblivion because of lack of platforms. We do not see such involved statements or deeper research published on these aspects from you, on these causes. According to this media report, even the Casteless Collective in Chennai – the brainchild of the renowned Dalit film director PaRanjith and Neelam Cultural Centre, along with music producer Tenma – has been denied spaces to perform in prominent elitist places in Chennai. Has there been any hue and cry over this from this “concerned group” of citizens, or from the brahmanical media, which dedicates reams to the everyday musings of brahman musicians like TM Krishna and his experiments? What could be the scene for less known dalit musicians?

    So please do not try to present Carnatic music as a happy confluence that respectfully accommodated different traditions and layers of society;as some universalkind of music. It was no such inclusive spectrum. Dalit and non-brahmin forms of art have sprung from their own histories and references. They cannot be homogenized under the umbrella of Carnatic music. All art is political; the politics of a Brahmin cannot be the politics of a Dalit, and vice versa. Even this statement reflects that.

    Carnatic music has another shameful heritage; the hegemony of men over women. The “devadasis” who took to and performed classical south Indian music defied the mainstream tradition, and even then, stalwarts like M S Subbalakshmiwere stifled by the double hegemony of brahminism and patriarchy and forced to fall in line. Till date, is Carnatic music as it stands equal for men and women? Can women musicians please come out and talk more about that? Then we will decide how proud we have to be of this heritage.

    It is a fact that Hindustani musicians were far more open to the assimilation of various cultural, religious and philosophical streams of thought, and that is how that music evolved, and can be considered far more syncretic than the classical carnatic music. But even here, there are irreconcilable realities.

    Third, the musicians named – O S Arun and Nityashree Mahadevan – have hurriedly withdrawn from the battleground. O S Arun cancelled his concert called by Samuel Joseph, and Nityashree Mahadevan has apologized for “hurting people’s sentiments inadvertently”.

    So this effectively seems to be TM Krishna’s lone battle that you have called upon us to endorse. I do not understand at this point, what TM Krishna was doing accepting a concert at the Sri Siva Vishnu Temple in Washington – that upholds the Manu shastras – as a self-styled liberator of Carnatic music from the clutches of Brahmanism. It even leads me to demand disclosure as to how many such temple concerts has he been performing, even as he has been talking incessantly of equality in art forms in the vast clutch of the brahmanical media. As one who looks up to Ambedkar’s values as my life’s guiding principles, I can never endorse a statement that asks to uphold a brahman musician’s right to sing in a brahman temple.

    Brahmans ought to stop feeling virtuous about fighting their own demons, or feeling deserving of praise, accolades, and endorsements, because in the 21st century, doing so is simply something that is long, long overdue. I cannot make up my mind who is worse – the deluded conservative brahman who lives in denial and refuses to admit to his inglorious heritage, or the ‘enlightened’ brahman, who rides on his refreshed status to further his Brahmanism.

    So in all, I am not sure for whose cause you are raising your voice for through this misleading statement, or for whom the signatories of this statement have signed up for.

    A more truthful way to begin this statement would have beento state upfront that Carnatic music and musicians have been completely cooptedin the propagation ofHinduism, and over the years, cozied up to the narrow Hindutva and saffornisation agenda of this country. If this is happening now, it is the price Carnatic musicians have to pay, and I am unable to feel sorry for them. Only self-righteous and so called progressive Brahmans can feel empathy for this lot. The rest, I conjecture,may have signed in ignorance.

    You say you are a believer in democracy, and this being a public cause, I request you to circulate my response to all the signatories of this statement, as well as all those to whom this statement went out for endorsement.

    With regards

    Sowmya Sivakumar

    Independent Writer

    Vijayanagaram, Coimbatore

    Tamil Nadu
  • Santosh Valmiki

    Santosh Valmiki - Newsreader on Doordarshan and Former principal correspondent of Lucknow bureau of Hindustan.He was born in Balmiki(Bhangi) caste,his father was a driver & mother was a manual scavenger.They were very poor & as a kid he always accompanied his mother in cleaning toilets.He also used to sell newspaper in front of Prasar Bharti while studying in Christian College(Lucknow).Her mother sold everything for his study in IIMC(New Delhi) for PGDHJ.Inspite of very much talent he was ignored and been subject of dicrimination in promotions.


    Sudhir Tailang
    From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
    Sudhir Tailang

    Born 26 February 1960
    Bikaner, Rajasthan, India
    Died 6 February 2016 (aged 55)
    Occupation cartoonist
    Nationality Indian
    Notable awards Padma Shri (Literature & Education : 2004)
    Spouse Vibha Tailang
    Children Aditi Tailang
    Relatives Rajesh Tailang (Brother)
    Sudhir Tailang (26 February 1960 – 6 February 2016) was an Indian cartoonist.
    Career


    Two leading cartoonists from Indian media Sudhir Tailang and Shekhar Gurera with the women behind them Vibha Tailang and Rekha Gurera respectively at The Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi, at the occasion of National Press day 2015 on 16 Nov 2015

    Tailang was born in Bikaner, Rajasthan, on 26 February 1960. Tailang, who made his first cartoon in 1970, started his career with the Illustrated Weekly of India, Mumbai, in 1982. In 1983, he joined the Navbharat Times in Delhi. For several years he was with the Hindustan Times, while also doing short stints with the Indian Express and The Times of India. His last assignment was with the Asian Age. In 2004 he was awarded Padma Shri in the field of Literature & Education. He launched a book of cartoons titled No, Prime Minister in 2009, a set of cartoons on the former Prime Minister of India Manmohan Singh. He died on 6 February 2016 of brain cancer.



  • Sarala Das



    Life
    The life of Sarala Dasa is obscure. He was born at Kanakavati Patana, known as Kanakapura, one of the Sidhikshetras in Jagatsinghpur District. Though the date of his birth cannot be accurately determined, he can safely be placed on the second half of the 15th century AD.
    Sarala Dasa had no systematic early education, and what he achieved through self-education was attributed to the grace of Sarala, goddess of devotion and inspiration. Though his early name was Siddheswar Parida, he was later known as Sarala Dasa, or 'by the boon of Sarala'. (The title Dasa means a slave or a servant of a particular god or goddess: a long list of poets, preceding and succeeding Sarala Dasa, have names ending this way: for example, Vatra Dasa, Markanda Dasa, Sarala Dasa, Jagannatha Dasa, Balarama Dasa, and Yasovanta Dasa.) A story - similar to those told of other Indian poets, such as Kali Dasa, supposedly illiterate in early life until helped by the goddess Saraswati - tells that Siddheswar as a boy was once ploughing his father's field and singing so melodiously that the goddess Sarala stopped and listened to his song and endowed him with her power of composing beautiful poems.
    There are several indications in his Mahabharata that he served as a soldier in the army of the Gajapati King of Orissa.
    Sarala Dasa spent his last time at Bila Sarala but the native place Kanakavati Patana known asKanakapura at Tentuliapada with a religious establishment known as Munigoswain, which marks as the traditional spot, where he composed his works.
    Works
    As well as the three books for which he is best known - Mahabharata, Vilanka Ramayana and Chandi Purana - Sarala Dasa also wrote the book Laxmi Narayana Vachanika. The Adi Parva Mahabharata opens with a long invocation addressed to the Lord Jagannatha of Puri, from which it is known that Sarala Dasa started writing his Mahabharata in the reign of Kapileswar, otherwise known as Kapilendra, the famous Gajapati king of Orissa (AD 1435–67). He tells us that Maharaja Kapilesvara with innumerable offerings and many a salute was serving this great deity and hereby destroying the sins of the Kali age.
    Though Sarala Dasa followed the main outline of the Sanskrit Mahabharata in writing the OriyaMahabharata, he made numerous deviations and added to it copiously the stories of his own creation and various other matters known to him. In the final form Sarala Dasa's Mahabharata is a new creation analogous to Kalidasa's Raghuvamsa based on the Ramayana.
    Mahabharata brought to light about the eighteen parvas like:
    Adiparva
    Sabhaparva
    Vanaparva
    Virata Parva
    Udaya Parva
    Vishma Parva
    Drona Parva
    Kanna Parva
    Slaya Parva
    Surtika Parva
    Stri Parva
    Shanti Parva
    Anusasanika Parva
    Asramavasika Prava
    Mahaprasthanika Parva
    Asvamedha Parva
    Mausala Parva
    Swargarohana Parva
    The Chandi Purana was based on the well-known story of Durga killing Mahishasura (the buffalo headed demon) given in Sanskrit literature but here also the Oriya poet chose to deviate from the original at several points. His earliest work, Vilanka Ramayana, was a story of the fight betweenRama and Shahasrasira Ravana (thousand headed Ravana).
    The verse of Sarala Dasa is simple, forceful and musical, without artificiality. Applying colloquial words for his poetical purpose, his writing was free from Sanskritisation. His work can be seen as adapting the popular oral conventions of earlier Oriya folk songs which were used in folk dances such as the Ghoda-nacha (Horse Dance), Dandanacha and Sakhinacha (Puppet Dance). One metrical peculiarity of these songs is that both the lines of a verse do not contain an equal number of letters though the last letters of both the lines produce the same sound. All Sarala Dasa's wors were composed with this metrical peculiarity, and so the metre used by him can be regarded as a direct descendant of the that used in the folk songs. By the fifteenth century the Oriya language had assumed almost its modern form and had become ripe for literary compositions.
    The predominant sentiment in Sarala Dasa's poem is not love but war. He was also motivated by a strong religious zeal to compose religious books in a language intelligible to all and to make them available to the general public in Orissa. He tells in no uncertain words that he composed his poems for the benefit of "human beings". There are several indications in his Mahabharata that he served as a soldier in the army of the Gajapati King of Orissa and his association with the army brought to him a variety of experiences. The stories he heard the battle scenes which he witnessed, the places that he visited with the company of the army the historical incidents and names that he could know all remained stored up in his mind to be utilized in his writings.
    Swadeshabhimani Ramakrishna Pillai


    From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
    K. Ramakrishna Pillai

    Bust of Swadeshabhimani Ramakrishna Pillai in Thiruvananthapuram
    Born
    Ramakrishna
    25 May 1878

    Neyyattinkara, Travancore
    Died 28 March 1916 (aged 37)

    Kannur
    Nationality Indian
    Occupation Editor of Swadeshabhimani(newspaper)
    Spouse(s) Nanikutti Amma,
    B. Kalyani Amma
    Children K.Gomathy Amma,
    K. Madhavan Nair
    Parent(s) Narasimhan Potti, Chakkiamma

    K. Ramakrishna Pillai [clarification needed] (1878–1916) was a nationalist writer, journalist, editor, and political activist. He edited Swadeshabhimani (The Patriot), the newspaper which became a potent weapon against the rule of the British and the erstwhile princely state of Travancore (Kerala, India) and a tool for social transformation. His criticism of the Diwan of Travancore, P. Rajagopalachari and the Maharajah led to the eventual confiscation of the newspaper. Ramakrishna Pillai was arrested and exiled from Travancore in 1910. Vrithantha Pathra Pravarthanam (1912) and Karl Marx (1912) are among his most noted works in Malayalam, Vrithantha Pathra pravarthanam being the first book on journalism in Malayalam and Karl Marx, the first ever biography of Karl Marx in any Indian language.But it has been proved that he plagiarized the biography from an essay, Karl Marx:A Modern Rishi, by Lala Hardayal, published in 1912 March issue of the Modern Review,published from Kolkata (Ramachandran, Grandalokam, January,2018).
    Early life
    K.Ramakrishna Pillai was born in Athiyanoor (Arangamugal in Neyyattinkara Taluk of Travancore) on 25 May 1878 (ME :1053 Edavam 16). He was the youngest son of Chakkiamma and Narasimhan Potti, a temple-priest.

    The patriarch of the family (Thekkekod veedu) had once saved the life of Prince Marthanda Varma from his enemies. When Marthanda Varma became king or Maharaja of Travancore, he gifted the family 50-acre (200,000 m2) of land, a 12-room mansion and certain privileges in the Krishna temple in Neyyattinkara. Ramakrishna Pillai was born over a century later.

    Following the matrilineal Nair tradition, Ramakrishna Pillai spent much of his boyhood with his maternal uncle, Advocate Keshava Pillai. He had his early education at Neyyattinkara English Medium School and Rajagiyamahapadashala, the Royal school, Thiruvananthapuram. He was a shy and silent student. Kattupana Naganathaiyer, K. VeluPilla and R. Keshavapilla were his early teachers. Ramakrishna Pillai utilized his less restricted life in Thiruvananthapuram to acquaint himself with new books, newspapers, new places and new friends. He passed his matriculation exam at the age of 14.
    Journalism

    While studying for F.A, Ramakrishna started taking a keen interest in newspapers and journalism. An avid reader, he read almost every newspaper published from Travancore, Malabar and Kochi States. During the time, he also gained the friendship and guidance of many literary legends and editors like Kerala Varma Valiya Koil Thampuran, Adithya Das ,A R Rajaraja Varma, Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer, Pettayil Raman Pillai Asshan, Oduvil Kunji Krishna Menon and Kandathil Varghese Mappillai. This inspired him to write articles for news papers. His excessive passion for writing and newspapers, earned the wrath of his uncle and family. He passed in the F.A. exam in 1898 and wanted to go to Madras for his BSc degree. However, on the directives of his uncle, he joined for BA degree course at University College, Trivandrum.
    Ramakrishna Pillai and other newspaper-enthusiasts had felt the need of a Malayalam newspaper. Kerala Darpanum and Vanjivibhujhika were already being published since 1900. Though his friends and well wishers persuaded him to take up the editorship of Kerala Darpanum, it was difficult to manage studies and the editorship of a newspaper. Due to the resistance of his uncle Keshava Pillai, Ramakrishna had to leave home to take up a job.[15] He passed the B.A. (Malayalam ) Degree with first rank and received the Keralvarmamudhra, an honorary award for academic excellence.
    Ramakrishna Pillai began writing strongly against age-old malpractices and ill-customs of those days. he believed in action than words. He challenged customary practices by marrying Nanikutti Amma , Thoopuveetil, Palkulangara, Thiruvananthapuram, a woman from lower sub-caste of the Nair community in 1901. A relative of Nanikutti Amma, Shri Prameshvaran Pillai, was the owner of Kerala Darappanum. Later, however, Ramakrishna Pillai and Prameshvaran Pillai got into litigation.
    In 1901, Kerala Darappanum and Vanjivibhujhika merged to form Keralapanjhika. Keralapanjhika was owned by Marthanada Thampi. Ramakrishna Pillai was editor of the newspaper from 1901 to 1903. During this time, he traveled around the state of Travancore to gather first hand account of the people of Travancore and their problems. In February 1903, he resigned from Keralapangika. He, however, continued to write articles in Nasranideepika and Malayali newspapers. In 1904 he moved to Kollam with his family to work as the editor of Malayali. He wrote editorials on the rights and duties of the people of Travancore. He also spoke at conferences held in Cherthala and Paravur Taluks about the ills and malpractices rampant in the society.
    In 1904, his wife Nanikutti Amma died. During the period, literary discourses and letters brought Ramakrishna Pillai close to B. Kalyani Amma. Later they were married.
    Swadeshabhimani

    Abdul Khader Moulavi, popularly known as Vakkom Moulavi, was the owner of the journal called Swadeshabhimani and C P Govinda Pillai, the editor. RamaKrishna Pillai took over as the editor of the journal in January 1906. Ramakrishna Pillai and his family thus shifted to Vakkom in Chirayinkil Taluk, where the office of the newspaper and the printing press were located. In July 1907, the office of Swadeshabhimani was moved to Thiruvananthapuram and the family moved to Thiruvananthapuram. Though Vakkom Moulavi continued to own the paper, he had given Ramakrishna Pillai total freedom to run the newspaper. They never had any legal or financial contracts between them. Yet, Moulavi provided all the financial aid to set up the press in Thiruvananthapuram. Ramakrisha Pillai also started a woman's magazine called Sharadha, a student's magazine called Vidhyarthi and another magazine named Keralan.
    P. Rajagopalachari, the then Diwan of Travancore, was the centre of attacks of the newspaper. The paper accused the Dewan of immorality and corruption. But "the most serious thing against the Swadeshabhimani," wrote the Dewan, "has always been the remarkable persistence with which it preached the gospel of government by the people, and the exhortation which it held out to the people of Travancore to unite and demand self-government.". He also attacked the kingship of the Maharaja of Travancore:
    " The monarchs believe and force others to believe that they are God's representatives or incarnations. This is absurd. Did God create a special kind of dog to be the king of dogs, or a special kind of elephant to rule over all elephants? "
    Swadeshabhimani's pen moved against corruption in the state and injustice in the society. He irritated the Maharajah Moolam Thirunal himself by criticizing the large expenses incurred by the Royal consort, the Panapillai Amma, by constructing private palaces and publicly celebrating the wedding of the daughter of the Maharajah.
    On 26 September 1910, Swadeshabhimani newspaper and the printing press were sealed and confiscated by the British Police. Ramakrishna Pillai was arrested and banished from Travancore to Thirunelveli in Madras Province of British India. The Superintendent of Police, F S S George (a British Officer), Inspector R Achuthen Pillai, Inspector B Govinda Pillai and Inspector Pichu Aiyangar, carried out the arrest, without an arrest warrant. The police escorted him till Thirunelveli. The Kingdom of Travancore itself was a princely state under the Madras Presidency, then. Ramakrishna Pillai's family joined him later once he moved to a rented house in Madras. Editorships of newspapers like Kochi and Malabar came to be offered to him during the time, but he chose to stay in Madras.
    Many nationalists and Indian newspapers reacted to the arrest and banishment of Ramakrishna Pillai and the banning of the paper. However, countering the king and the British Government that overruled the king, was not easy. Yet, early in the first half of the twenties, the banned newspaper was revived by the mighty will of K. Kumar of Travancore, the veteran Gandhian and Freedom Fighter. He viewed the revival as a befitting tribute to Ramakrishna Pillai. Kumar himself was its manager and chief-editor. He was assisted in his efforts by K. Narayana Kurukkal, a close colleague of Ramakrishna Pillai and the author of the novels: "Parappuram" and "Udayabhanu" besides Barrister A K Pillai. Ramakrishna Pillai's wife, B. Kalyani Amma, Pillai's associates K. Narayana Kurukkal, R. Narayana Panikker and the famous political-journalist Raman Menon and K. Kumar himself were regular contributors to the magazine. The paper was revived under the same name 'Swadeshabhimani' and had its headquarters in the building currently housing the DPI Office at Thycaud, Thiruvananthapuram. In spite of all these, the government wisely chose to remain silent. The new 'Swadeshabhimani' was re-modeled after "Modern Review" of Ramand Chatterjee. It continued its legacy as a significant force transforming the socio-political life of Kerala. K. Kumar had great admiration for Ramakrishna Pillai and he took the lead role in organizing the deportation-day of Pillai as "Ramakrishna Pillai Day" (from M.E: 10-02-1098) and erecting his statue in Trivandrum. Ramakrishna Pillai Day continued to be commemorated in Trivandrum for a long time thereafter. It appears that the editorship of Swadeshabhimani passed on to A.K Pillai (by 1932) who also edited the "Swarat" with the help and support of K. Kumar.
    NOTE: After Independence, the Government of Kerala returned the press of Swadeshabhimani to Vakkom Moulavi's family in 1957.


    Ramakrishna Pillai Samadhi at Kannur
    Last years

    While in exile, Ramakrishna Pillai returned to his studies. He joined the F.L. Degree and Kalyaniamma joined BA Degree program in Philosophy. It was during these days in Madras that he wrote the book Ende Naadukadathal (ISBN 81-264-1222-4 ) on his banishment from Travancore. After a brief vacation in Palghat, the family returned to Madras. Pillai had to attend to studies as well as court proceedings in the Indian Patriot Case. In April, the couple left Madras. Their third child, a daughter, was born following this on 7 August 1912.
    In the same year, Ramakrishna Pillai published Vrithantha Pathra Pravarthanam, a book on Journalism which became very popular later. His biographies of Karl Marx and Benjamin Franklin were also published. There are scores of articles and literary creations to his credit. In May 1913, the family went to Palghat after which Ramakrishna Pillai published his books Mannante Kannathum and Narakathil Ninnu. When Kaliyaniamma found a job as a teacher in Kannur, they moved Kannur. His physical health began to deteriorate during this period.
    A prolific writer and fearless campaigner of civil rights, Swadeshabhimani K Ramakrishna Pillai succumbed to his ille-health on 28 March 1916. He will be remembered as the bitterest enemy of the scheduled castes and tribes in Kerala. When the Travancore government opened the government schools for the dalits in 1910,Pillai wrote three editorials criticizing it, saying the higher castes are intellectually superior, echoing the racist sentiments of Adolf Hitler(Swadeshabhimani:Klavu Pidicha Kapatyam by Ramachandran, published by NBS).
    Literary works

    Ramakrishna Pillai wrote over 20 books in his lifetime and many of them are very notable.
    Vruththaanthapathrapravarthanam (Malayalam) (1912)
    Ende Naadukadathal(My Banishment)
    Karl Marx (Malayalam ) : His biography of Karl Marx was the first in any Indian language.
    Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, (Malayalam) - Biography
    Benjamin Franklin (Malayalam) - Biography
    Socrates (Malayalam) - Biography
    Pathradharmam (Essays)
    Mannante Kannathu
    Christopher Columbus ( Translation in Malayalam )
    Narakathil ninnu ( From the hell)
    Kerala Bhasholpathy ( The Origin of language in Kerala)
    Delhi Durbar
    The Deportation case of Travancore
    dramas:prathima,kamandalu(ekanka natakam),thookumuriyil,thapthabashoam. stories:aa deenarodhanam
    B. Kalyani Amma

    B. Kalyani Amma was the second wife of Ramakrishna Pillai. She was born on 11 Kumbhom 1059 (ME) (1883 AD). She was a notable litterateur also Her important works includes Vyazhavatta Smaranakal, Karmaphalam, Mahathikal and Atmakatha. Her biography Vyazhavatta Smaranakal ( Memories of 12 years) is about the 12 years of their married life. She also translated a novel written by Rabindranath Tagore. She died on 9 October 1959 (28 Kanni 1135).
    Swadeshabhimani Smaraka Samithi

    Swadesha abhimani Smaraka Samidhi is the trust formed in the memory of Ramakrishna Pillai. The Samidhi observes anniversaries of the banishment of Swadeshabhimani Ramakrishna Pillai every year, which is attended by several eminent personalities.
    Swadeshabhimani Ramakrishna Pillai Award

    Swadeshabhimani Ramakrishna Pillai Award is awarded for press journalism every year by the Government of Kerala. The following are its recipients.
    2002 : V.K. Madhvankutty (Awarded by the President of India)
    2006 : G.Sekharan Nair (Mathrubhumi) and Reji Joseph (Deepika)
    2013 B R P Bhaskaran
    2014 V P Ramachandran
    2016 K.Mohanan
    2017 TJS George
    The Pravasi Swadeshabhimani Ramakrishna Pillai Award has been instituted in memory of Swadeshabhimani Sri. Ramakrishna Pillai, by The Pravasi Malayali Society.
    Swadeshabhimani memorial

    Memorials of Swadeshabhimani Ramakrishna Pillai are constructured at Neyyattinkara and at Payyambalam Beach, Kannur.
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swadeshabhimani_Ramakrishna_Pillai

  • Shirish Panchal
    From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
    Shirish Panchal
    at his home in Vadodara, December 2017
    Born Shirish Jagjivandas Panchal
    7 March 1943 
    Occupation Critic, Editor
    Language Gujarati
    Nationality Indian
    Notable works Vaat Aapanaa Vivechanni
    Notable awards Sahitya Academy Award
    Signature 

    Academic background
    Doctoral advisor Suresh Joshi
    Academic work
    Doctoral students Sharifa Vijaliwala



    Shirish Jagjivandas Panchal, (Hindi: शिरीष पंचाल; Gujarati: શિરિષ પંચાલ born 7 March 1943 in Vadodara),[1] is a Gujarati critic, fiction writer, translator and editor who won the 2009 Sahitya Akademi Award for Gujarati language for his criticism Vaat Aapanaa Vivechan-ni; he refused the award. He done his Ph.D under Gujarati writer Suresh Joshi. He taught Gujarati language and literature at M. S. UniversityBaroda. He edited Etad, a Gujarati quarterly.

    His Vaidehee Etle Ja Vaidehee is an experimental novel, which tell a love-story of Kirat and Vaidehee. He edited and published Maniti Anamaniti (1982), 21 seletected short stories by Suresh Joshi, with discourse.
Satish Chandra Basumatary
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Satish Chandra Basumatary
Born 16 November 1901

Dhubri, Assam, India
Died 16 November 1974 (aged 73)

Kokrajhar, Assam
Occupation Poet, dramatist, social worker

Satish Chandra Basumatary (16 November 1901 – 16 November 1974) was an Indian Bodo poet, dramatist, Social worker and the second president of Bodo Sahitya Sabha. He is a pioneer people of Bibar era, the age of renaissance of Bodo literature. He is credited with helping established Bodo Brahma Dharma. He was also the editor of first Bodo magazine Bibar in 1924. He was honoured Mengnw Rwngwi Jwhwlao title after his death.

Early life

He was born on 16 November 1901 at Balukmari village in Dhubri district (present Kokrajhar) into Bodo family Thandaram Basumatary and Khowlou Basumatary. He started schooling from Dhubri High School, later went to Cotton CollegeGuwahati.[citation needed] He died on 16 November 1974.

Works

Drama
Rani Laimuti (1924)
Naifinjaywi
Bikhani Or
Dwrswn Jwhwlao (2005)
सृष्टि जाटव

सृष्टि जाटव दलित टाइम्स में काम करने वाली एक पत्रकार हैं, जो दलितों, गरीबों , किसानों, महिलाओं और अन्य सार्वजनिक कारणों के लिए विभिन्न सामाजिक आंदोलनों को कवर करने वाली एक समाचार वेबसाइट है। उनके ट्विटर बायो के मुताबिक़ वह अम्बेडकर के विचारो पर चलती है। उनके ट्विटर बायो में कहा गया है कि जाटव एक अम्बेडकरवादी पत्रकार हैं।

दलित टाइम्स की महिला पत्रकार सृष्टि जाटव को दिल्ली पुलिस ने बुधवार दोपहर उस वक्त हिरासत में ले लिया जब वह जामिया नगर में कवरेज के लिए पहुंची थीं.

सृष्टि का कहना है, "जामिया नगर के धोबी घाट पर बनी झुग्गियों को डीडीए और पुलिस के कुछ अधिकारी हटाने पहुंचे थे. जिसकी कवरेज के लिए जब मैं वहां पहुंचीं तो मुझे और मेरे कैमरामैन राजू को हिरासत में ले लिया."

हिरासत में क्यों लिया गया इस सवाल पर सृष्टि कहती हैं, "पुलिस ने हमसे बिना कुछ पूछताछ के ही पहले हमारा कैमरा और फिर मेरा मोबाइल छीन लिया. मेरे कहने पर कि हम पत्रकार हैं तो उन्होंने कहा कि आप यहां क्यों आए हैं? किसने भेजा है? और आपको यहां आने की इजाजत किसने दी?"

न्यूजलॉन्ड्री से बातचीत में सृष्टि आगे कहती हैं, "जब धोबी घाट पर पुलिस और डीडीए के अधिकारी झुग्गियां हटाने पहुंचे तो यहां के लोग उनका विरोध कर रहे थे. इसके बाद पुलिस ने उन्हें डरा धमकार कर उनके घरों में भेज दिया. लेकिन तभी वहां पर पत्थर भी फेंके गए. इस दौरान जब हम लोगों से बात कर रहे थे तभी पुलिस ने हमें घेर लिया, और कहां कि आप यहां दंगा भड़काने की कोशिश कर रहे हो. पुलिस ने मुझसे यह भी कहा कि उन लोगों को पत्थर फेंकने के लिए भी मैंने ही उकसाया है."

"इसके बाद पुलिस ने मेरा फोन छीन लिया और मुझे जामिया नगर पुलिस स्टेशन ले गए. मुझे दोपहर में करीब ढ़ाई से तीन बजे के बीच पुलिस स्टेशन ले जाया गया और तीन घंटे बाद छोड़ा. थाने में मुझसे मेरे फोन से वीडियो डिलीट करने को कहा गया, जब मैंने ऐसा करने से मना कर दिया तो उन्होंने खुद ही मेरे फोन से वीडियो और ऑडियो डिलीट कर दीं." उन्होंने कहा.

कवरेज के लिए गईं महिला पत्रकार को दिल्ली पुलिस ने घंटों हिरासत में रखा
हिरासत के दौरान पत्रकार के फोन से वीडियो और ऑडियो किए डिलीट.

Delhi: Dalit journalist briefly arrested, released after social media outrage
Srishti Jatav was reportedly arrested while covering the demolition of the Dhobi Ghat slum in the Batla House area.

Dalit journalist Srishti Jatav (middle in blue salwar) outside Jamia Nagar police station after her release on Wednesday. | Kanishk Singh via Twitter


Dalit journalist Srishti Jatav was arrested by the Delhi Police on Wednesday evening. She was released after a brief period following an outrage on social media.

Jatav works with Dalit Times, a news website.

The police have not released an official statement yet about the reason for her arrest.

However, social media users alleged that Jatav was arrested while reporting on the demolition of the Dhobi Ghat slum area near Batla House in Delhi.

Some other activists were also arrested while they were protesting against the demolition, students’ union All India Students’ Association tweeted. Jatav and the others were taken to the Jamia Nagar Police station.


The Delhi Development Authority had directed the demolition of the Dhobi Ghat slum in September based on a National Green Tribunal judgement. The tribunal had said that the slum, which allegedly encroached the banks of Yamuna river had to be removed, according to The Hindu.

The demolition process started in December.

However, in January, the Delhi High Court gave three weeks’ time to non-government organisation Muslim Kassar Vikas Sangathan to approach an appropriate forum for relief against the demolition.


In another hearing on the matter in June, the Delhi High Court had said that those living in Dhobi Ghat cannot be left on the streets to fend for themselves, Live Law reported. The court directed the Delhi government to make rehabilitation arrangements for them.

On Wednesday, the protesters demanded that the Delhi Police should follow the court’s orders and not undertake the demolition process before the residents were rehabilitated.Support our journalism by contributing to Scroll Ground Reporting Fund. We welcome your comments at letters@scroll.in.
Thiruvalluvar

From Wikipedia





A statue of Valluvar
Born Uncertain

Uncertain: Madurai; Mylapore, Chennai; or Thirunainarkuruchi (Kanyakumari district)
Other names Valluvar, Mudharpaavalar, Deivappulavar, Gnanavettiyaan, Maadhaanupangi, Naanmuganaar, Naayanaar, Poyyirpulavar, Dhevar, Perunaavalar

Notable work Tirukkural


Era Ancient philosophy
Region Tamil nadu

Main interests Ethics, ahimsa, justice, virtue, politics, education, family, friendship, love

Common ethics and morality

Thiruvalluvar, commonly known as Valluvar, was a celebrated Tamil poet and philosopher. He is best known for authoring the Thirukkuṛaḷ, a collection of couplets on ethics, political and economical matters, and love. The text is considered the greatest work of the Tamil literature and one of the finest works on ethics and morality.

Much of the information about Valluvar comes from legendary accounts, and little is known with certainty about his family background, religious affiliation, or birthplace. He is believed to have lived in Madurai and later in the town of Mylapore (a neighbourhood of the present-day Chennai), and his floruit is dated variously from 4th century BCE to 5th century CE, based on the traditional accounts and the linguistic analyses of his writings. Maraimalai Adigal gives 31 BCE as the birth year of Valluvar.

Valluvar has literally influenced every scholar down the ages since his time across the ethical, social, political, economical, religious, philosophical, and spiritual spheres. Because the life, culture and ethics of the Tamils are considered to be solely defined in terms of the values set by the Kural literature, the government and the people of Tamil land alike venerate Valluvar and his work with utmost reverence. He is known by numerous honorific designations, such as Saint, First Poet, Divine Poet, Brahma, and Great Scholar.


Life
There is negligible authentic information about the life of Valluvar. In fact, neither his actual name nor the original title of his work can be determined with certainty. Tirukkural itself does not name its author. Reminiscing this, Monsieur Ariel, a French scholar of the 19th century, famously said of the Tirukkural thus: Ce livre sans nom, par un auteur sans nom ("The book without a name by an author without a name"). The name Thiruvalluvar was first mentioned in the later text Tiruvalluva Maalai (compiled c. 10th century).

Various claims have been made regarding Valluvar's occupation. One tradition claims that he was a Paraiyar weaver. Another theory is that he must have been from the agricultural caste of Vellalars because he extols agriculture in his work. Mu Raghava Iyengar speculated that "valluva" in his name is a variation of "vallabha", the designation of a royal officer. S. Vaiyapuri Pillai derived his name from "valluvan" (a Paraiyar caste of royal drummers) and theorized that he was "the chief of the proclaiming boys analogous to a trumpet-major of an army".

The poem Kapilar Agaval, purportedly written by Kapilar, describes its author as a brother of Valluvar. It states that they were children of a Pulaya mother named Adi and a Brahmin father named Bhagwan. The poem claims that the couple had seven children, including three sons (Valluvar, Kapilar, and Atikaman) and four sisters (Avvai, Uppai, Uruvai, and Velli). However, this legendary account is spurious. Kamil Zvelebil dates Kapilar Agaval to 15th century CE, based on its language. Various biographies mention the name of Valluvar's wife as Vasuki but such details are of doubtful historicity.

George Uglow Pope called Valluvar "the greatest poet of South India", but according to Zvelebil, he does not seem to have been a poet. According to Zvelebil, while the author handles the metre very skillfully, the Tirukkuṛaḷ does not feature "true and great poetry" throughout the work, except, notably, in the third book, which deals with love and pleasure. This suggests that Valluvar's main aim was not to produce a work of art, but rather an instructive text focused on wisdom, justice, and ethics.

Traditional account
Traditional account has it that Valluvar was left as a new-born child in a grove of ilupay or oil-nut tree (Mahua longifolia), and under a punnai or mastwood tree (Calophyllum inophyllum), near a temple sacred to Shiva at Mylapore. He was found and raised by a Velalan couple. Once when Valluvar helped a farmer from the town of Kaveripakkam named Margasahayan by saving his crops from a disease, Margasahayan offered Valluvar his daughter Vasuki in marriage as a token of gratitude. Valluvar and Vasuki earned a living by weaving clothes.[ Valluvar purchased thread from a merchant named Elelasingan, who became his lifelong friend and disciple. Elelasingan owned vessels and thus traded overseas. Valluvar is said to have authored the Kural text on the insistence of Elelasingan’s son Arlyakananthar. On the advice of Elelasingan and other friends, Valluvar took his work to the Madurai College at the Pandiyan King's court at Madurai. Poetess Avvaiyar and Poet Idaikkadar are said to have accompanied Valluvar on his journey to Madurai. Upon reaching the Madurai College, he presented his work to an assembly of forty-nine poets presided over by the Pandiyan King. His work won the ordeal set by the assembly and was eventually accepted unanimously. The forty-nine professors along with Avvaiyar and Idaikkadar sung in praise of Valluvar and his work, which was compiled into an anthology named the Tiruvalluva Maalai.

When Vasuki died, Valluvar buried her body in a sitting posture. Lamenting her death, he composed a quatrain that reveals his deep love and affection toward her. E. J. Robinson translates, though not in quatrain, the verse composed by Valluvar on the night of Vasuki’s death as follows:

“ Dost thou depart, who did'st prepare
My savoury food with skilful care;
On whom alone of womankind,
In ceaseless love, I fix'd my mind;
Who from my door hast never stirr'd,
And never hast transgress'd my word;
Whose palms so softly chafed my feet,
Till charm'd I lav in slumbers sweet;
Who tendedst me with wakeful eyes–
The last to sleep, the first to rise?
Now weary night denies repose:
Can sleep again my eyelids close? (Robinson, 1873) ”


Date




Statue of Valluvar in the Thiruvalluvar Temple, Mylapore

The exact date of Valluvar is still under debate. With his time being uncertain, the exact time when he authored the Kural text remains even murkier. The Tirukkuṛaḷ has been dated variously from 300 BCE to 5th century CE. According to traditional accounts, it was the last work of the third Sangam and was subjected to a divine test (which it passed). The scholars who believe this tradition, such as Somasundara Bharathiar and M. Rajamanickam, date the text to as early as 300 BCE. Historian K. K. Pillay assigned it to the early 1st century CE.

Linguist Kamil Zvelebil is certain that Tirukkuṛaḷ does not belong to the Sangam period and dates it to somewhere between 450 and 500 CE. His estimate is based on the language of the text, its allusions to the earlier works, and its borrowing from some Sanskrit treatises. Zvelebil notes that the text features several grammatical innovations, that are absent in the older Sangam literature. The text also features a higher number of Sanskrit loan words compared with these older texts. According to Zvelebil, besides being part of the ancient Tamil literary tradition, the author was also a part of the "one great Indian ethical, didactic tradition", as a few of his verses seem to be translations of the verses in Sanskrit texts such as Mānavadharmaśāstra and Kautilya's Arthaśāstra.

S. Vaiyapuri Pillai assigned the work to c. 650 CE, believing that it borrowed from some Sanskrit works of the 6th century CE. Zvelebil disagrees with this assessment, pointing out that some of the words that Pillai believed to be Sanskrit loan words have now been proved to be of Dravidian origin by Thomas Burrow and Murray Barnson Emeneau.

With the exact date of Valluvar still under debate, taking the latest of the estimated dates, the Tamil Nadu government officially ratified 31 BCE as the year of Valluvar. From 18 January 1935, as suggested by Maraimalai Adigal, the Valluvar Year was added to the calendar. Thus, the Valluvar year is calculated by adding 31 to any year of the common era.

Birthplace
As with most other details about Valluvar, the exact place of his birth remains uncertain. Valluvar is believed to have lived in Madurai and later in the town of Mayilapuram or Thirumayilai (present-day Mylapore in Chennai). There are also accounts that say he was born in Mayilapuram and later moved to Madurai in order to publish his work at the royal court. The poem Kapilar Akaval states that Valluvar was born on the top of an oil-nut tree in Mayilapuram, while verse 21 of the Tiruvalluva Maalai claims that he was born in Madurai.

In 2005, a three-member research team from the Kanyakumari Historical and Cultural Research Centre (KHCRC) claimed that Valluvar was born in Thirunayanarkurichi, a village in present-day Kanyakumari district. Their claim was based on an old Kani tribal leader who told them that Valluvar was a king who ruled the "Valluvanadu" territory in the hilly tracts of the Kanyakumari district.

Death
Valluvar survived his wife for many years. Nevertheless, he was affected profoundly by Vasuki’s death that he secluded himself from social life and devoted the rest of his life to religious contemplation. At his deathbed, he expressed a strange desire according to which his body should not be cremated but exposed in the open air outside the town to be devoured by crows and other scavenging animals, and it was done so. On the spot where Valluvar's corpse had lain, Elelasingan built a temple and instituted worship. The temple remains today, albeit in a comparatively modern form, at Mylapore.

Religion

A temple for Thiruvalluvar in Mylapore

Valluvar is generally thought to have belonged to either Jainism or Hinduism. Valluvar's treatment of the concept of ahimsa or non-violence, which is the principal concept of both these religions, bolsters this. In particular, his treatment of the chapters on strict vegetarianism (or veganism) (Chapters 26 and 32) and non-killing (Chapter 33) reflects the Jain precepts, where these are stringently enforced. The three parts that the Kural literature is divided into, namely, aram (virtue), porul (wealth) and inbam (love), aiming at attaining veedu (ultimate salvation), follow, respectively, the four foundations of Hinduism, namely, dharma, artha, kama and moksha. His mentioning of God Vishnu in couplets 610 and 1103 and Goddess Lakshmi in couplets 167, 408, 519, 565, 568, 616, and 617 hints at the Vaishnavite beliefs of Valluvar. Other eastern beliefs of the poet found in the book include previous birth and rebirth, seven births, and some ancient Indian astrological concepts, among others. Nevertheless, even in the introductory chapter, Valluvar’s invocation of the Supreme Being does not give us a clue to his religion.

However, owing to the Kural text's non-denominational nature, almost every religious group in India, including Christianity, has claimed the work and its author as one of their own.

Jainism

An ancient image of Valluvar

Kamil Zvelebil believes that the ethics of the Tirukkural reflect the Jain moral code (e.g. couplets 251–260 talks about moral vegetarianism, and couplets 321–330 talks against killing). Zvelebil states that the text features "several purely Jaina technical terms", such as the following epithets of God:

Malarmicaiyekinan (Couplet 3), "he who walked upon the [lotus] flower"
Aravaliyantanan (Couplet 3), "the Brahmin [who had] the wheel of dharma"
Enkunattan (Couplet 9), "one of the eight-fold qualities"
Atipakavan (Couplet 1), "the Primeval Lord"

Zvelebil notes that even the 13th-century Hindu scholar Parimelalhagar, who wrote a commentary on the Kural text, accepted that such epithets are applicable only to the Jain Arhat. Some other epithets mentioned in the text also reflect a "strong ascetic flavour" characteristic of Jainism:

Ventutal ventamai ilan (Couplet 4), "he who has neither desire nor aversion"
Porivayil aintavittan (Couplet 6), "he who has destroyed the gates of the five senses"

Zvelebil further states that Valluvar seems to have been "cognizant of the latest developments" in Jainism. Zvelebil theorizes that he was probably "a learned Jain with eclectic leanings", who was well-acquainted with the earlier Tamil literature, and also had knowledge of the Sanskrit texts.

Hinduism
Multiple Hindu sects have claimed Valluvar as one of their own and have tried to align his verses with their own teachings. Shaivites have characterised Valluvar as a devotee of Shiva and have installed his images in their temples.

Other claims
Anti-caste activist Iyothee Thass, who converted to Buddhism, claimed that Valluvar was originally called "Tiruvalla Nayanar", and was a Buddhist. Thass described him as follows: Tiruvalla Nayanar was born in Madurai, as the son of King Kanchan and Queen Upakesi. When he grew up, the prince wandered across many countries, until he joined a Buddhist sangam at Thinnanur. There, he learned about the Buddhist doctrine from his guru Chakaya Munivar. Thass further contended that the name "Tirukkural" is a reference to the Buddhist Tripiṭaka. He claims that Valluvar's book was originally called Tirikural ("Three Kurals"), because it adhered to the three Buddhist scriptures Dhamma Pitaka, Sutta Pitaka, and Vinaya Pitaka. According to Thass, the legend that presents Valluvar as the son of a Brahmin father and a Paraiyar mother was invented by Brahmins, who wanted to Hinduise a Buddhist text.

Christian missionary George Uglow Pope claimed that the Tirukkural shows Christian influence, particularly from the Alexandrian school. He theorized that Valluvar came into contact with Christian teachers such as Pantaenus in Mayilapur and incorporated the ideas from the Christian scriptures in his text. Pope goes on to praise the Kural text as an "echo of the 'Sermon on the Mount.'" In the Introduction to his English translation of the Kural, Pope even claims, "I cannot feel any hesitation in saying that the Christian Scriptures were among the sources from which the poet derived his inspiration." Nevertheless, Zvelebil states that Pope was "rather overenthusiastic in discovering strong traces of Christianity" in the Tirukkural and dismisses Pope's hypothesis as based on "vague impressions". Since the 1960s, some South Indian Christians led by M. Deivanayagam at the Madras Christian College, have even attempted to characterize Valluvar as a disciple of Thomas the Apostle. According to this theory, Thomas visited present-day Chennai, where Valluvar listened to his lectures on the Sermon of the Mount. Several Tamil scholars, both Christian and non-Christian, have criticized this claim as inaccurate. Nevertheless, Zvelebil also points out that the chapters on the ethics of moral vegetarianism (Chapters 26 and 32) and non-killing (Chapter 33), which the Kural emphasizes emphatically and unambiguously unlike the Bible or other Abrahamic religious texts, suggest that the ethics of the Kural is rather a reflection of the Jaina moral code than of Christian ethics.

Literary works




Statue of Valluvar at Kanyakumari

Tirukkural is the chief work attributed to Valluvar. It is one of the most revered ancient works in the Tamil language. It contains 1330 couplets, which are divided into 133 sections of 10 couplets each. The first 38 sections are about ethics (aram), the next 70 are about political and economic matters (porul), and the rest are about love (inbam) The text has been translated into several languages,, beginning with a translation into Latin by Constanzo Beschi in 1699, which helped make the work known to European intellectuals.


Tirukkural is also the only work attributed to Valluvar. However, claims are made that Valluvar was also the author of two Tamil texts on medicine, Gnana Vettiyan (1500 verses) and Pancharathnam (500 verses), although many scholars claim that they were by a later author with the same name, since they appear to have been written in the 16th and 17th centuries. These books, 'Pancharathnam' and 'Gnana Vettiyan', contribute to Tamil science, literature and other ayurvedic medicines. In addition to these, there are 15 other texts that are attributed to Valluvar, namely, Rathna Sigamani (800 verses), Karpam (300 verses), Nadhaantha Thiravukol (100 verses), Naadhaantha Saaram (100 verses), Vaithiya Suthram (100 verses), Karpaguru Nool (50 verses), Muppu Saathiram (30 verses), Vaadha Saathiram (16 verses), Muppu Guru (11 verses), Kavuna Mani (100 verses), Aeni Yettram (100 verses), Guru Nool (51 verses), Sirppa Chinthamani (a text on astrology), Tiruvalluvar Gyanam, and Tiruvalluvar Kanda Tirunadanam. Nevertheless, several scholars, such as Devaneya Pavanar, deny this claim.

Memorials




Thiruvalluvar statue at SOAS, University of London.


Tiruvalluvar statue in Kanyakumari

A temple-like memorial to Valluvar, Valluvar Kottam, was built in Chennai in 1976. This monument complex consists of structures usually found in Dravidian temples, including a temple car carved from three blocks of granite, and a shallow, rectangular pond. The auditorium adjoining the memorial is one of the largest in Asia and can seat up to 4,000 people.

There is a 133-foot tall statue of Valluvar erected at Kanyakumari at the southern tip of the Indian subcontinent, where the Arabian Sea, the Bay of Bengal, and the Indian Ocean converge. The 133 feet denote Tirukkuṛaḷ's 133 chapters or athikarams and the show of three fingers denote the three themes AramPorul, and Inbam, that is, the sections on morals, wealth and love. The statue was designed by V. Ganapati Sthapati, a temple architect from Tamil Nadu. On 9 August 2009, a statue was unveiled in Ulsoor, near Bengaluru, also making it the first of its kind in India for a poet of a local language to be installed in its near states other than his own home land. There is also a statue of Valluvar outside the School of Oriental and African Studies in Russell Square, London.

The Government of Tamil Nadu celebrates the 15th (16th on leap years) of January (the 2nd of the month of 'Thai' as per Tamil Calendar) as Thiruvalluvar Day in the poet's honour, as part of the Pongal celebrations.
T. H. P. Chentharasseri
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
T.H.P. Chentharassery

Born Thiruvan Heera Prassad Chentharassery
29 July 1928
Thiruvalla, British India
Died 27 July 2018 (aged 89)
Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
Occupation Historian
Nationality India

Thiruvan Heera Prassad Chentharassery (29 July 1928 – 27 July 2018), better known as T. H. P. Chentharasseri, was an Indian historian from Kerala. He was one of the leading Keralan historians on the study of the caste system in India.

Life and career

He was born in Ennikkattu tharavadu Othara Thiruvalla Pathanamthitta as the son of Kannan Thiruvan and Aninjan Anima, and now resides at Pattom Thiruvananthapuram. His father Thuvan was the Thiuvalla Area Secretary for the organization Sadhujana Paripalana Sankham. He attended Othara Primary School, Chengannur Govt. High School, Kottayam Karappuzha NSS High School, Changanassery St. Berkmen's College, Thiruvananthapuram Mar Ivanious College and Thiruvananthapuram MG College. He was an Employee in the Accountant General Office.
Tilottama Majumdar
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
তিলোত্তমা মোজুমদার
Born January 11, 1966
Occupation Novelist
Awards
Anondo Puroshkar (বোসুধারা, 2003)
Kakkanadan Foundation Sahithya Puraskaram (রাজপাট, 2013)

Tilottoma Mojumdar is an Indian Bangali novelistshort story writerpoetlyricist, and essayist. She writes in the Bengali language.

She was born in North Bengal, where she spent her childhood in tea plantations. She was educated at the Scottish Church College at the University of Calcutta.

Major novels
শামুকখোল
মানুষ শাবকের কথা
ঈশ্বরের বাসা
বসুধারা
এসো সেপ্টেম্বর
অর্জুন ও চার কন্যা
রাজপাট
চাঁদের গায়ে চাঁদ
একতারা
সাধারণ মুখ
ধনেশ পাখির ঠোঁট
নির্জন সরস্বতী
আজও কন্যা
জোনাকিরা
প্রেতযোনি
চাঁদু
স্বর্গের শেষপ্রান্তে
রেফ
জল ও চুমুর উপাখ্যান
অমৃতানি
ঝুমরা
T. M. Chummar
From Wikipedia

T. M. Chummar
Born 13 October 1899

Died 17 February 1987 (aged 87)

Kerala
Occupation Writer, academic
Spouse(s) Brigitha
Parent(s)

Mathai Asan (father)
Thressia (mother)
Awards

1955 Sahityaalankara
1960 Sahitya Nipunan

Thattassery Mathai Chummar (13 October 1899 – 17 February 1987), commonly identified as T. M. Chummar, was an Indian academic and writer of Malayalam literature, best known for his books on its history. An associate of G. Sankara Kurup and Vailoppilli Sreedhara Menon, Chummar's books on Kunchan Nambiar and C. V. Raman Pillai detail their literary contributions. He was a recipient of the title Sahitya Nipunan, conferred on him by the Rajah of Cochin. The Kerala Sahitya Akademi honoured him with the distinguished fellowship in 1986.

Biography
Sacred Heart College, Thevara

T. M. Chummar was born on 13 October 1899, at Chirakkakam in Varappuzha, an islet in Ernakulam district of the south Indian state of Kerala to Thattassery Mathai Asan and Thressia.[1] His early education was from his father who was an ayurvedic physician and after learning the basics of Ayurveda and Sanskrit, he passed the Travancore Elementary School Leaving Certificate examination from a school in North Paravur. Subsequently, he started his career as a teacher and worked at various schools in and around Kochi, starting from the school in Varappuzha and moving to EdapallyKoonammavuManjummel and Munambam. He continued his studies simultaneously to pass the higher training, pundit and vidwan examinations, the last one in 1935 from Madras and joined Sacred Heart School, Thevara, only to shift to Sacred Heart College, Thevara, as a lecturer, in 1937 where he became the head of the department of Malayalam in 1942, a post he held until his superannuation from service in 1962.

Chummar was married to Kunnathuveettil Brigitha from Kottuvally. he died on 17 February 1987, at the age of 87.

Legacy and honours

Chummar was associated with several major literary figures such as G. Sankara KurupVailoppilli Sreedhara Menon and A. D. Hari Sharma and they worked together for promoting Samastha Kerala Sahitya Parishad, a Kochi based literary organization, where Chummar served as a committee member and as a vice president. He also served as the editor of the magazine published by the Parishad for a while. He published Baasha Vriththavum Samskritha Vriththavum in 1928 which was his first noteworthy article which was followed by several in Kairali magazine. He published his first book, Padhyasahithya Charithram, in 1936, which was one for the early writings on the history of Malayalam literature and the book was note for its content. He also published another noted work on literary history in 1955 under the title, Gadhya Sahithya Charithram. Besides publishing a number of books on literature, he also published three critiques on major poets; Mahakavi Kunchan Nambiar, C. V. yude Akhyayikakal, and Kavithilakan K. P. Karuppan.

Ayodhya Sanskrit Parishad awarded Chummar the title of Sahityaalankara in 1955 and the Rajah of Cochin conferred the title of Sahitya Nipunan on him in 1960. Kerala Sahitya Akademi honoured him with the distinguished fellowship in 1986.

Bibliography

Chummar T. M (1936). Padya sahithya Charithram. Kottayam: National Book Stall.
Chummar T. M (1955). Bhasha gadya sahitya charitram. Kottayam: National Book Stall.
Chummar. T. M (1959). Chinthapatham. Current Bks. Trichur: Current Books.
Chummar. T. M (1968). Gadhya Sourabham. Narasimha Vilasam, Thuravur: Narasimha Vilasam.
Chummar, T. M. (1969). Suvarna kairali.
Chummar. T. M (1971). Sadhara Smaranakal. Auroville Publ: Auroville Pub.
Chummar T. M (1971). Sadarasmaranakal. Kottayam: Vidhyarthimithram.
Chummar. T. M (1972). Mahakavi Kunjan Nambiar. Auroville: Auroville Pub.
Chummar, T. M. (1973). C V yude Akhyayikakal. Vidyarthimithram.
Chummar. T. M (1974). Kavithilakan K. P. Karuppan. Sahithya Pra. Co. s: Sahithya Pra. Co. s.
T. M. Chummar (1980). Kaviramayanayuddham. Cummar ; Kottayam : vitaranam, National Book Stall.
Tribhuvandas Luhar
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Tribhuvandas Luhar
Born Tribhuvandas Purushottamdas Luhar
22 March 1908
Died 13 January 1991 (aged 82)
Occupation Writer
Nationality Indian
Genre Poetry, short stories, criticism
Notable works Arvachin Kavita (1946)
Website

Tribhuvandas Purushottamdas Luhar, better known by his pen name Sundaram, (22 March 1908 – 13 January 1991), was a Gujarati poet and author from India.

Life
Sundaram in center; from left to second is Jaybhikhkhu and from right to second is Dhirubhai Thaker

He was born on 22 March 1908 at Miyan Matar, BharuchBombay PresidencyBritish India. He completed his primary education in local school of Matar and five grades in English medium at Amod, Gujarat. Later he studied at Chhotubhai Purani's Rashtriya New English School, Bharuch. He graduated in languages from Gujarat VidyapithAhmedabad in 1929. He started teaching in Gurukul at Songadh. He participated in Indian independence movement and was imprisoned for some time. He was associated with Jyotisangh, the women's organisation in Ahmedabad, from 1935 to 1945. He was introduced to Sri Aurobindo in 1945, and he moved to Pondicherry. He presided over Gujarati Sahitya Parishad in 1970. He died on 13 January 1991.

Works

Though he started with poetry, he successfully ventured into other field of literature. His poetry and prose both are imaginative, intense and full of brilliance. His works have also spiritual as well as social elements. His transition from different philosophical phases; progressivism, communism, Gandhian philosophy and self realisation philosophy of Aurobindo; are evident in his works.

Poetry

He started writing poetry in 1926 under pen name, Marichi and "Ekansh De" was his first poem followed by more poems under pen name, Vishwakarma. He published his poem Bardoline in 1928 under pen name, Sundaram and adopted it for lifetime.

Koya Bhagatni Kadvi Vaani ane Garibo na Geeto (lit. Bitter tongue of Koya Bhagat and Songs of the Poor) (1933) was his first poetry collection followed by Kavyamangala (lit. Auspicious Poems) (1933). He published another collection Vasudha (1939) and the collection of children's poetry, Rang Rang Vadaliya (1939). His Yatra (lit. The Journey) (1951) is influenced by the philosophy of Aurobindo.

Short stories

Under pen name, Trishul, he published the short story collections. They are Hirakani ane Bijee Vatu (1938), Piyasi (1940), Unnayan (1945, republished Kholki and Nagarika with more stories), Tarini (1978), Pavakna Panthe (1978).

Criticism

Arvachin Kavita (1946) is a literary criticism of Gujarati poetry from 1845 to 1945. Avalokana is his another work of criticism while Sahitya Chintan (1978) is a collection of articles on principles of literary criticism.

Other

Vasanti Poornima (1977) is a collection of one-act plays. Dakshinayan (1942) is a travelogue of his travel of South India. Chidambara is his memoir while Samarchana is an anthology of articles about his view of life. He also wrote Saavidya (1978). Sri Arvind Mahayogi (1950) is a short biography of Sri Aurobindo. He translated several Sanskrit, Hindi and English works into Gujarati. They include Bhagvajjukiyam (1940), Mṛcchakatika (1944), Kaya Palat (1961), Janata ane Jan (1965), Aisi hai Zindagi ane some writings of Aurobindo and The Mother.

He edited the magazines Dakshina and Baldakshina published by Sri Aurobindo Ashram

Awards
Kavishri Sundaram Chowk in Ahmedabad, Gujarat

He was awarded Ranjitram Suvarna Chandrak in 1934 for Kavyamangala. He received Narmad Gold Medal in 1955 for his poetry collection Yatra and Mahida Prize in 1946 for criticism. He received Sahitya Akademi Award for Gujarati writers in 1968 for his work of criticism, Avalokan. He was awarded Padma Bhushan, the third-highest civilian award, in 1985.
Turaga Janaki Rani
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Turaga Janaki Rani (31 August 1936 – 15 October 2014) was a broadcaster, social activist and a writer worked with All India Radio for two decades. Popularly known as Radio Akkayya (Telugu: రేడియో అక్కయ్య Radio Sister).

Turaga Janaki Rani
Born 31 August 1936

Machilipatnam
Died 15 October 2014
Nationality Indian
Citizenship Indian
Occupation broadcaster, social activist
Spouse(s) Krishna Mohan Rao
Children Usha Ramani, Vasantha Shobha

Early life

Turaga Janaki Rani was born in August 1936 in MachilipatnamKrishna District, Andhra Pradesh, India. She did her schooling from Lady Ampthill school and school final from Hindu College, Machilipatnam.

Education and personal life

She did her post graduation in Indian History, Telugu, and Economics from Andhra University. She also did her post graduation degree in Economics from Nizam College in Hyderabad. She was married to Krishna Mohan Rao in 1959. They have two daughters, Usha Ramani and Vasantha Shobha.

Career

Janaki Rani started her career in Central Social Welfare Board in 1958 as Welfare Officer, a central government voluntary organization for the welfare of disadvantaged sections of the society. She secured orientation certificate from Madras School of Social Work. During her service in the organization, she has initiated family and child welfare projects in tribal areas like Ashwaraopeta, Wankhidi and Addateegala. During her tenure, she also edited the official magazine of the board, ‘Subhashini’.

She joined All India Radio in 1974 as producer and retired as Assistant Station Director at Hyderabad in 1994. She handled the planning, production, and presentation of programs for women, children, senior citizens and working women. In collaboration with Department of Education, Panchayati rajOsmania University and UNICEF she has created many programs focusing on universal primary education (andariki chaduvu). She has designed a unique IEC campaign on child rights and child labour, Bala Jagriti, produced audio cassettes for UNICEF.

She has initiated many series of radio programs to motivate children, to plant a sapling (nenoka mokka natanu) and Each one Teach one (a person making another literate) are popular among them. She also produced 45 jingles on good behavior, health, and nutrition which were borrowed by the National Institute of Nutrition.

She also has initiated many series of programs in collaboration with Department of Education, Panchayati RajOsmania University and UNICEF. She has designed unique IEC campaigns on child rights and child labor, Bala Jagriti, produced audio cassettes for UNICEF.

She also produced audio cassettes for NCERT pre-school children, Acharya NG Ranga University, streemela, nawaangi, smokeless chulah for Non-Conventional Energy Development Corporation, Save the Children, UK on children for PLHIV in TeluguHindi, and Oriya.

In association with Andhra Mahila Sabha, Janaki Rani brought out plays and songs for pre-school children. She also contributed to Suraksha, the AP Police Magazine, penned skits and conducted the programme called CAP(Children and Police) on child rights.

Janaki Rani has helped in formulating International Labour Organization manuals and workbooks on child rights to Telugu for MCRHRD Institute, and also translated series of nine books on women and law.

She had won Akashvani National Award for four times for her documentaries on the hearing impaired(Nissabdamlo Prema Naadalu), about the aged(Ashrayam) and chorus songs by children.

Literature

She wrote three short story anthologies, three novels, five books for children and also a collection of radio plays and features. Books published for children include The Story of Red Cross and Bangaaru Pilaka for the National Book Trust, Rebuild India, a translation of Swami Vivekananda’s book, published by Ramakrishna Math, B.Nandam Gaari Asupatri a collection of plays published by the Jawahar Bal Bhavan, Mithayi Pottlam, collection of stories published by the Publications Division. Her short stories are also translated into English, HindiBengaliKannadaOriyaMarathi and Tamil.

Art and culture

Diploma holder in Bharatanatyam, she not only performed but also choreographed ballets for Doordarshan.

Professional affiliations

Life and Executive member of Andhra Yuvathi Mandali
Life and Executive member of Andhra Mahila Sabha
Life and Executive member of Andhra Balananda Sangham
Life and Executive member of Seed (Society for Energy, Environment, and Development)
Life and Executive member of Shramika Vidya Peeth
Life and Executive member of Mahila Federation

Awards

Two time Best writer Puraskaram by Telugu University
Akashavani National Award
Urmila Pawar

From Wikipedia

Pawar at the Savitribai Phule Pune University
Early life and family background

Pawar was born in 1945 in Adgaon village of Ratnagiri district in the Konkan district of Bombay Presidency (now the state of Maharashtra). When she was 12 years old, she and her family converted to Buddhism along with other members of their community after B. R. Ambedkar called for people from the Dalit community to renounce Hinduism.

Pawar was acutely aware of her caste identity even as a child because of the repeated instances of discrimination and humiliation she faced in her school and other places. She talks about an incident in school where her classmates invited her for a potluck lunch but clearly told her not to bring any food. Post-lunch, she also found herself as a topic of gossip for having eaten too much food. She also narrates an incident where her English teacher humiliated her for her poor English. She has described how her community lived in the centre of the village, unlike Dalit communities elsewhere in the Presidency that were usually expected to live at the periphery. She has also noted that her father neither participated in the Mahad satyagraha organised by Ambedkar nor inter-dining arranged by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, although her elder sister, Shantiakka, often missed school to attend the inter-dining lured by sweet delicacies served there.

Pawar has a Master of Arts in Marathi literature. She retired as an employee of the Public Works Department of the state of Maharashtra.

Aaidan (The Weave of My Life: A Dalit Woman’s Memoirs)
Aaidan her autobiography written in Marathi has been translated into English and titled as The Weave of My Life: A Dalit Woman’s Memoirs. In her foreword to the English translation, Wandana Sonalkar writes that the title of the book The Weave is a metaphor of the writing technique employed by Pawar, "the lives of different members of her family, her husband's family, her neighbours and classmates, are woven together in a narrative that gradually reveals different aspects of the everyday life of Dalits, the manifold ways in which caste asserts itself and grinds them down"

Urmila Pawar

Urmila Pawar (born 1945) is a female writer, who writes in the Marathi language an Indian language . According to Dharmarajan her work as a writer reflects her experiences of the difficulties of being a woman and a Dalit, according to her Pawar's "frank and direct" style has made her controversial.

Biography
Pawar was born in the Konkan region of the Indian state of Maharashtra, she was born in a Hindu Mahar family, belonging to a community that traditionally weaved bamboo baskets. She has a Master of Arts in Marathi literature. She retired as an employee of the Public Works Department of the state of Maharashtra. She won the Laxmibai Tilak award for the best published autobiography given by the Maharashtra Sahitya Parishad, for Aaidan. Like other members of her community she converted to Buddhism following Ambedkar's conversion in 1956.
Usha Thorat
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Usha Thorat

Deputy Governor Reserve Bank of India
In office
10 November 2005 – 8 November 2010
Governor Y.V. Reddy
Duvvuri Subbarao
Preceded by K. J. Udeshi
Succeeded by Anand Sinha
Personal details
Born
Usha Iyer
20 February 1950 
Chennai
Citizenship Indian
Nationality Indian
Spouse(s) YSP Thorat
Residence Mumbai, India
Alma mater Delhi School of Economics
Known for Deputy Governor Reserve Bank of India

Usha Thorat, (born 20 February 1950) served as Deputy Governor of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) (India's central bank) from 10 November 2005 to 8 November 2010. Prior to this she was the executive Director of the RB.

Early life

Thorat is an alumna of the Lady Shri Ram College for WomenNew Delhi and Delhi School of Economics.

Career

Usha Thorat has been the Reserve Bank of India nominee on the boards of Bank of BarodaIndian Overseas Bank and the Securities Trading Corporation of India.

She has been Executive Director of RBI since April 2004. As Deputy Governor she was responsible for the Department of Currency Management, Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation, Inspection Department, Premises Department, Rural Planning and Credit Department and Urban Banks Department.

She has been one of the key players in the Indian Central Banks efforts toward promoting Financial Inclusion.
Urmila Pawar
Urmila Pawar is an Indian writer of Marathi language. Best known for her socially-relevant writings, she was awarded the Maharashtra Sahitya Parishad for her contributions to literature. According to Dharmarajan her work as a writer reflects her experiences of the difficulties of being a woman and a Dalit, according to her Pawar's "frank and direct" style has made her controversial. Pawar is also an activist and an advocate of Dalit and women's rights.

Best known for her autobiography “Aaidan” (The Weave of Bamboo), Pawar works with feminist organisations in the Mumbai and Konkan regions. Among her acclaimed books are two collections of short stories, “Sahav Bot (Sixth Finger)” and “Mother Wit”. In 2004, the Maharashtra Sahitya Parishad awarded her the Laxmibai Tilak award for “Aaidan”, but refused to accept it, saying that the “metaphors, images, and symbols in Marathi literature have remained tradition-bound”.
Uttam Kamble
From Wikipedia


Uttam Kamble

Uttam Kamble
Born
Uttam Kamble
31 May 1956

Shirguppi, Chikkodi, District Belagum, Karnataka
Nationality Indian
Alma mater Shivaji UniversityKolhapur
Occupation journalist, Writer, Poet


Uttam Kamble (Marathi: उत्तम कांबळे) is an Indian journalist who has been the Chief Editor of Sakal Media Group. He is a post-modern author, with around 63 published books. He has been in journalism for more than three decades. He is best known for his oratory, poetry and his writings for the oppressed and deprived class. He has also been the President of the 84th Akhil Bhartiya Marathi Sahitya Sammelan, single largest literary meet surviving great tradition in Marathi. He also inaugurated the 16th Kamgar Sahitya Sammelan (February 2011) in Satara district of Maharashtra which was presided over by Ramdas Phutane.

Early life

Uttam Kamble was born (31 May 1956) into poverty in rural area of Chikkodi Taluka in Belagum district of Karnataka. This geographic area has a mixed population of Kannada and Marathi-speaking communities. He experienced hardship during his childhood. His mother was an illiterate land laborer. Young Uttam used to help her in this work during his childhood. He is the first literate person from his family. In his youth, he worked as a compounder, construction work, salesman, paper-boy, and others, while continuing his education.
Career

Uttam Kamble graduated from Shivaji UniversityKolhapur, Maharashtra in 1978 with a Bachelor of Arts (Political Science) degree. After graduation, he joined a small daily named Samaj (Marathi: समाज) in 1979. Soon he joined the Sakal Group in 1982 and remained with the group for the rest of his career.
Positions held in Sakal Group

Uttam Kamble was with Sakal Media Group for three decades. His career path is as follows:
Reporter, Sakal, Kolhapur: 1982
Sub-Editor: 1 April 1983
Senior Sub-Editor: 1 July 1987
News Editor, Sakal, Nashik: 29 August 1989
Executive Editor, Sakal, Nashik: 21 July 1992
Editor, Sakal, Nashik: 1 May 1994
Editor, Sakal News Network: 16 Aug 2005
Chief Editor, Sakal Media Group: 10 May 2009
Editor – Director, Sakal Media Group: 1 August 2012 to 31 May 2016
Awards

Uttam Kamble awards for his journalistic works include:
Mumbai Marathi Patrakar Sangh’s Award for best feature writing.
Dr. N. B. Parulekar Award for writing on social problems.
DARPAN Award (Jan.1993)
AGARKAR Award for analysis of religion, customs and superstitions in society. (Sep 1995)
Prakashsheth Shah Award, Sinner Taluka Journalist Organization
DIN BANDHU Award
JANARDAN MAWADE Award, Mahad
Dalit Consciousness Award, Bhalerao Foundation, Jalgaon (Feb 2005)
Samata Award, Mahatma Phule Samata Parishad (Nov 2005)
Bavatu-Sabba-Mangalam Sanstha, Mumbai, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Award.
Maharashtra Patrakar Sangh, Ratnagiri, Sampadak Bhushan Award
Daya Pawar Pratishthan, Daya Pawar literary Award
Lokjagar Award, Pune (Jan-2008)
Chandrabhagatiri Award, Jaisingpur (Jan.2008)
Prathistha Foundation Award, Sangli
Navaratna Award, Sahyadri Channel (April-2008)
Prabhodhan Mitra Award, Nashik (May 2009)
Indira Gandhi Award (May 2009)
Maharashtra Gaurav Award, IITF, Mumbai (Aug.2009)
Deen Mitrakar Mukundrao Patil Ptrakarita Award, Ahmadnagar (Dec 2009)
Bharatratna Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Lokpatrakarita Award, Nagpur (Dec 2009)
Ashadeep Award, Panvel (March 2010)
Vocational Award, Rotary Club for Literary Writing, Pune(Mar-2010)
Books

He has written several award-winning books.
Novels
SHRADDHA (Marathi: श्राद्ध ): Posthumous Rituals (Three Editions) (1st edition 24th March 1986)
ASWASTHA NAYAK (Marathi: अस्वस्थ नायक): Anguished Hero (1st edition 26th January 2000)
PANNAS TAKKYANCHI THAS THAS MARATHI (July 2014)
SHEVTUN AALA MAANUS (2015)
BUDDHACHA RAHAAT (Three Editions) (2015)
MIRAVNUK (2016)
Koytyawarcha Kok (Two Editions)
WAT TUDAVTANA (6th editions:25 July 2011)
Collections of short stories
Rang Mansanche (Marathi: रंग माणसांचे): (Colors of Human Beings) (1995)
Katha Mansanchya (Marathi: कथा माणसांच्या): (Stories of Human Beings) (2001)
Kavale Ani Manase (Marathi: कावळे आणि माणसे): (Crows and Humans) (1998)
Na Disnari Ladhai(Marathi: न दिसणारी लढाई): (The Unseen Battle) (2008)
Paratya (Marathi: परत्या): (The Returnee) (2010)
Pardhyachi Gaay (2018)
Feature writing
Thodasa Vegal (Marathi: थोडंसं वेगळं): Little Different(2002)
Kumbhamelyat Bhairu(Marathi: कुंभमेळ्यात भैरू): A Wanderer in Kumbhamela (2003)
Nivadnukit Bhairu : (Marathi: निवडणुकीत भैरू): A Wanderer in Election (2004)
Tirangyatun Gela Baap (Two Editions, 2010)
Firasti (Two Editions, 2012)
Jagnyachya Jaltya Waata (2014)
Akhand Ghaalmel (2014)
Paavlatun Bante Vaat (2015)
Sangharsh Jyacha Tyacha (2015)
Shwas Aani Bhaas (2016)
Ujed Andharacha Abhaal (2016)
Ek Pokli Astech (2015)
Vedyanchi Sharyat (2017)
Kaljyat Ghavtoy Sasa (2017)
Aagami Bhegadlele Anubhav
Research based publication
DEVDASI AANI NAGNAPOOJA (Devdasi & Nude Worship): 5 Editions. It’s a Research Book. It gives an exact picture of the Devdasi tradition. Devdasi means a girl or a boy, dedicated to the service of a God or Goddess. This tradition still exists in Southern India and a major part of North India. The book details the nude worship in Chadragutti village in Karnataka, its origin, various aspects, and its impact on society.
BHATKYANCHE LAGNA (Marriage System in Nomadic Tribes): Four Editions. This is a research book based on the marriage system in scheduled tribes. The concept of marriage, its social, economical, and religious nature, and ethical background is narrated in this book. This book is very useful for researchers of sociology and culture studies.
Kumbhamela Sadhuancha ki Sandhisadhuncha (Kumbhamela of Sadhus or Opportunists) (1991) ( 2 Editions)
Anishta Pratha, (Weird Customs) (1991) (3 Editions)
Vamandadanchya Gitatil Bhimdarshan (Bhimrao Ambedkar in Poet & Mass Singer/Performer Wamandada Kardak's Songs) (2004)
Shetkaryanchya Aatmahatya - Ek Shodh (2006)
Asvasth Shatkaatil Maangav Parishad (Two Editions, 2020)
Aaj Kaalche Prashna
Collection of poems
Jagatikikarnat Majhi Kavita (Marathi: जागतिकीकरणात माझी कविता)(My Poetry in Globalization) (2006)
Nashik Tu EK Sunder Kavita (Nashik You Are A Beautiful Poem) (2008)
KINARYAWARCHA KALPURUSH
PACHVYA BOTAWAR SATYA
Collection of editorials
Gaja Aadchya Kavita (Poems of Prisoners) (2002)
Jhot-Samajik Nyayavar (Focus on Social Justice) (2006)
Pratha Ashi Nyari (Such Bizarre Customs) (1991)
Raosaheb Kasbe Yanche Krantikari Chintan(Revolutionary Thoughts of Raosaheb Kasbe) (2006)
Shetakaryanchya Atmahatya – Ek Shodh (Farmer's Suicides – Research) (2006)
Jagtikikarnatil Marathi Kavita (Marathi Poetry on Globalization) (2010)
Jagatikikarnatil Aarishte, (Hazards of Globalization
V. T. Rajshekar
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

V. T. Rajshekar, in full Vontibettu Thimmappa Rajshekar, (born 1932) is an Indian journalist who is the founder and editor of the Dalit Voice, which has been described in a release by Human Rights Watch as "India’s most widely circulated Dalit journal".
He was formerly a journalist on the Indian Express, where he worked for 25 years. He is the founder of the 'Dalit Voice' organisation a radical wing of the broader movement for Dalit interests.

Positions and Dalit Voice
Started in 1981, Dalit Voice is a periodical launched by Rajshekhar. Under Rajshekhar's leadership the Dalit Voice organisation formulated an Indian variant of afrocentrism similar to that of the Nation of Islam in the USA but it is different from other magazines in many aspects. It is notable for the radical antisemitism it preaches and also its link to Afrocentrist ideologies. The book declares the Indian castes as nations within the nation of India. It argues for the strengthening of each caste.
Controversy and criticism


Dalit Voice has published articles about 'Zionist conspiracies' regarding Hitler and the Third Reich. They have also supported the Iranian government and Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's denial of the Holocaust.
Passport confiscation


In 1986 Rajshekar’s passport was confiscated because of "anti-Hinduism writings outside of India". The same year, he was arrested in Bangalore under India’s Terrorism and Anti-Disruptive Activities Act. Rajshekar told Human Rights Watch that this arrest was for an editorial he had written in Dalit Voice, that another writer who republished the editorial was also arrested, and that he was eventually released with an apology. Rajshekar has also been arrested under the Sedition Act and under the Indian Penal Code for creating disaffection between communities.
Books and pamphlets



Dalit Movement in Karnataka
How Marx Died In Hindu India
Why Godse Killed Gandhi
Hindu Serpent And Muslim Mongoose
Dialogue Of The Bhoodevatas
Bhoodevtavon Ki Batchit in Urdu
Mahatma Gandhi and Babasaheb Ambedkar: Clash of Two Values: The Verdict of History. Bangalore: Dalit Sahitya Akademy, 1989
Dalit: The Black Untouchables of India (foreword by Y.N. Kly). Atlanta; Ottawa: Clarity Press, c1987 (Originally published under title: Apartheid in India. Bangalore: Dalit Action Committee, 1979)
Apartheid in India: An International Problem, 2nd rev. ed. Publisher: Bangalore: Dalit Sahitya Akademy, 1983
Ambedkar and His Conversion: a critique. Bangalore: Dalit Action Committee, Karnataka, 1980
Judicial Terrorism
India As A Failed State
Aggression On Indian Culture
Development Redefined
Caste – A Nation within the Nation
India's Intellectual Desert
The Zionist Arthashastra (Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion)
Brahminism In India And Zionism In West
India's Muslim Problem
India On The Path To Islamisation
Dalit Voice – A New Experiment in Journalism
Brahminism
Weopons To Fight Counter Revolution
Riddles In Hinduism by Babasaheb Ambedkar
Know The Hindu Mind

Awards

In 2005 Rajshekar received the London Institute of South Asia (LISA) Book of the Year Award.
Vemuri Anjaneya Sarma
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Vemuri Anjaneya Sarma
Born 24 October 1917

Edumudi, Prakasham district, Andhra Pradesh
Died 2 May 2003 (aged 85)

Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh
Occupation writer

Vemuri Anjaneya Sarma (24 October 1917 – 6 May 2003) was an Indian writer in the Telugu and Hindi languages. He was active in literary and cultural fields in the Indian independence movement, and became an important figure in the Dakshina Bharat Hindi Prachar Sabha (DBHP), a Hindi-language movement in South India.

Birth and early years

Shri Vemuri Anjaneya Sarma was born to Shri Vemuri Venkateshwarlu and Smt. Raghavamma in Edumudi village, six miles away from Uppugunduru railway station in Prakasham districtAndhra Pradesh state, India on 24 October 1917 (Wednesday), on Maha Navami (a day before Dussera).

Shri Vemuri Anjaneya Sarma had two brothers and four sisters. His grandfather was a merchant with agricultural land of around 300 acres. Due to losses in business, they lost everything and had to move to Kuchipudi Village, 3 miles near to Tenali, Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh. Due to business losses the family went through extreme poverty.

As he grew, Seshaiah Garu made Anjaneya Sarma to realize that for a poor Brahmin family to survive, he had to practice paurohitya (ritual practices in the Vedic tradition). To learn Sanskrit, Anjaneya Sarma learnt "Raghuvamsham" from Shri Venkatappayya Sastry Garu, "Smarthamu" from Seshaiah Garu. He later joined Shri Lakshmi Narasimha Sastry Garu in Varahapuram as a disciple for three years. He also traveled to Vemuru village near Varahapuram to learn "Tarka Shastram" and "Nishada Kavyam" from Shri Kuruganti Venkata Ramana Sastry Garu. During this period, Anjaneya Sarma Garu used to eat with one Brahmin family each day of the week to survive.

Education

Anjaneya Sarma studied for 'Ubhayabhasha Praveen' of Andhra University Oriental Degree at Sanskrit College, Tenali, Andhra Pradesh. After leaving college he participated in National Movement, and subsequently studied 'Sahitya Visharada' Hindi Literature at Naini Hindi Vidyapeeth, Allahabad.

Achievements and recognition
Computers in Indian languages

Working with the Department of Electronics, Govt. of India, Anjaneya Sharma contributed to developing computer keyboards for all Indian languages, and was instrumental in taking up developmental projects in software and hardware.

Propagation and development of national language

Anjaneya Sharma sought to propagate of Hindi as the national language in the former dominions of the Nizam of Hyderabad, comprising Telangana, Maharashtra and Karnataka. He took part in the literary movement in Hyderabad, and organised and coordinated Kavi Sammelans and Nataka Sammelans in fourteen languages.

He joined the DBHP movement in 1938 and established a postgraduate department within it. He introduced M.A. in Functional Hindi at Hyderabad in 1978, the first of its kind in India. He also introduced M.Phil., Ph.D. and D.Litt., and postgraduate diploma in Translation and Journalism. He founded two more colleges, at Ernakulam and Dharwar, and introduced Hindi Teacher Training Colleges offering B.Ed., & M.Ed., Courses at Hyderabad and then in Madras, Dharwar and Ernakulam. Finally he helped to design DCA and MCA courses through the medium of Hindi.

Awards

'Babu Ganga Saran Singh Award' - Awarded by Govt. of India in 1989
'Souhardra Award' given by Govt. of Uttar Pradesh in 1990
Felicitations by more than 200 organisations at more than 50 cities and towns
'Abhinandan Granth' - A book marking his contribution to the national language

Professional career
Positions held

Anjaneya Sarma began to teach Hindi in 1935 at Bheemavaram and Eluru, West Godavari District. Within the DBHP he was appointed as organiser in Andhra in 1940, and as Chief Executive successively of Hyderabad Hindi prachar Sangh, Hyderabad, of DBHP Sabha Andhra Pradesh (1958–59), of DBHP Sabha, Kerala Eranakulam (1962–66), and of DBHP Sabha, Delhi (1966–74). He served as its Chief Secretary at the Madras headquarters 1974-79. He was Registrar, DBHP Sabha at Hindi University (declared by The Parliament of India as an Institution of National Importance) from 1978 to 1991 when Sri P.V. Narasimha Rao was Vice-Chancellor. He was appointed Pro-Vice Chancellor of Post Graduate and Research Wing of DBHP Sabha in 1999.

He worked as General Secretary of Federation of All-India Voluntary Hindi organisations, Delhi, sponsored by Govt. of India, for a period of six years.

Committee memberships In various ministries

Hindi Advisory Committee, Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt. of India, New Delhi
Hindi Advisory Committee, Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India, New Delhi
Hindi Advisory Committee, Ministry of Education, Govt. of India, New Delhi
Hindi Advisory Committee, Coal India Ltd.
Hindi Advisory Committee, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Govt. of India, New Delhi.
Hindi Advisory Committee, Ministry of Defence, Govt. of India, New Delhi
Committee for Common Key Board for Computer, Department of Electronics, Govt. of India, New Delhi
Committee on Technology Mission, Govt. of India, New Delhi
Was Member of 12 other Ministries in the Past

Literary contributions
Books written on Literary Integration

'Tootthi Paramparayen' Translation of Telugu novel by Mahidhar Rammohan Rao into Hindi.
"House Surgeon" translation of Telugu novel written by Dr. Kommuri Venugopala Rao which was awarded with National prize for best translation
"Is Desh Ki Yah Bhi Ek Samasya Hai" translation of novel by Dr. K. Venugopal Rao into Hindi
"Dilli Dalarulu" translation of Hindi novel by Panday Bechan Sarma "Ugra" into Telugu
"Kalasina Jeevithalu", translation of Malela Jeev in Telugu, Gujarati novel by Pannalal Patel
"Jeevitham Oka Nataka Rangam" translation of Gujarathi Novel into Telugu by Sri Pannalal Patel
"Vishwarathudu" - Gujarathi Novel - K.M. Munshi into Telugu
'Sambarakanya' - Gujarathi Novel — K.M. Munshi
'Devadatta' - Gujarathi Novel — K.M. Munshi into Telugu
'Vishwanath Ki Kahaniyan' - Telugu Stories of Jnanapeeth Puraskar Winner Sri Viswanatha Satyanarayana into Hindi
'Munimanikyam Ki Kahaniyan' - Telugu Stories by Sri Munimanikyam Narasimha Rao into Hindi
'Akkasha Deepam' - Hindi Stories into Telugu
'Urdu Kathalu' - Urdu Stories into Telugu
'Alluri Seetharama Raju' - Drama of Sri Padala Rama Rao into Hindi
'Kala-Jeevitha Darshanam' - Kaka Kalekar's Book into Telugu
Naa Bhartha Naa Daivam' - Book on Sri Lalbahadur Sastry as Told by Smt. Lalitha Devi written by Umashankarji
'Tirupathi Venkata Kavulu' English to Telugu Translation
Translation of 'Gandhi and Marx' by Kishorilal Mashruwala into Telugu
'Godavari Hans Padi' - Telugu Stories into Hindi — Editing
'Kali Khil Uthi' - Telugu Short Stories — Editing
'Srestha Kahaniyan' - Collection of Hindi Stories - 1973
'Bharath Katha Sarovar' - Stories written in Hindi by Non Hindi writers — Editing
'Vishwanath Krititva Aur Vyaktitwa' - Articles written — Editing
'Mangal prabhatham' - Gandhi's book into Telugu
Founder Editor of 'Sravanthi' Telugu Literary Monthly

Editor
Founder Editor of 'Sravanthi' - Telugu Literary Monthly being Published for 52 years By DBHP Sabha, Hyderabad
Poorna Kumbh_Hindi Monthly
Dakshin Bharath — Hindi Monthly
Dakshin Bharathi — Hindi Quarterly
Kerala Bharathi — Hindi Monthly
Samaveth Swar — Hindi Bi – Monthly

Theatre movement

Anjaneya Sarma participated in theatre movement as a means to propagate nationalism from the age of 20. He acted as "Devadas" and in other lead roles in many dramatic performances, and wrote and directed plays and dramas in Hindi and Telugu.

Library movement

Anjaneya Sarma was instrumental in establishing 'National Library' for Research in Hindi at Madras. He established many other libraries and reading rooms, and organised literary and cultural activities using libraries as a common place of meeting to arouse nationalism among the lawyers and other elite groups of towns and cities.

Educational activities

Anjaneya Sarma served as advisor of teaching South Indian languages for Governments of Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan. He also taught Hindi and Telugu to parliamentarians in the Central Hall of Parliament.

Cultural activities

Anjaneya Sarma was in contact with Sri Prithviraj Kapoor and other leaders in the cultural field. He held many posts of responsibility in Andhra Nataka Kala Parishad, and organised cultural activities involving artists in Delhi, Madras, Hyderabad and Ernakulam.

Broadcasting

For many years Anjaneya Sarma taught Hindi through radio lessons on All India Radio. Through All India Radio he also broadcast over 100 speeches in Hindi and Telugu , and participated in more than 50 panel discussions and interviews. On Doordarshan he presented reviews of Telugu films, and appeared in national telecasts connected with Hindi Day.

Institutions Associated with

Parliamentarians Hindi Association, New Delhi
Central Sahitya Akademi
Kendriya Hindi Sansthan, Agra
Federation of Hindi Organisations of India, New Delhi
Department of Electronics, Govt. of India, New Delhi
Different Universities of the Country

Creation of Memorial Trust

On 6 May 2003, Shri Anjaneya Sarma died. To remember Shri Anjaneya Sarma and to take forward his legacy, his entire family came together to create "Shri Vemuri Anjaneya Sarma Smarak Trust" and since then on each anniversary of his birth they have recognised people with their contribution in the field of Hindi literature, Telugu literature and theatre. Over the last decade around 40 achievers have been recognized for their contribution in these fields.
Varavara Rao
From Wikipedia

Pendyala Varavara Rao

Born Varavara Rao
3 November 1940
Chinna Pendyala, Warangal district, India
Occupation Activist, poet, journalist, literary critic, and public speaker
Language Telugu
Alma mater Osmania University

Varavara Rao (born 3 November 1940) is an Indian activist, poet, teacher, and writer from Telangana, India. He is an accused in the 2018 Bhima Koregaon violence and has been arrested under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act.

Pendyala Varavara Rao was born on 3 November 1940 in Chinna Pendyala, Warangal district into a Telugu Brahmin family. He studied at Chinna Pendyala, Warangal and Hyderabad. In 1960, he completed a post-graduate degree in Telugu literature from Osmania University.
Career and teaching

Rao initially taught Telugu literature at two different private colleges in Telangana, before joining the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting of the Government of India, as a publication assistant. He retired from teaching in 1998.

But later he left research to join a private college at Siddipet, Medak district as a lecturer. From there he switched over to DAVP, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, New Delhi to work as a Publication Assistant. Again he left the job to join as a lecturer in another private college at Jadcherla, Mahabubnagar district. He moved to Warangal to join Chanda Kanthaiah Memorial College (CKM College) where he worked as Telugu lecturer and later became its principal.

Writing

He is considered as one of the best critics in Telugu literature and taught Telugu literature to graduate and undergraduate students for about 40 years. He is known as an orator and had addressed thousands of public gatherings.

Publications and editorial work

In 1966, Rao founded a group called Saahithee Mithrulu (Friends of Literature), which started producing a literary journal called Srujana. The journal was initially published on a quarterly basis, but following wide popularity, it became a monthly journal in 1970. Srujana was published from 1966 to 1992, and focused on publishing the works of young, local poets. Srujana was later replaced with a new journal named Arunatara. Rao, along with a group of Telugu writers, periodically self-published stories, poems, and other literature, and sold them directly to book sellers.

Poetry

Rao began publishing poetry in the late 1950s in journals and magazines, and his first poetry collection Chali Negallu (Camp Fires) was published in 1968.

Varavara Rao has published fifteen poetry collections of his own besides editing a number of poetry anthologies. His poetry collections are: Chali Negallu (Camp Fires, 1968), Jeevanaadi (Pulse, 1970), Ooregimpu (Procession, 1973), Swechcha (Freedom, 1978), Samudram (Sea, 1983), Bhavishyathu Chitrapatam (Portrait of the Future, 1986), Muktakantam (Free Throat, 1990), Aa Rojulu (Those Days, 1998), Unnadedo Unnattu (As it is, 2000), Dagdhamauthunna Bagdad (Burning Bagdad, 2003), Mounam Oka Yuddhaneram (Silence is a War Crime, 2003), Antassootram (Undercurrent, 2006), Telangana Veeragatha (Legend of Telangana, 2007), Palapitta Paata (Song of Palapitta, 2007) and Beejabhoomi (Field of Seeds, 2014). In 2008, an anthology of selected poetry by Rao, titled Varavara Rao Kavitvam (1957-2007), (Varavara Rao's Poetry) was published.

Rao's work has been translated into English by Dr. D Venkat Rao (professor at the English and Foreign Languages University, Hyderabad.

His poetry has been translated into almost all Indian languages. His poetry collections appeared in MalayalamKannada and Hindi and a few Bengali and Hindi literary journals brought out special numbers of his poetry and writings.

n 1986, one of his poetry anthologies Bhavishyathu Chitrapatam (Portrait of the Future) was banned by the state government.

Criticism


Rao's book, 'Telangana Liberation Struggle and Telugu Novel – A Study into Interconnection between Society and Literature' (1983) is considered to be landmark in Marxist literary criticism in Telugu. He published half-a-dozen volumes of literary criticism and a volume of his editorials in Srujana.

Prison diaries

During his periods of incarceration, Rao maintained and published a personal journal, Sahacharulu (1990), which was translated into English and published in 2010 as 'Captive Imagination'. He also translated Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o's prison diary, Detained and novel, Devil on the Cross into Telugu.

Political activism
Founding of 'Virasam' (1960s)

In 1967, Rao formed part of a generation of writers and poets that criticized the Telugu literary community's disengagement with politics. He was instrumental in founding two writer's associations that actively engaged in politics; the Tirugubatu Kavulu (Association of Rebel Poets) in Warangal, and the Viplava Rachayitala Sangham (Revolutionary Writers’ Association), popularly known as Virasam, in 1970. The group was inspired by the Naxalbari uprising and the Other members of Virasam included author Kutumba Rao, dramatist Rachakonda Viswanatha Sastri, poet and historian K.V. Ramana Reddy, Jwalamukhi, Nikhileswar, Nagna Nuni and Cherabanda Raju. Virasam was closely associated with Dalit politics. As a member of Virasam, Rao participated in educational campaigns and contributed to several anthologies of writing published by authors connected with Virasam. He has been part of the executive committee of Virasam since its inception. Virasam was subsequently banned by the Andhra Pradesh State Government in 2005, for one year, under the Andhra Pradesh Public Security Act, 1992. It was banned again in 2013.
Imprisonment during the Emergency (1973–75)

Rao was initially arrested in 1973 by the Andhra Pradesh State Government, under the Maintenance of Internal Security Act, on charges of inciting violence through his writing. Although he was released by a order of the Andhra Pradesh High Court, which rebuked the State Government for failing to show that his writings had resulted in actual violence, he was rearrested in 1975, during the Emergency, under the same law. He was released after this second arrest, as well.

The High Court of Andhra Pradesh struck down the order and released him after a month and a half. The High Court judgment asked the government not to resort to such actions against writers unless their writings have an immediate and direct bearing in a physical action. After a few months, the government charged a conspiracy case wherein all the actions of revolutionaries were shown as the direct consequences of a poem or a speech or a writing of revolutionary writers. Prominent Virasam leaders Cherabanda RajuK. V. Ramana ReddyT. Madhusudana RaoM. T. Khan, Varavara Rao and M Ranganatham were implicated in the case along with 41 revolutionary activists. This conspiracy case, known as Secunderabad Conspiracy Case, was filed in May 1974 and ended in acquittal in February 1989, after 15 years of prolonged and tiresome trial. In connection with the Conspiracy Case, Varavara Rao was arrested in May 1974. He was denied bail several times and finally released on conditional bail in April 1975.

Varavara Rao was arrested again on 26 June 1975, on the eve of proclamation of Indian Emergency. During Emergency, he was a detainee under the MISA. He was one of the few prisoners whose interviews with their relatives were restricted and their mail was subjected to stringent scrutiny. Though all the prisoners were released on the day when Emergency was lifted, Varavara Rao was arrested again at the entrance of the jail and was kept behind the bars for a week more on a fresh MISA warrant. He was released only when the new Janata Party government repealed the Act itself.

Varavara Rao was at the forefront in mobilising popular and democratic support to the widespread mass movements in northern Telangana during post-emergency days. As a consequence, he had to face mental harassment and physical assaults. He survived several attempts on his life by mercenaries of landlords as well as anti-social elements. A police official at Mandamarri, Adilabad district in April 1979, beat him on a public platform.
Labour Movement and Arrests (1980s)

In 1985, Rao was one of 46 persons accused of attempting to overthrow the Andhra Pradesh Government in the Secunderabad Conspiracy Case. He was arrested in connection with this case, but subsequently released. Rao was also one of those arrested in the Ramnagar conspiracy case, and accused of attending a meeting in which there was a plan made to assassinate two police officials. Seventeen years later, in 2003, he was completely acquitted of all charges in relation to this case.

After Varavara Rao went to jail, his interviews were restricted and under severe surveillance. His mail, including registered newspapers, was censored for months together. He was implicated in two more cases while he was in jail. After a stifling repression period between 1985–89 under the Telugu Desam Party rule, the newly-elected Indian National Congress government allowed a little relaxation for a short period after December 1989.

In May 1990, Rao spoke at an event organised by the Andhra Pradesh Raitu Coolie Sanghama labourers' political party which holds an annual conference for laborers and peasants in Hyderabad. 1.2. million people attended the event, in which Rao spoke about providing land rights to farm laborers and workers.

Naxalite Movement and role as Peace Emissary (2004)

In 2001, the Telugu Desam government in Andhra Pradesh accepted a proposal to have peace negotiations with members of two banned organisations, Communist Party of India (Maoist) and People's War. Varavara Rao, Kalyana Rao and Gaddar were accepted by both sides as peace emissaries, to establish the conditions under which the peace agreement would be negotiated. Rao called for a partial lifting of the ban on these organisations in order to facilitate peace talks, and advocated a peaceful resolution of the ongoing conflict. Three meetings to negotiate a resolution to the conflict were held; however, Rao and the other emissaries resigned from their positions before the fourth scheduled meeting, citing the fact that the Naxal parties had pulled out of negotiations and that the State government had not, in their view, participated in good faith. Rao also noted that there were five police encounters during the negotiations, in which members of the banned parties were killed despite a temporary cease-fire. His efforts were subsequently lauded by the then-Home Minister for the State of Andhra Pradesh, K Jana Reddy who wrote to Prime Minister Narendra Modi in 2020 asking him to grant bail to an unwell, imprisoned Rao and, noting that, "As the then Home Minister I carried the responsibility of holding peace talks between the then AP government and naxal parties in the year 2004 October. Mr Rao played a significant role in creating cordial climate in conducting these peace talks and was genuinely interested in bringing peace in the state.”

The peace process ended with the imposition of ban on CPI (Maoist), Virasam and some other people's organisations on 18 August 2005.

Telangana Movement, 2000s

Varavara Rao, along with a number of organisations stood in the forefront in exposing and resisting the pro-globalisation and liberalisation policies of Chandrababu Naidu who came to power in 1994. During Chandrababu Naidu's government, three Central Committee members of Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Peoples War were arrested in Bangalore and killed. Some private criminal gangs killed T. Purushotham and Md Azam Ali, leaders of APCLC and life-threat to Varavara Rao turned imminent.

Varavara Rao behind bars

Within 24 hours of imposition of ban on Virasam, Varavara Rao and Kalyana Rao, were arrested on 19 August 2005 under AP Public Security Act and sent to Chanchalguda Central Prison in Hyderabad. Since his arrest, 7 new cases were charged against him. Apart from an earlier case of 1999 (pertaining to a protest meeting against the killings of three top leaders of Peoples War), and the case regarding the ban on Virasam, the remaining six cases pertain to the period of talks between the government and the Naxalites. When the government revoked the AP Public Security Act against Virasam through GO Ms No. 503 of 11 November 2005, the cases against Varavara Rao and Kalyana Rao should have become redundant. In the normal course, Public Prosecutor should have informed the court about the redundancy of the cases. However, that order has not reached the court and Varavara Rao and Kalyana Rao had to undergo a number of adjournments of the case after the lifting of the ban. Finally, the court struck down the case on Varavara Rao under the Public Security Act on 31 March 2006 and he obtained bails for all other cases by the time. He was released from jail under bail on 31 March 2006 after a period of about eight months.

In 2010, police ordered the arrest of Rao on the basis of a speech that he made at a convention in Delhi, concerning the state of Kashmir. A First Information Report was registered against Rao, along with writer Arundhati Roy, professor S.A.R. Geelani, who was acquitted in the Parliament attack case, and several Kashmir University professors.

In 2011, Maoist leader Kishenji was killed in an encounter with police. Rao criticised the police for the encounter, claiming that he had seen the body and that it showed distinct signs of torture.

In 2011, Rao was one of several persons accused in a case concerning a bomb placed near the car of a police superintendent in Ongole.

Rao was an active participant in the Telangana movement, which aimed for the creation the separate state of Telangana, by bifurcating the existing state of Andhra Pradesh. Although the state of Telangana was formed in 2014, Rao was arrested in 2018 while paying homage, along with others, at a memorial for those killed during the movement.

During that time there was a widespread popular movement for the creation of a separate state of Telangana bifurcating the existing Andhra Pradesh. Varavara Rao has been a votary of this demand and stood with people since 1969 and this time round also he lent his support to the movement. He also became the President of Revolutionary Democratic Front, an all-India organisation that supports all peoples movement in the country. During the Telangana movement, as part of general repression and particular repression on revolutionary movement, Varavara Rao was also subjected to restrictions on his movement and expression. RDF was banned by the government. In 2014 June, Telangana state was formed. He was arrested four times during the two-year rule of new Telangana state, along with restrictions on meetings, widespread arrests, continuation of ban on RDF.

Elgaar Parishad Case: Arrest and Imprisonment (2018)

On 28 August 2018, Rao was arrested in his home in Hyderabad for his alleged involvement in the Bhima-Koregaon violence that occurred on 1 January 2018. A First Information Report filed concerning that event alleged that on the 200th anniversary of the battle of Bhima-Koregaon, a program called the Elgaar Parishad had been organised in which leftist groups and Naxalites had participated. The police alleged that the speeches made at this event, including those by Rao and others, were responsible for inciting violence that occurred the next day. Some reports also suggest that there was an alleged plot to assassinate Prime Minister Narendra Modi discussed at this event. These appear to be based a letter obtained by the police which refers to a person only identified as 'R'. Rao has denied any involvement in the alleged plot. Rao and others currently face charges under the Unlawful Activities Prevention Act, and attempts to bail Rao out, on grounds of his failing health, finally came to fruition as the Bombay High Court granted him a six month bail on medical grounds and disapproved the stand of the National Investigation Agency (NIA).

Covid-19 and NHRC Intervention

During Rao's detention in Taloja Jail in Maharashtra, he was hospitalised and admitted to J.J. Hospital in Mumbai. Following this, a special court ordered a report on his health while detained. In June 2020, Rao applied again for bail, on the grounds that he was highly vulnerable to Covid-19, and following a government recommendation that elderly inmates and those with co-morbidities should be released from jail in light of the Covid-19 pandemic, but were unsuccessful. His application for bail was supported by fourteen Members of Parliament, who wrote a letter to Maharashtra Chief Minister Uddhav Thackeray, raising concerns about his health as well as jail conditions during the Covid-19 pandemic in India. It was also supported by two former Chief Election Commissioners of India, who raised doubts about the alleged conspiracy case, and called on the NIA to share information with the Mumbai Police regarding the case.

On 16 July, Rao was once again admitted to J.J. Hospital in Mumbai, where he tested positive for Covid-19. Following reports that Rao had been injured again while in the care of the hospital, resulting in a head injury, the National Human Rights Commission ordered that he be moved to a private facility for medical treatment. Rao was then shifted to Nanavati Hospital in Mumbai. The NIA opposed Rao's plea for bail in court, arguing that he was trying to "take undue advantage" of the Covid-19 pandemic, although the hospital confirmed that Rao had tested positive for Covid-19 and was undergoing treatment. Bombay High Court disapproved of the stance taken by the NIA and granted him a medical bail.
Vasant Sarwate
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Vasant Sarwate
Born 3 February 1927
Died 24 December 2016 (aged 89)
Mumbai, India
Occupation CartoonistEssayist, Civil Engineering
Nationality Indian
Notable works Vyangkala-Chitrakala, 2005 (in Marathi)
Spouse Sanjivanee
Children Anju, Manju, Satyajit

Vasant Sarwate (Devanagari: वसंत सरवटे 3 February 1927 – 24 December 2016) was an Indian cartoonist and writer who was published primarily in Marathi publications during his lifetime.

He was born in Kolhapur on 3 February 1927. He was a professional civil engineer, and worked at Associated Cement Companies for most of his working life. He died in Mumbai on 24 December 2016.

Artistry

Sarwate started drawing cartoons from the age of seventeen. He wrote a number of books on his art, and collections of his work. (See Authorship.)

Sarwate's art was partly inspired by the cartoons in The New Yorker, particularly those of Saul Steinberg.

Apart from cartoons, Sarwate illustrated books of many notable Marathi writers like P L DeshpandeVijay Tendulkar and Vinda Karandikar.

He also illustrated satirist Jaywant Dalvi's monthly columns Thanthanpal for Marathi magazine Lalit. He created covers of all Diwali issues of Lalit since its inception in 1965 to 2014.

He helped many young artists establish themselves in the world of cartoons.

He received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Indian Institute of Cartoonists in May 2009.

Sarwate lived in Vile ParleMumbai.

Authorship

Samvad Reshalekhakashi, Mauj Prakashan, 2012 ISBN 978-81-7486-998-2
Reshalekhak Vasant Sarwate, Rajhans Prakashan, 2009 ISBN 978-81-7434-441-0
Sarwottam Sarwate, Lokawangmay Griha, 2008 ISBN 978-81-906150-6-8
Khel Chalu Rahila Pahije!, Mauj Prakashan, 2004 ISBN 81-7486-381-8
Khel Reshawatari, Mauj Prakashan, 2004 ISBN 81-7486-380-X
Sawadhan! Pudhe Walan Ahe!, Mauj Prakashan, 1990 ISBN 81-7486-066-5
Khada Marayacha Jhala Tar…!, Mauj Prakashan, 1963 ISBN 81-7486-282-X
Wyang Chitra - Ek Samvad (jointly with Madhukar Dharmapurikar), Anubhav Prakashan, 2001
Sahaprawasi, Majestic Prakashan, 2005
Wyangkala - Chitrakala, Majestic Prakashan, 2005
Parki Chalan, Majestic Prakashan, 1989
Pu. La. : Ek Sathawan (Edited by Jaywant Dalvi; illustrations by Vasant Sarwate)
Niwadak Thanthanpal - 1 & 2 (By Jaywant Dalvi; illustrations by Vasant Sarwate)
Thanthanpal
Niwadak Marathi Wyangachitra (Edited by Prashant Kulkarni)
Vivek Kumar
Vivek Kumar is author of ‘Questions of Caste: Including Dalits in Global Politics’

Vivek Kumar (Ph.D.) Associate Professor at the Centre for the Study of Social Systems, School of Social Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi he’s engaged in the study of the social movements of one of the most excluded sections in South-Asia (Dalits).

He has analyzed the process and mechanism involved in strengthening the democracy by the ‘Independent Dalits Movement’ in the largest populated State of India i.e. Uttar Pradesh. Kumar has also examined how Dalit movement has diversified its demands for inclusion in the modern institutions of governance and other spheres of day-to-day life after India became a democracy.

Now Kumar is studying internal differences within the Indian Diaspora and its relationship with Indian democracy. Author of three books he has contributed few dozens of academic articles in journals and books. He also writes in newspapers and participates in debates on television channels regularly.

When asked why he joined the Building Global Democracy Programme, Vivek replied:
"...it is a unique or perhaps only attempt which promises a new world order. Seco
ndly, he believes that only a democratic order is open to dissent and undertakes piecemeal social-engineering rather holistic reforms. Last but not least experiences of the world prove that ‘marginalized’ and ‘excluded’ have hope only in a democratic world order."
Vijayalakshmi (poet)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Vijayalakshmi
Native name
വിജയലക്ഷ്മി
Born August 2, 1960
Occupation Poet
Language Malayalam
Nationality Indian
Alma mater

Notable works

Mrigasikshakan
Oozham
Notable awards

Children One son

Vijayalakshmi (born 2 August 1960) is a Malayalam–language poet from the south Indian state of Kerala.

Life

Vijayalakshmi was born on 2 August 1960 in Mulanthuruthy village in Ernakulam district as the daughter of Kuzhikkattil Raman Velayudhan and Kamalakshi. She completed her education from Chottanikkara Government High School, St. Teresa's CollegeErnakulam and Maharajas College. She completed her graduation in Biology and obtained her masters in Malayalam literature with a first rank from Kerala University. She is married to Balachandran Chullikkadu, a known Malayalam poet.

Literary career

Her poem was first published in 1977 in Kalakaumudi weekly. During her graduation period, she won prizes in the Kerala University Youth Festival in story-writing and poetry.

She has published numerous poems in Malayalam. She was a member of the Executive Committee and General Council of Kerala Sahitya Akademi. She has also held various other posts in the Academy, such as its Advisory Board Member and the Convener of its Publication Committee. She also served as Vice President of the Samastha Kerala Sahitya Parishad.

Many of Vijayalakshmi's poems try to establish gender-equality and question the dichotomy on women. Literary critic M. Leelavathy lauds the concept of feminism in Vijayalakshmi as a continuation of the feminism of the Malayalam poet Balamani Amma.

Works

Mrigasikshakan (1992, Mulberry PublicationsCalicut)
Thachante Makal (1992, DC Books, Kottayam)
Mazhathan Mattetho Mukham (1999, DC Books, Kottayam)
Himasamadhi (2001, DC Books, Kottayam)
Anthyapralobhanam (2002, DC Books, Kottayam)
Ottamanalthari (2003, DC Books, Kottayam)
Anna Akhmatovayude Kavithakal (2001, DC Books, Kottayam, Trans.)
Andhakanyaka (2006, DC Books, Kottayam)
Mazhaykkappuram (2010) (2010, DC Books, Kottayam)
Vijayalakshmiyude Kavithakal (2010, DC Books, Kottayam)
Jnana Magdalena (2013, DC Books, Kottayam)
Seethadarsanam (2016, DC Books, Kottayam)
vijayalakshmiyude Pranayakavithakal (2018, DC Books, Kottayam)

Awards

1982: Kunjupillai Award
1990: Ankanam Sahitya Award
1995: Vyloppilly Award
1995: Changampuzha Award
1995: Indira Gandhi Sahitya Award
1997: V. T. Bhattathirippad Award
2001: P. Kunhiraman Nair Award for Mazhathan Mattetho Mukham
2010: Bala Sahitya Institute Award
2010: Ulloor Award
2011: Krishnageethi Award
2013: Library Council Literary Award
2013: O. V. Vijayan Sahitya Puraskaram for Vijayalakshmiyude Kavithakal
Yoseph Macwan
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Yoseph Macwan
Macwan in 2010
Native name
યોસેફ ફિલિપ મેકવાન
Born Yoseph Philip Macwan
20 December 1940
Occupation Poet, literary critic
Language Gujarati
Nationality Indian
Education Master of Arts
Alma mater Gujarat University
Notable works Soorajno Hath (1983)
Notable awards

Spouse
Sabina
​(m. 1973)​
Signature 


Yoseph Macwan (born 20 December 1940) is a Gujarati poet and critic from Gujarat, India. He is also well known for his contribution in Gujarati children's literature.

Biography

He was born on 20 December 1940 at Ahmedabad to Philip and Mariyam. His family belonged to Malawada village near Nadiad. Due to family constraints, he worked as a helper in Ahmedabad Municipal Transport Service after SSC but he was underpaid thus he decided to continue studies. He completed B. A. in Gujarati in 1968, M. A. in 1970 and B. Ed. in 1975 from Gujarat University. He regularly attended Budh Sabha. He joined Sheth Chimanlal Nagindas Vidyalaya, Ahmedabad as a teacher in 1963 and served there until his retirement. He run Vaishakhi bimonthly for three years.

Works

His first work Aravata was published in Sanskriti magazine. Swagat (1969) was his first poetry collection which included sonnets, metrical poetry and geet. His other poetry collections are Soorajno Hath (1983), Alakhna Asawar (1994) and Avajna X-Ray (2000).

He has contributed in Gujarati children's literature. His children's poetry collections are Tofan (1999), Ding Dong-Ding Dong (1998) while children's stories include Vah Re Varta Vah! (1994). His birds related poetry includes Pranibagni Ser and Kalrav (1990).

Kan Hoy Te Sambhale (2001) and Samvedanna Sal Ane Val (2004) are his essay collections. Halva Hathe (1997) has humorous essays. He wrote criticism also which are published in Cross Ane Kavi (1987), Shabdagoshthi, Shabdani Arpar (2008), Shabdane Ajvale (2007) and Shabdasahvas (2008). Stotrasamhita (1980) is his metrical translation of the Biblical alleluias which are sung is several churches of Gujarat.

Awards

His first poetry collection Swagat was awarded by Government of Gujarat. His children's poetry was awarded by Gujarati Sahitya Akademi while his children's stories were awarded by Gujarati Sahitya Parishad. He received Jayant Pathak Poetry Award for Soorajno Hath in 1983. He received Kumar Suvarna Chandrak in 2013.

Personal life

He married twice; 1960-67 and in 1973 to Sabina aka Surbhi. They had two children.